(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
List of emperors of Japan - Wikipedia Jump to content

List of emperors of Japan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Japan has been ruled by emperors since antiquity. The sequence, order and dates of the early emperors are almost entirely based on the 8th-century Nihon Shoki, which was meant to retroactively legitimise the Imperial House by dating its foundation further back to the year 660 BCE.[1][2][3] There are several theories as to who was the first Japanese ruler supported by historical evidence: notable candidates are Emperor Ōjin (r. c. 4C), Emperor Yūryaku (r. 456–479), Emperor Keitai (r. 507-531 or 534) and Emperor Kinmei (r. 539–571), among others.[4][5]

The terms Tennō ('Emperor', 天皇てんのう), as well as Nihon ('Japan', 日本にっぽん), were not adopted until the late 7th century CE.[6][2] In the nengō system which has been in use since the late 7th century, years are numbered using the Japanese era name and the number of years which have elapsed since the start of that nengō era.[7]

Emperors of Japan

[edit]
No. Portrait Personal name Posthumous name Reign and era names[8][9][i] Life details
1 Hikohohodemi
彦火火ひ出で見み 		Emperor Jimmu
神武じんむ天皇てんのう 		660–585 BC
(75 years) 		721 or 711–585 BC
(126 or 136 years)
Son of kami Ugayafukiaezu. Claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu. Defeated Nagasunehiko in the Eastern Expedition to become emperor. Presumed legendary.[11]
2 Kamununakawamimi
神かみ渟名川ながわ耳みみ 		Emperor Suizei
綏靖天皇てんのう 		581–549 BC
(32 years) 		632–549 BC
(83 years)
Son of Emperor Jimmu. Presumed legendary.[12]
3 Shikitsuhikotamatemi
磯城しき津つ彦玉手しゅ看み 		Emperor Annei
安寧天皇あんねいてんのう 		549–511 BC
(37 years) 		567–511 BC
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Suizei. Presumed legendary.[13]
4 Ōyamatohikosukitomo
大だい日本にっぽん彦耜友とも 		Emperor Itoku
懿徳天皇てんのう 		510–477 BC
(33 years) 		553–477 BC
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Annei. Presumed legendary.[14]
5 Mimatsuhikokaeshine
観かん松まつ彦香殖ふえ稲いね 		Emperor Kōshō
孝昭たかあき天皇てんのう 		475–393 BC
(82 years) 		506–393 BC
(113 years)
Son of Emperor Itoku. Presumed legendary.[15]
6 Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito
日本にっぽん足あし彦国押人 		Emperor Kōan
孝安たかやす天皇てんのう 		392–291 BC
(101 years) 		427–291 BC
(136 years)
Son of Emperor Kōshō. Presumed legendary.[16]
7 Ōyamatonekohikofutoni
大だい日本にっぽん根子ねっこ彦太瓊 		Emperor Kōrei
孝こう霊れい天皇てんのう 		290–215 BC
(75 years) 		342–215 BC
(127 years)
Son of Emperor Kōan. Presumed legendary.[17]
8 Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru
大だい日本にっぽん根子ねっこ彦国牽 		Emperor Kōgen
孝こう元もと天皇てんのう 		214–158 BC
(56 years) 		273–158 BC
(115 years)
Son of Emperor Kōrei. Presumed legendary.[18]
9 Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi
稚やや日本にっぽん根子ねっこ彦大日日ひび 		Emperor Kaika
開化かいか天皇てんのう 		157–98 BC
(59 years) 		208–98 BC
(110 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgen. Presumed legendary.[19]
10 Mimaki
御ご間あいだ城じょう 		Emperor Sujin
崇たかし神かみ天皇てんのう 		97–30 BC
(67 years) 		148–30 BC
(118 years)
Son of Emperor Kaika. First emperor with a direct possibility of existence.[20] Still presumed legendary.[21]
11 Ikume
活かつ目め 		Emperor Suinin
垂たれ仁じん天皇てんのう 		29 BC–AD 70
(99 years) 		69 BC–AD 70
(127 years)
Son of Emperor Sujin. Presumed legendary.[22]
12 Ōtarashihiko
大足おおあし彦 		Emperor Keikō
景けい行ぎょう天皇てんのう 		71–130
(59 years) 		13 BC–AD 130
(143 years)
Son of Emperor Suinin. Presumed legendary.[23]
13 Wakatarashihiko
稚やや足あし彦 		Emperor Seimu
成なり務つとむ天皇てんのう 		131–190
(59 years) 		84–190
(106 years)
Son of Emperor Keikō. Presumed legendary.[24]
14 Tarashinakatsuhiko
足あし仲なか彦 		Emperor Chūai
仲哀ちゅうせつ天皇てんのう 		192–200
(8 years) 		149–200
(51 years)
Grandson of Emperor Keikō; nephew of Emperor Seimu. First emperor to ascend the throne without being the son of the previous emperor. Died during a campaign against the Kumaso tribe. Presumed legendary.[25]
– Okinagatarashi
息いき長ちょう帯たい比ひ売うり 		Empress Jingū
神功じんぐう皇后こうごう 		201–269
(68 years) 		170–269
(99 years)
Wife of Emperor Chūai; mother and regent of Emperor Ōjin. Not counted among the officially numbered emperors. Presumed legendary.[26]
15 Homutawake
誉田ほんだ別べつ 		Emperor Ōjin
応神天皇おうじんてんのう 		270–310
(40 years) 		201–310
(109 years)
Son of Emperor Chūai and Empress Jingū. Deified in Shinto and Buddhism in Japan as Hachiman. Presumed legendary.[27]
16 Ohosazaki
大だい鷦鷯みそさざい 		Emperor Nintoku
仁徳天皇にんとくてんのう 		313–399
(86 years) 		290–399
(108–109 years)
Son of Emperor Ōjin. Presumed legendary.[28]
17 Ōenoizahowake
大兄たいけい去来きょらい穂ほ別べつ 		Emperor Richū
履中天皇りちゅうてんのう 		400–405
(5 years) 		336–405
(69 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku. Presumed legendary.[29]
18 Mizuhawake
瑞みず歯は別べつ 		Emperor Hanzei
反はん正せい天皇てんのう 		406–410
(5 years) 		352–411
(59 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū. Presumed legendary.[30]
19 Oasatsuma Wakugo no Sukune
雄お朝ちょう津つ間あいだ稚やや子こ宿禰すくね 		Emperor Ingyō
允恭天皇いんぎょうてんのう 		411–453
(42 years) 		376–453
(77 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū and Emperor Hanzei. Presumed legendary.[31]
20 Anaho
穴あな穂ほ 		Emperor Ankō
安康天皇あんこうてんのう 		453–456
(3 years) 		401–456
(55 years)
Son of Emperor Ingyō. Assassinated by Prince Mayowa. Presumed legendary.[32]
21 Ōhatuse no Wakatakeru
大泊おおとまり瀬せ稚やや武たけし 		Emperor Yūryaku
雄略天皇ゆうりゃくてんのう 		456–479
(23 years) 		418–479
(61 years)
Son of Emperor Ingyō; younger brother of Emperor Ankō. Presumed legendary.[33]
22 Shiraka
白髪はくはつ 		Emperor Seinei
清せい寧やすし天皇てんのう 		480–484
(4 years) 		444–484
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Yūryaku. Presumed legendary.[34]
23 Woke
弘ひろ計けい 		Emperor Kenzō
顕宗けんそう天皇てんのう 		485–487
(2 years) 		450–487
(37 years)
Grandson of Emperor Richū; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei. Presumed legendary.[35]
24 Oke
億おく計けい 		Emperor Ninken
仁賢天皇にんけんてんのう 		488–498
(10 years) 		448–498
(50 years)
Grandson of Emperor Richū; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei; older brother of Emperor Kenzō. Presumed legendary.[36]
25 Ohatsuse no Wakasazaki
小泊こどまり瀬せ稚やや鷦鷯みそさざい 		Emperor Buretsu
武たけ烈れつ天皇てんのう 		499–506
(7 years) 		489–506
(17 years)
Son of Emperor Ninken. Presumed legendary.[37]
26 Ohodo[ii]
袁本杼ひ 		Emperor Keitai
継つぎ体たい天皇てんのう 		507–531
(24 years) 		450–531
(81 years)
5th-generation grandson of Emperor Ōjin. Became emperor at the recommendation of Ōtomo no Kanamura. Possible founder of a new dynasty. Presumed legendary.[38][39]
27 Magari
勾 		Emperor Ankan
安閑天皇あんかんてんのう 		534–535
(1 year) 		466–535
(69 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai. Presumed legendary.[40]
28 Hinokuma-no-takata
檜ひのき隈くま高田たかだ 		Emperor Senka
宣せん化か天皇てんのう 		536–539
(3 years) 		467–539
(72 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan. Presumed legendary.[41]
29 Amekunioshiharakihironiwa
天国てんごく排はい開ひらけ広こう庭にわ 		Emperor Kinmei
欽明天皇てんのう 		540–571
(31 years) 		509–571
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka. First historically verifiable emperor.[5][42]
30 Nunakura no Futotamashiki
渟中倉なかくら太ふとし珠たま敷じき 		Emperor Bidatsu
敏さとし達たち天皇てんのう 		572–585
(13 years) 		538–585
(47 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei.[43]
31 Tachibana no Toyohi
橘たちばな豊ゆたか日び 		Emperor Yōmei
用よう明天めいてん皇すめらぎ 		586–587
(1 year) 		517–587
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu.[44]
32 Hatsusebe
泊とまり瀬部せべ 		Emperor Sushun
崇たかし峻たかし天皇てんのう 		588–592
(4 years) 		522–592
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu and Emperor Yōmei. Made emperor by Soga no Umako following the Soga–Mononobe conflict. Assassinated by Yamatonoaya no Koma on the orders of Soga no Umako.[45]
33 Nukatabe
額田ぬかた部ぶ 		Empress Suiko
推古天皇すいこてんのう 		593–628
(35 years) 		554–628
(74 years)
Daughter of Emperor Kinmei; half-sister and wife of Emperor Bidatsu. First non-legendary female monarch. Prince Shōtoku acted as her regent.[46]
34 Tamura
田村たむら 		Emperor Jomei
舒明天皇てんのう 		629–641
(12 years) 		593–641
(48 years)
Grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; great nephew of Empress Suiko.[47]
35 Takara
宝たから 		Empress Kōgyoku
皇すめらぎ極ごく天皇てんのう 		642–645
(3 years) 		594–661
(67 years)
Great-granddaughter of Emperor Bidatsu; wife of Emperor Jomei. First reign. Abdicated as a result of the Isshi incident.[48]
36 Karu
軽かる 		Emperor Kōtoku
孝徳天皇こうとくてんのう 		645–654
(9 years)
Taika, Hakuchi 		597–654
(57 years)
Great-grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; younger brother of Empress Kōgyoku. First era name assigned.[49]
37 Takara
宝たから 		Empress Saimei
斉ひとし明天めいてん皇すめらぎ 		655–661
(6 years) 		594–661
(67 years)
Older sister of Emperor Kōtoku. Previously reigned as Empress Kōgyoku. Second reign.[50]
38 Kazuraki
葛城かつらぎ 		Emperor Tenji
天智天皇てんぢてんのう 		662–672
(10 years) 		626–672
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku.[51]
39 Ōtomo[iii]
大友おおとも 		Emperor Kōbun
弘文天皇こうぶんてんのう 		672
(8 months) 		648–672
(24 years)
Son of Emperor Tenji. Deposed and committed suicide during the Jinshin War. Not recognized as emperor until 1870.[52]
40 Ōama
大だい海人あま 		Emperor Tenmu
天武天皇てんむてんのう 		673–686
(14 years)
Shuchō 		622–686
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku; younger brother of Emperor Tenji. Deposed his nephew, Emperor Kōbun, during the Jinshin War.[53]
41 Unonosarara[iv]
鸕野讚たたえ良よ 		Empress Jitō
持もち統すべ天皇てんのう 		687–697
(10 years)[v] 		646–703
(57 years)
Daughter of Emperor Tenji; niece and wife of Emperor Tenmu. Abdicated.[55]
42 Karu[vi]
珂瑠 		Emperor Monmu
文武ぶんぶ天皇てんのう 		697–707
(10 years)
Taihō, Keiun 		683–707
(24 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō.[56]
43 Ahe[vii]
阿おもね閇 		Empress Genmei
元明もとあき天皇てんのう 		707–715
(8 years)
Keiun, Wadō 		660–721
(61 years)
Daughter of Emperor Tenji; half-sister of Empress Jitō; mother of Emperor Monmu. Abdicated.[57]
44 Hidaka[viii]
氷高ひだか 		Empress Genshō
元正がんしょう天皇てんのう 		715–724
(9 years)
Reiki, Yōrō 		681–748
(67 years)
Daughter of Empress Genmei; elder sister of Emperor Monmu. Only instance of an empress regnant inheriting the throne from another empress regnant. Abdicated.[58]
45 Obito
首くび 		Emperor Shōmu
聖武天皇しょうむてんのう 		724–749
(25 years)
Jinki, Tenpyō, Tenpyō-kanpō 		699–756
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Monmu; nephew of Empress Genshō. Abdicated.[59]
46 Abe
阿倍あべ 		Empress Kōken
孝こう謙けん天皇てんのう 		749–758
(9 years)
Tenpyō-kanpō, Tenpyō-shōhō, Tenpyō-hōji 		718–770
(52 years)
Daughter of Emperor Shōmu. First reign. Abdicated.[60]
47 Ōi
大炊おおい 		Emperor Junnin
淳仁天皇じゅんにんてんのう 		758–764
(6 years)
Tenpyō-hōji 		733–765
(32 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenmu; cousin of Empress Kōken. Deposed. Posthumously named emperor in 1870.[61]
48 Abe
阿倍あべ 		Empress Shōtoku
称しょう徳とく天皇てんのう 		764–770
(6 years)
Tenpyō-hōji, Tenpyō-jingo, Jingo-keiun 		718–770
(52 years)
Deposed her cousin, Emperor Junnin. Previously reigned as Empress Kōken. Second reign.[62]
49 Shirakabe
白壁しらかべ 		Emperor Kōnin
光ひかり仁じん天皇てんのう 		770–781
(11 years)
Hōki, Ten'ō 		708–782
(73 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenji; brother-in-law of Empress Shōtoku. Abdicated.[63]
50 Yamabe
山部やまべ 		Emperor Kanmu
桓武かんむ天皇てんのう 		781–806
(25 years)
Ten'ō, Enryaku 		736–806
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kōnin.[64]
51 Ate
安あん殿どの 		Emperor Heizei
平城ひらじろ天皇てんのう 		806–809
(3 years)
Daidō 		773–824
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu. Abdicated.[65]
52 Kamino
神野かみの 		Emperor Saga
嵯峨天皇さがてんのう 		809–823
(14 years)
Daidō, Kōnin 		785–842
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei. Abdicated.[66]
53 Ōtomo
大伴おおとも 		Emperor Junna
淳和天皇じゅんなてんのう 		823–833
(10 years)
Kōnin, Tenchō 		786–840
(54 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga. Abdicated.[67]
54 Masara
正良まさよし 		Emperor Ninmyō
仁明天皇にんみょうてんのう 		833–850
(17 years)
Tenchō, Jōwa, Kashō 		808–850
(41 years)
Son of Emperor Saga; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Junna.[68]
55 Michiyasu
道みち康やすし 		Emperor Montoku
文徳ふみのり天皇てんのう 		850–858
(8 years)
Kashō, Ninju, Saikō, Ten'an 		827–858
(31 years)
Son of Emperor Ninmyō.[69]
56 Korehito
惟おもんみ仁ひとし 		Emperor Seiwa
清和せいわ天皇てんのう 		858–876
(18 years)
Ten'an, Jōgan 		850–881
(30 years)
Son of Empereor Montoku. Abdicated.[70]
57 Sadaakira
貞明ていめい 		Emperor Yōzei
陽成ようぜい天皇てんのう 		876–884
(8 years)
Jōgan, Gangyō 		869–949
(80 years)
Son of Emperor Seiwa. Deposed by Fujiwara no Mototsune.[71]
58 Tokiyasu
時どき康やすし 		Emperor Kōkō
光孝みつたか天皇てんのう 		884–887
(3 years)
Gangyō, Ninna 		830–887
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Ninmyō; great uncle of Emperor Yōzei. Became emperor at the recommendation of Fujiwara no Mototsune.[72]
59 Sadami
定じょう省しょう 		Emperor Uda
宇多天皇うだてんのう 		887–897
(10 years)
Ninna, Kanpyō 		866–931
(65 years)
Son of Emperor Kōkō. Abdicated.[73]
60 Atsuhito[ix]
敦あつし仁ひとし 		Emperor Daigo
醍醐天皇だいごてんのう 		897–930
(33 years)
Kanpyō, Shōtai, Engi, Enchō 		884–930
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Uda. Abdicated.[74]
61 Yutaakira[x]
寛明ひろあき 		Emperor Suzaku
朱雀すざく天皇てんのう 		930–946
(16 years)
Enchō, Jōhei, Tengyō 		921–952
(30 years)
Son of Emperor Daigo. Abdicated.[75]
62 Nariakira
成明しげあき 		Emperor Murakami
村上むらかみ天皇てんのう 		946–967
(21 years)
Tengyō, Tenryaku, Tentoku, Ōwa, Kōhō 		924–967
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Daigo; younger brother of Emperor Suzaku.[76]
63 Norihara
憲けん平たいら 		Emperor Reizei
冷泉れいせん天皇てんのう 		967–969
(2 years)
Kōhō, Anna 		949–1011
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Murakami. Abdicated.[77]
64 Morihira
守まもり平ひらた 		Emperor En'yū
円融天皇えんゆうてんのう 		969–984
(15 years)
Anna, Tenroku, Ten'en, Jōgen, Tengen, Eikan 		958–991
(32 years)
Son of Emperor Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Reizei. Abdicated.[78]
65 Morosada
師し貞さだ 		Emperor Kazan
花山はなやま天皇てんのう 		984–986
(2 years)
Eikan, Kanna 		968–1008
(39 years)
Son of Emperor Reizei; nephew of Emperor En'yū. Abdicated.[79]
66 Kanehito
懐ふところ仁ひとし 		Emperor Ichijō
一条天皇いちじょうてんのう 		986–1011
(25 years)
Kanna, Eien, Eiso, Shōryaku, Chōtoku, Chōhō, Kankō 		980–1011
(31 years)
Son of Emperor Emperor En'yū. Abdicated.[80]
67 Okisada[xi]
居きょ貞さだ 		Emperor Sanjō
三条さんじょう天皇てんのう 		1011–1016
(5 years)
Kankō, Chōwa 		975–1017
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Reizei; half-brother of Emperor Kazan; cousin of Emperor Ichijō. Abdicated.[81]
68 Atsuhira[xii]
敦あつし成なり 		Emperor Go-Ichijō
後一条天皇ごいちじょうてんのう 		1016–1036
(20 years)
Chōwa, Kannin, Jian, Manju, Chōgen 		1008–1036
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Ichijō; cousin of Emperor Sanjō.[82]
69 Atsunaga
敦あつし良りょう 		Emperor Go-Suzaku
後こう朱雀すざく天皇てんのう 		1036–1045
(9 years)
Chōgen, Chōryaku, Chōkyū, Kantoku 		1009–1045
(37 years)
Son of Emperor Ichijō; younger brother of Emperor Go-Ichijō. Abdicated.[83]
70 Chikahito
親仁おやじ 		Emperor Go-Reizei
後冷泉天皇ごれいぜいてんのう 		1045–1068
(23 years)
Kantoku, Eishō, Tengi, Kōhei, Jiryaku 		1025–1068
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku.[84]
71 Takahito
尊みこと仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Sanjō
後三条ごさんじょう天皇てんのう 		1068–1073
(5 years)
Jiryaku, Enkyū 		1032–1073
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku; half-brother of Emperor Go-Reizei. Abdicated.[85]
72 Sadahito
貞仁さだひと 		Emperor Shirakawa
白河天皇しらかわてんのう 		1073–1087
(14 years)
Enkyū, Jōhō, Jōryaku, Eihō, Ōtoku 		1053–1129
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Sanjō. Abdicated.[86]
73 Taruhito[xiii]
善仁よしひと 		Emperor Horikawa
堀河ほりかわ天皇てんのう 		1087–1107
(20 years)
Kanji, Kahō, Eichō, Jōtoku, Kōwa, Chōji, Kajō 		1079–1107
(28 years)
Son of Emperor Shirakawa.[87]
74 Munehito
宗そう仁ひとし 		Emperor Toba
鳥羽天皇とばてんのう 		1107–1123
(16 years)
Kajō, Tennin, Ten'ei, Eikyū, Gen'ei, Hōan 		1103–1156
(53 years)
Son of Emperor Horikawa. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Shirakawa.[88]
75 Akihito
顕あらわ仁ひとし 		Emperor Sutoku
崇徳天皇すとくてんのう 		1123–1142
(19 years)
Hōan, Tenji, Daiji, Tenshō, Chōshō, Hōen, Eiji 		1119–1164
(45 years)
Son of Emperor Toba. Abdicated. Attempted to depose Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Hōgen rebellion.[89]
76 Narihito
体からだ仁ひとし 		Emperor Konoe
近衛天皇このえてんのう 		1142–1155
(13 years)
Eiji, Kōji, Ten'yō, Kyūan, Ninpei, Kyūju 		1139–1155
(16 years)
Son of Emperor Toba; half-brother of Emperor Sutoku.[90]
77 Masahito
雅まさ仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Shirakawa
後白河天皇ごしらかわてんのう 		1155–1158
(3 years)
Kyūju, Hōgen 		1127–1192
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Toba; younger brother of Emperor Sutoku; half-brother of Emperor Konoe. Abdicated.[91]
78 Morihito
守まもり仁ひとし 		Emperor Nijō
二条天皇にじょうてんのう 		1158–1165
(7 years)
Hōgen, Heiji, Eiryaku, Ōhō, Chōkan 		1143–1165
(22 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Abdicated.[92]
79 Nobuhito[xiv]
順じゅん仁ひとし 		Emperor Rokujō
六ろく条じょう天皇てんのう 		1165–1168
(3 years)
Chōkan, Eiman, Nin'an 		1164–1176
(11 years)
Son of Emperor Nijō. Deposed by Emperor Go-Shirakawa.[93]
80 Norihito[xv]
憲仁のりひと 		Emperor Takakura
高倉天皇たかくらてんのう 		1168–1180
(12 years)
Nin'an, Kaō, Jōan, Angen, Jishō 		1161–1181
(19 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa; half-brother of Emperor Nijō; uncle of Emperor Rokujō. Forced to abdicate by Taira no Kiyomori.[94]
81 Tokihito[xvi]
言げん仁ひとし 		Emperor Antoku
安徳天皇あんとくてんのう 		1180–1185
(5 years)
Jishō, Yōwa, Juei, Genryaku 		1178–1185
(6 years)
Son of Emperor Takakura. Died at the Battle of Dan-no-ura during the Genpei War.[95]
82 Takahira[xvii]
尊みこと成なり 		Emperor Go-Toba
後鳥羽ごとば天皇てんのう 		1183–1198
(15 years)
Juei, Genryaku, Bunji, Kenkyū 		1180–1239
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Takakura; half-brother of Emperor Antoku. Made emperor by Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Genpei War. Kamakura shogunate turned the emperor into a figurehead. Abdicated. Attempted to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate during the Jōkyū War.[96]
83 Tamehito
為ため仁ひとし 		Emperor Tsuchimikado
土御門天皇つちみかどてんのう 		1198–1210
(12 years)
Kenkyū, Shōji, Kennin, Genkyū, Ken'ei, Jōgen 		1196–1231
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Toba. Persuaded by Emperor Go-Toba to abdicate. Exiled following the Jōkyū War.[97]
84 Morinari
守成しゅせい 		Emperor Juntoku
順徳天皇じゅんとくてんのう 		1210–1221
(11 years)
Jōgen, Kenryaku, Kempo, Jōkyū 		1197–1242
(44 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Toba; half-brother of Emperor Tsuchimikado. Forced to abdicate following the Jōkyū War.[98]
85 Kanenari
懐ふところ成なり 		Emperor Chūkyō
仲恭天皇ちゅうきょうてんのう 		1221
(2 months)
Jōkyū 		1218–1234
(15 years)
Son of Emperor Juntoku. Deposed and exiled following the Jōkyū War. Posthumously named emperor in 1870.[99]
86 Yutahito[xviii]
茂しげる仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Horikawa
後こう堀河ほりかわ天皇てんのう 		1221–1232
(11 years)
Jōkyū, Jōō, Gennin, Karoku, Antei, Kangi, Jōei 		1212–1234
(22 years)
Grandson of Emperor Takakura; first cousin of Emperor Chūkyō. Abdicated.[100]
87 Mitsuhito[xix]
秀仁ひでひと 		Emperor Shijō
四条しじょう天皇てんのう 		1232–1242
(10 years)
Jōei, Tenpuku, Bunryaku, Katei, Ryakunin, En'ō, Ninji 		1231–1242
(10 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Horikawa.[101]
88 Kunihito
邦仁くにひと 		Emperor Go-Saga
後こう嵯峨天皇さがてんのう 		1242–1246
(4 years)
Ninji, Kangen 		1220–1272
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Tsuchimikado; second cousin of Emperor Shijō. Abdicated.[102]
89 Hisahito
久仁くに 		Emperor Go-Fukakusa
後深草天皇ごふかくさてんのう 		1246–1260
(14 years)
Kangen, Hōji, Kenchō, Kōgen, Shōka, Shōgen 		1243–1304
(61 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Saga. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated at the insistence of Emperor Go-Saga.[103]
90 Tsunehito
恒仁つねひと 		Emperor Kameyama
亀山天皇かめやまてんのう 		1260–1274
(14 years)
Shōgen, Bun'ō, Kōchō, Bun'ei 		1249–1305
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Saga; younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Daikakuji line. Abdicated.[104]
91 Yohito
世よ仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Uda
後こう宇多天皇うだてんのう 		1274–1287
(13 years)
Bun'ei, Kenji, Kōan 		1267–1324
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Kameyama. From the Daikakuji line. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Go-Fukakusa.[105]
92 Hirohito
熈仁 		Emperor Fushimi
伏見天皇ふしみてんのう 		1287–1298
(11 years)
Kōan, Shōō, Einin 		1265–1317
(52 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated.[106]
93 Tanehito
胤たね仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Fushimi
後こう伏見天皇ふしみてんのう 		1298–1301
(3 years)
Einin, Shōan 		1288–1336
(48 years)
Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Forced to abdicate by the Daikakuji line. Traditional dates used.[107]
94 Kuniharu
邦治くにじ 		Emperor Go-Nijō
後こう二条天皇にじょうてんのう 		1301–1308
(7 years)
Shōan, Kengen, Kagen, Tokuji 		1285–1308
(23 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Uda. From the Daikakuji line.[108]
95 Tomihito
富とみ仁ひとし 		Emperor Hanazono
花園天皇はなぞのてんのう 		1308–1318
(10 years)
Enkyō, Ōchō, Shōwa, Bunpō 		1297–1348
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Agreed to alternate control of the throne between the Daikakuji and Jimyōin lines.[109]
96 Takaharu
尊みこと治ち 		Emperor Go-Daigo
後醍醐天皇ごだいごてんのう 		1318–1339
(21 years)
Bunpō, Gen'ō, Genkō (1321–24), Shōchū, Karyaku, Gentoku, Genkō (1331–34), Kenmu, Engen 		1288–1339
(50 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Uda; younger brother of Emperor Go-Nijō. From the Daikakuji line. Kamakura shogunate ended in the Genkō War. Brief imperial rule during the Kenmu Restoration. Opposed the Ashikaga shogunate. Became the first emperor of the Southern Court.[110]
97 Noriyoshi[xx]
義良のりなが 		Emperor Go-Murakami
後村上天皇ごむらかみてんのう 		1339–1368
(29 years)
Engen, Kōkoku, Shōhei 		1328–1368
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Daigo. Second emperor of the Southern Court. Southern Court briefly took the Northern Court's capital, Kyoto, during the Kannō disturbance.[111]
98 Yutanari
寛成かんせい 		Emperor Chōkei
長慶天皇ちょうけいてんのう 		1368–1383
(15 years)
Shōhei, Kentoku, Bunchū, Tenju, Kōwa 		1343–1394
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Murakami. Third emperor of the Southern Court. Abdicated.[112]
99 Hironari
熙成 		Emperor Go-Kameyama
後こう亀山天皇かめやまてんのう 		1383–1392
(9 years)
Kōwa, Genchū 		c. 1347–1424
(c. 77 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Chōkei. Fourth and last emperor of the Southern Court. Agreed to peace with the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of the Northern Court line.[113]
(1) Kazuhito
量りょう仁ひとし 		Emperor Kōgon
光ひかり厳げん天皇てんのう 		1331–1333
(2 years)
Gentoku, Shōkyō 		1313–1364
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Hanazono. From the Jimyōin line. Made the first emperor of the Northern Court by the Kamakura shogunate during the Genkō War. Deposed by Emperor Go-Daigo of the Daikakuji line. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[114]
(2) Yutahito
豊仁とよひと 		Emperor Kōmyō
光明こうみょう天皇てんのう 		1336–1348
(12 years)
Kenmu, Ryakuō, Kōei, Jōwa 		1322–1380
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; younger brother of Emperor Kōgon. Made second emperor of the Northern Court by the Ashikaga shogunate. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[115]
(3) Okihito[xxi]
興きょう仁ひとし 		Emperor Sukō
崇たかし光こう天皇てんのう 		1348–1351
(3 years)
Jōwa, Kannō 		1334–1398
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgon; nephew of Emperor Kōmyō. Third emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[116]
(4) Iyahito
彌わたる仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Kōgon
後光ごこう厳げん天皇てんのう 		1352–1371
(19 years)
Bunna, Kōan, Jōji, Ōan 		1338–1374
(36 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgon; younger brother of Emperor Sukō. Became the fourth Emperor of the Northern Court after the Kannō disturbance. Abdicated.[117]
(5) Ohito
緒いとぐち仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-En'yū
後こう円融天皇えんゆうてんのう 		1371–1382
(11 years)
Ōan, Eiwa, Kōryaku, Eitoku 		1359–1393
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Kōgon. Fifth emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of Emperor Go-Komatsu.[118]
(6) Motohito
幹みき仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Komatsu[xxii]
後こう小松こまつ天皇てんのう 		1382–1392
(10 years)
Eitoku, Shitoku, Kakei, Kōō, Meitoku 		1377–1433
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Go-En'yū. Sixth and last emperor of the Northern Court from 1382 until 1392. Became the legitimate emperor following Emperor Go-Kameyama's abdication. Agreed to alternate control of the throne by the Northern Court and the Southern Court. All emperors after him are from the Northern line.[119][120]
100 1392–1412
(20 years)
Meitoku, Ōei
101 Mihito[xxiii]
実じつ仁ひとし 		Emperor Shōkō
称しょう光こう天皇てんのう 		1412–1428
(16 years)
Ōei, Shōchō 		1401–1428
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Komatsu.[121]
102 Hikohito
彦仁 		Emperor Go-Hanazono
後こう花園天皇はなぞのてんのう 		1428–1464
(36 years)
Shōchō, Eikyō, Kakitsu, Bun'an, Hōtoku, Kyōtoku, Kōshō, Chōroku, Kanshō 		1419–1471
(51 years)
Great-grandson of Northern Emperor Sukō; third cousin of Emperor Shōkō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[122]
103 Fusahito
成仁しげひと 		Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
後こう土御門天皇つちみかどてんのう 		1464–1500
(36 years)
Kanshō, Bunshō, Ōnin, Bunmei, Chōkyō, Entoku, Meiō 		1442–1500
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Hanazono. Ōnin War led to the start of the Sengoku period.[123]
104 Katsuhito
勝かつ仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Kashiwabara[xxiv]
後こう柏原かしわばら天皇てんのう 		1500–1526
(26 years)
Meiō, Bunki, Daiei 		1462–1526
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado. Imperial rule in the Ashikaga shogunate reached its lowest point in his reign.[124]
105 Tomohito
知ち仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Nara[xxv]
後こう奈良なら天皇てんのう 		1526–1557
(31 years)
Daiei, Kyōroku, Tenbun, Kōji 		1495–1557
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara.[125]
106 Michihito
方ほう仁ひとし 		Emperor Ōgimachi
正親町おおぎまち天皇てんのう 		1557–1586
(29 years)
Kōji, Eiroku, Genki, Tenshō 		1517–1593
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Nara. Ashikaga shogunate overthrown by Oda Nobunaga. Abdicated.[126]
107 Katahito[xxvi]
周しゅう仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Yōzei
後こう陽成ようぜい天皇てんのう 		1586–1611
(25 years)
Tenshō, Bunroku, Keichō 		1571–1617
(46 years)
Grandson of Emperor Ōgimachi. Tokugawa shogunate established. Sengoku period ended.[127]
108 Kotohito[xxvii]
政仁まさひと 		Emperor Go-Mizunoo[xxviii]
後水尾天皇ごみずのおてんのう 		1611–1629
(18 years)
Keichō, Genna, Kan'ei 		1596–1680
(84 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Japan implements isolationist policy. Purple Robe Incident led to his abdication.[128]
109 Okiko
興きょう子こ 		Empress Meishō
明正めいせい天皇てんのう 		1629–1643
(14 years)
Kan'ei 		1624–1696
(72 years)
Daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. Abdicated.[129]
110 Tsuguhito
紹仁 		Emperor Go-Kōmyō
後こう光明こうみょう天皇てんのう 		1643–1654
(11 years)
Kan'ei, Shōhō, Keian, Jōō 		1633–1654
(21 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger brother of Empress Meishō.[130]
111 Nagahito[xxix]
良仁よしひと 		Emperor Go-Sai[xxx]
後こう西にし天皇てんのう 		1655–1663
(8 years)
Jōō, Meireki, Manji, Kanbun 		1638–1685
(47 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger half-brother of Empress Meishō and Emperor Go-Kōmyō. Abdicated.[131]
112 Satohito
識仁 		Emperor Reigen
霊れい元もと天皇てんのう 		1663–1687
(24 years)
Kanbun, Enpō, Tenna, Jōkyō 		1654–1732
(78 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Sai. Abdicated.[132]
113 Asahito[xxxi]
朝仁あさに 		Emperor Higashiyama
東山ひがしやま天皇てんのう 		1687–1709
(22 years)
Jōkyō, Genroku, Hōei 		1675–1710
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Reigen. Abdicated.[133]
114 Yasuhito[xxxii]
慶けい仁じん 		Emperor Nakamikado
中御門天皇なかみかどてんのう 		1709–1735
(26 years)
Hōei, Shōtoku, Kyōhō 		1702–1737
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Higashiyama. Abdicated.[134]
115 Teruhito
昭仁あきひと 		Emperor Sakuramachi
桜さくら町まち天皇てんのう 		1735–1747
(12 years)
Kyōhō, Genbun, Kanpō, Enkyō 		1720–1750
(30 years)
Son of Emperor Nakamikado. Abdicated.[135]
116 Tōhito
遐仁 		Emperor Momozono
桃園ももぞの天皇てんのう 		1747–1762
(15 years)
Enkyō, Kan'en, Hōreki 		1741–1762
(20 years)
Son of Emperor Sakuramachi. Abdicated.[136]
117 Toshiko
智子さとこ 		Empress Go-Sakuramachi
後こう桜さくら町まち天皇てんのう 		1762–1771
(9 years)
Hōreki, Meiwa 		1740–1813
(73 years)
Daughter of Emperor Sakuramachi; younger sister of Emperor Momozono.[137]
118 Hidehito
英えい仁ひとし 		Emperor Go-Momozono
後こう桃園ももぞの天皇てんのう 		1771–1779
(8 years)
Meiwa, An'ei 		1758–1779
(21 years)
Son of Emperor Momozono; nephew of Empress Go-Sakuramachi.[138]
119 Morohito
師し仁ひとし 		Emperor Kōkaku
光ひかり格かく天皇てんのう 		1780–1817
(37 years)
An'ei, Tenmei, Kansei, Kyōwa, Bunka 		1771–1840
(69 years)
Great-grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Go-Momozono. Abdicated.[139]
120 Ayahito
恵めぐみ仁ひとし 		Emperor Ninkō
仁孝天皇にんこうてんのう 		1817–1846
(29 years)
Bunka, Bunsei, Tenpō, Kōka 		1800–1846
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Kōkaku.[140]
121 Osahito
統すべ仁ひとし 		Emperor Kōmei
孝明天皇こうめいてんのう 		1846–1867
(21 years)
Kōka, Kaei, Ansei, Man'en, Bunkyū, Genji, Keiō 		1831–1867
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Ninkō. Reigned during the Bakumatsu period during which Japan ended its isolationist policy and changed from Tokugawa rule to Imperial rule. Last instance of an emperor with multiple era names.[141]
122 Mutsuhito
睦むつみ仁じん 		Emperor Meiji
明治天皇めいじてんのう 		3 February 1867
–
30 July 1912
(45 years, 178 days)
Keiō, Meiji 		3 November 1852
–
30 July 1912
(Aged 59)
Son of Emperor Kōmei. Ended the Tokugawa Shogunate with the Meiji Restoration (3 January 1868). First emperor of the Empire of Japan.[142][143]
123 Yoshihito
嘉よしみ仁ひとし 		Emperor Taishō
大正天皇たいしょうてんのう 		30 July 1912
–
25 December 1926
(14 years, 148 days)
Taishō 		31 August 1879
–
25 December 1926
(Aged 47)
Son of Emperor Meiji. Taishō Democracy shifted political power from the genrō to the Imperial Diet and political parties. His eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito, served as Sesshō (摂政せっしょう; "Regent") from 1921 to 1926 because of Taishō's illness.[143][144]
124 Hirohito
裕仁ひろひと 		Emperor Shōwa
昭和しょうわ天皇てんのう 		25 December 1926
–
7 January 1989
(62 years, 13 days)
Shōwa 		29 April 1901
–
7 January 1989
(Aged 87)
Son of Emperor Taishō. Served as Sesshō from 1921 to 1926. Last emperor of the Empire of Japan. Reign saw World War II and post-war economic miracle. Longest reigning verifiable emperor in Japanese history.[143][145]
125 Akihito
明仁あきひと 		(Living) 7 January 1989
–
30 April 2019
(30 years, 113 days)
Heisei 		born 23 December 1933
(Age 90)
Son of Emperor Shōwa. Abdicated and later referred to as Jōkō (上皇じょうこう; "Emperor Emeritus"). Longest living verifiable emperor.[146]
126 Naruhito
徳とく仁ひとし 		(Living) 1 May 2019
–
present
(5 years, 141 days)
Reiwa 		born 23 February 1960
(Age 64)
Son of Akihito. Referred to as Kinjō Tennō (今上きんじょう天皇てんのう; "the Reigning Emperor") or Tennō Heika (天皇陛下てんのうへいか; "His Majesty the Emperor").[147][148]

Posthumously recognized individuals

[edit]

This is a list of individuals who did not reign as emperor during their lifetime but were later recognized as Japanese emperors posthumously.

Portrait Personal name Posthumous name Year recognized Life details
Prince Kusakabe
草壁皇子くさかべのおうじ 		Emperor Oka
岡宮おかみや天皇てんのう 		759 662–689
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Tenmu; husband of Empress Genmei; father of Emperor Monmu and Empress Genshō. Made crown prince in 681; heir to Emperor Tenmu. Died prior to acceding the throne following Emperor Tenmu's death.[149][150]
Prince Toneri
舎人親王とねりしんのう 		Emperor Sudōjinkei
崇道尽敬皇帝すどうじんけいこうてい 		759 676–735
(59 years)
Son of Emperor Tenmu; half-brother of Prince Kusakabe; father of Emperor Junnin.[151][152]
Prince Shiki
志貴しき皇子おうじ 		Emperor Kasuga
春日かすが宮みや天皇てんのう 		770 died 716
Son of Emperor Tenji; half-brother of Emperor Tenmu, Empress Jitō, Empress Genmei and Emperor Kōbun; father of Emperor Kōnin; half-uncle of Prince Kusakabe and Prince Toneri.[153][154]
Prince Sawara
早良親王さわらしんのう 		Emperor Sudō
崇道天皇すどうてんのう 		800 750–785
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Kōnin; younger brother of Emperor Kanmu. Made crown prince in 781. Implicated in the assassination of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu. Died on the way to exile.[153][155]
Prince Masahito
誠まこと仁じん親王しんのう 		Cloistered Emperor Yōkō
陽光ようこう院いん 		Unknown 1552–1586
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Emperor Ōgimachi; father of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Posthumously recognized as emperor by Emperor Go-Yōzei.[153][156]
Sukehito, Prince Kan'in
閑院宮みや典のり仁じん親王しんのう 		Emperor Kyōkō
慶けい光こう天皇てんのう 		1884 1733–1794
(61 years)
Grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; father of Emperor Kōkaku.[157][158]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Early dates vary depending on the author. These are calculated from the reign-lengths given by the Nihon Shoki (Kojiki when lacking information). Jimmu is said to have died in the 76th year of his reign, i.e. he ruled 75 years. He was 127 years old according to East Asian age reckoning, i.e. 126 in Western reckoning.[10] Regnal years are counted using inclusive reckoning until Empress Jitō, the last reign covered by the Nihon Shoki.
  2. ^ Also called as Hikofuto (彦太).
  3. ^ Also known as Iga (伊賀いが).
  4. ^ Also known as Unonosasara or Uno.
  5. ^ Her dates are usually given as 686–697. However, the Nihon Shoki states that she died on her 11th year, i.e. she ruled 10 years.[54]
  6. ^ Name also written as 軽けい.
  7. ^ Name also written as 阿部あべ.
  8. ^ Name also written as 日にち高だか.
  9. ^ Previously named Minamoto no Korezane (源みなもと維城).
  10. ^ Also known as Hiroakira.
  11. ^ Also known as Iyasada or Sukesada.
  12. ^ Also known as Atsunari.
  13. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
  14. ^ Also known as Yoshihito or Toshihito.
  15. ^ Also known as Nobuhito.
  16. ^ Also known as Kotohito.
  17. ^ Also known as Takanari.
  18. ^ Also known as Motsihito.
  19. ^ Also known as Tosihito.
  20. ^ Also known as Norinaga.
  21. ^ Previously named Masuhito (益えき仁じん).
  22. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kōkō.
  23. ^ Initially written as 躬仁.
  24. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kanmu.
  25. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Heizei.
  26. ^ Also known as Kazuhito (和かず仁ひとし).
  27. ^ Also known as Masahito.
  28. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Minoo or Emperor Go-Seiwa.
  29. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
  30. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Saiin or Emperor Go-Junna.
  31. ^ Also known as Tomohito.
  32. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Smits, Gregory J. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780889209978.
  2. ^ a b Vogel, Ezra F. (2019). China and Japan: Facing History. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780674240766.
  3. ^ Mason, Richard (2011). "Chapter Two". History of Japan: Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462900978.
  4. ^ Ibaraki, Yoshiyuki (2013). "A Review of the Inscription of the Iron Sword Discovered at Inariyama Old Tomb of the Sakitama Old Tombs' Group". 皇すめらぎ学がく館かん論叢ろんそう. 46 (5). KOGAKKAN RONSO: 1–35.
  5. ^ a b Hoye, Timothy (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897.
  6. ^ Holcombe, Charles (January 2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5.
  7. ^ Nussbaum, "Nengō", p. 704.
  8. ^ Imperial Household Agency.
  9. ^ Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962.
  10. ^ Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420.
  11. ^ Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420.
  12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 3–4; Aston, 1, pp.138–141; Brown, pp. 250–251; Varley, pp. 88–89.
  13. ^ Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.141–142; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 32.
  14. ^ Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.142–143; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 405.
  15. ^ Titsingh, pp. 4–5; Aston, 1, pp.144–145; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 564.
  16. ^ Titsingh, p. 5; Aston, 1, pp.145–146; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 536.
  17. ^ Titsingh, pp. 5–6; Aston, 1, pp.146–147; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90–92; Nussbaum, p. 561.
  18. ^ Titsingh, p. 6; Aston, 1, pp.147–148; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 92–93; Nussbaum, p. 542.
  19. ^ Titsingh, pp. 6–7; Aston, 1, pp.148–149; Brown, p. 252; Varley, p. 93; Nussbaum, p. 451.
  20. ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  21. ^ Titsingh, pp. 7–9; Aston, 1, pp.150–164; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 93–95; Nussbaum, p. 910.
  22. ^ Titsingh, pp. 9–10; Aston, 1, pp.165–187; Brown, pp. 252–254; Varley, pp. 95–96; Nussbaum, p. 910.
  23. ^ Titsingh, pp. 11–14; Aston, 1, pp.188–214; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96–99; Nussbaum, p. 505.
  24. ^ Titsingh, pp. 14–15; Aston, 1, pp.214–216; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99–100; Nussbaum, p. 836.
  25. ^ Titsingh, p. 15; Aston, 1, pp.217–223; Brown, pp. 254–255; Varley, pp. 100–101; Nussbaum, p. 125.
  26. ^ Titsingh, pp. 16–19; Aston, 1, pp.224–253; Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101–103.
  27. ^ Titsingh, pp. 19–22; Aston, 1, pp.254–271; Brown, p. 255–256; Varley, pp. 103–110].
  28. ^ Titsingh, pp. 22–24; Aston, 1, pp.272–300; Brown, p. 256–257; Varley, pp. 110–111; Nussbaum, p. 716.
  29. ^ Titsingh, pp. 24–25; Aston, 1, pp.301–310; Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111.
  30. ^ Titsingh, p. 25; Aston, 1, pp.310–311; Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; Nussbaum, p. 288.
  31. ^ Titsingh, p. 26; Aston, 1, pp.312–328; Brown, p. 257–258; Varley, p. 112.
  32. ^ Titsingh, p. 26; Aston, 1, pp.328–332; Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; Nussbaum, p. 32.
  33. ^ Titsingh, pp. 27–28; Aston, 1, pp.333–372; Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113–115; Nussbaum, p. 1068.
  34. ^ Titsingh, pp. 28–29; Aston, 1, pp.373–377; Brown, pp. 258–259; Varley, pp. 115–116; Nussbaum, p. 836.
  35. ^ Titsingh, pp. 29–30; Aston, 1, pp.377–393; Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; Nussbaum, p. 510.
  36. ^ Titsingh, p. 30; Aston, 1, pp.393–398; Brown, pp. 259–260; Varley, p. 117; Nussbaum, p. 716.
  37. ^ Titsingh, p. 31; Aston, 1, pp.399–407; Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117–118; Nussbaum, p. 94.
  38. ^ Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008). The Emperors of Modern Japan. BRILL. p. 15. ISBN 978-90-474-4225-7.
  39. ^ Titsingh, pp. 31–32; Aston, 2, pp. 1–25; Brown, pp. 260–261; Varley, pp. 17–18, 119–120; Nussbaum, p. 506.
  40. ^ Titsingh, p. 33; Aston, 2, pp. 26–32; Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120–121; Nussbaum, p. 31.
  41. ^ Titsingh, pp. 33–34; Aston, 2, pp. 33–35; Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; Nussbaum, p. 842.
  42. ^ Titsingh, pp. 34–36; Aston, 2, pp. 36–89; Brown, pp. 261–262; Varley, pp. 123–124; Nussbaum, p. 519.
  43. ^ Titsingh, pp. 36–37; Aston, 2, pp. 90–105; Brown, pp. 262–263; Varley, pp. 124–125; Nussbaum, p. 77.
  44. ^ Titsingh, pp. 37–38; Aston, 2, pp. 106–111; Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125–126; Nussbaum, p. 1057.
  45. ^ Titsingh, pp. 38–39; Aston, 2, pp. 112–120; Brown, p. 263; Varley, p. 126; Nussbaum, p. 917.
  46. ^ Titsingh, pp. 39–42; Aston, 2, pp. 121–156; Brown, pp. 263–264; Varley, pp. 126–129; Nussbaum, p. 910.
  47. ^ Titsingh, pp. 42–43; Aston, 2, pp. 157–170; Brown, pp. 264–265; Varley, pp. 129–130; Nussbaum, p. 431.
  48. ^ Titsingh, pp. 43–47; Aston, 2, pp. 171–194; Brown, pp. 265–266; Varley, pp. 130–132; Nussbaum, p. 543.
  49. ^ Titsingh, pp. 47–50; Aston, 2, pp. 195–247; Brown, pp. 266–267; Varley, pp. 132–133; Nussbaum, p. 566.
  50. ^ Titsingh, pp. 50–52; Aston, 2, pp. 248–273; Brown, p. 267; Varley, pp. 133–134; Nussbaum, p. 807.
  51. ^ Titsingh, pp. 52–56; Aston, 2, pp. 274–300; Brown, p. 268; Varley, p. 135; Nussbaum, p. 959.
  52. ^ Titsingh, pp. 56–58; Aston, 2, p. 301ff; Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Nussbaum, p. 538.
  53. ^ Titsingh, pp. 58–59; Aston, 2, pp. 301–381; Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Nussbaum, p. 957.
  54. ^ Titsingh, pp. 59–60; Aston, 2, pp. 382–423; Brown, pp. 269–270; Varley, pp. 136–137.
  55. ^ Titsingh, pp. 59–60; Aston, 2, pp. 382–423; Brown, pp. 269–270; Varley, pp. 136–137; Nussbaum, p. 426.
  56. ^ Titsingh, pp. 60–63; Brown, pp. 270–271; Varley, pp. 137–140.
  57. ^ Titsingh, pp. 63–65; Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Nussbaum, p. 235.
  58. ^ Titsingh, pp. 65–67; Brown, pp. 271–272; Varley, pp. 140–141; Nussbaum, p. 240.
  59. ^ Titsingh, pp. 67–73; Brown, pp. 272–273; Varley, pp. 141–143; Nussbaum, p. 884.
  60. ^ Titsingh, pp. 73–75; Brown, pp. 274–275; Varley, p. 143; Nussbaum, p. 547.
  61. ^ Titsingh, pp. 75–78; Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143–144; Nussbaum, p. 437.
  62. ^ Titsingh, pp. 78–81; Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144–147; Nussbaum, p. 888.
  63. ^ Titsingh, pp. 81–85; Brown, pp. 276–277; Varley, pp. 147–148; Nussbaum, p. 557.
  64. ^ Titsingh, pp. 86–95; Brown, pp. 277–279; Varley, pp. 148–150; Nussbaum, p. 464.
  65. ^ Titsingh, pp. 96–97; Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; Nussbaum, p. 305.
  66. ^ Titsingh, pp. 97–102; Brown, pp. 280–282; Varley, pp. 151–164; Nussbaum, p. 804.
  67. ^ Titsingh, pp. 103–106; Brown, pp. 282–283; Varley, p. 164; Nussbaum, p. 437.
  68. ^ Titsingh, pp. 106–112; Brown, pp. 283–284; Varley, pp. 164–165; Nussbaum, p. 714.
  69. ^ Titsingh, pp. 112–115; Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165; Nussbaum, p. 658.
  70. ^ Titsingh, pp. 115–121; Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; Nussbaum, p. 837.
  71. ^ Titsingh, pp. 121–124; Brown, pp. 288–289; Varley, pp. 170–171; Nussbaum, p. 1064.
  72. ^ Titsingh, pp. 124–125; Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175; Nussbaum, p. 549.
  73. ^ Titsingh, pp. 125–129; Brown, pp. 289–290; Varley, pp. 175–179; Nussbaum, p. 1007.
  74. ^ Titsingh, pp. 129–134; Brown, pp. 290–293; Varley, pp. 179–181; Nussbaum, p. 138.
  75. ^ Titsingh, pp. 134–138; Brown, pp. 294–295; Varley, pp. 181–183.
  76. ^ Titsingh, pp. 139–142; Brown, pp. 295–298; Varley, pp. 183–190; Nussbaum, p. 667.
  77. ^ Titsingh, pp. 142–143; Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 190–191; Nussbaum, p. 786.
  78. ^ Titsingh, pp. 144–148; Brown, pp. 299–300; Varley, pp. 191–192; Nussbaum, p. 182.
  79. ^ Titsingh, pp. 148–149; Brown, pp. 300–302; Varley, p. 192; Nussbaum, p. 501.
  80. ^ Titsingh, pp. 150–154; Brown, pp. 302–307; Varley, pp. 192–195; Nussbaum, p. 369.
  81. ^ Titsingh, pp. 154–155; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; Nussbaum, p. 818.
  82. ^ Titsingh, pp. 156–160; Brown, pp. 307–310; Varley, pp. 195–196; Nussbaum, p. 253.
  83. ^ Titsingh, pp. 160–162; Brown, pp. 310–311; Varley, p. 197; Nussbaum, p. 262.
  84. ^ Titsingh, pp. 162–166; Brown, pp. 311–314; Varley, pp. 197–198; Nussbaum, p. 258.
  85. ^ Titsingh, pp. 166–168; Brown, pp. 314–315; Varley, pp. 198–199; Nussbaum, p. 259.
  86. ^ Titsingh, pp. 169–171; Brown, pp. 315–317; Varley, pp. 199–202; Nussbaum, p. 872.
  87. ^ Titsingh, pp. 172–178; Brown, pp. 317–320; Varley, p. 202; Nussbaum, p. 352.
  88. ^ Titsingh, pp. 178–181; Brown, pp. 320–322; Varley, pp. 203–204; Nussbaum, p. 967.
  89. ^ Titsingh, pp. 181–185; Brown, pp. 322–324; Varley, pp. 204–205; Nussbaum, p. 917.
  90. ^ Titsingh, pp. 186–188; Brown, pp. 324–326; Varley, p. 205; Nussbaum, p. 559.
  91. ^ Titsingh, pp. 188–190; Brown, pp. 326–327; Varley, pp. 205–208; Nussbaum, p. 261.
  92. ^ Titsingh, pp. 191–194; Brown, pp. 327–329; Varley, pp. 208–212; Nussbaum, p. 712.
  93. ^ Titsingh, pp. 194–195; Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Nussbaum, p. 794.
  94. ^ Titsingh, pp. 194–195; Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Nussbaum, p. 933.
  95. ^ Titsingh, pp. 200–207; Brown, pp. 333–334; Varley, pp. 214–215; Nussbaum, p. 33.
  96. ^ Titsingh, pp. 207–221; Brown, pp. 334–339; Varley, pp. 215–220; Nussbaum, p. 263.
  97. ^ Titsingh, pp. 221–230; Brown, pp. 339–341; Varley, p. 220; Nussbaum, p. 998.
  98. ^ Titsingh, pp. 230–238; Brown, pp. 341–343; Varley, pp. 221–223.
  99. ^ Titsingh, pp. 236–238; Brown, pp. 343–344; Varley, pp. 223–226; Nussbaum, p. 128.
  100. ^ Titsingh, pp. 238–241; Brown, pp. 344–349; Varley, pp. 226–227; Nussbaum, p. 252.
  101. ^ Titsingh, pp. 242–245; Varley, p. 227; Nussbaum, p. 856.
  102. ^ Titsingh, pp. 245–247; Varley, pp. 228–231; Nussbaum, p. 259.
  103. ^ Titsingh, pp. 248–253; Varley, pp. 231–232; Nussbaum, p. 252.
  104. ^ Titsingh, pp. 232–233; Varley, pp. 253–261; Nussbaum, p. 461.
  105. ^ Titsingh, pp. 233–237; Varley, pp. 262–269; Nussbaum, p. 265.
  106. ^ Titsingh, pp. 237–238; Varley, pp. 269–274; Nussbaum, p. 252.
  107. ^ Titsingh, pp. 274–275; Varley, pp. 238–239; Nussbaum, p. 252.
  108. ^ Titsingh, pp. 275–278; Varley, p. 239; Nussbaum, p. 257.
  109. ^ Titsingh, pp. 281–286, 278–281; Varley, pp. 239–241; Nussbaum, p. 285.
  110. ^ Titsingh, pp. 281–286, 290–294; Varley, pp. 241–269; Nussbaum, p. 251.
  111. ^ Varley, pp. 269–270; Nussbaum, p. 257.
  112. ^ Nussbaum, Chōkei Tennō, p. 120.
  113. ^ Nussbaum, "Go-Kameyama Tennō", pp. 253–255.
  114. ^ Titsingh, pp. 286–289; Nussbaum, p. 344, 543.
  115. ^ Titsingh, pp. 294–298; Nussbaum, p. 555.
  116. ^ Titsingh, pp. 298–301; Nussbaum, p. 911.
  117. ^ Titsingh, pp. 302–309; Nussbaum, p. 255.
  118. ^ Titsingh, pp. 310–316; Nussbaum, p. 251.
  119. ^ Titsingh, pp. 317–327.
  120. ^ Titsingh, pp. 317–327; Nussbaum, p. 555.
  121. ^ Titsingh, pp. 327–331; Nussbaum, p. 883.
  122. ^ Titsingh, pp. 331–351; Nussbaum, p. 252.
  123. ^ Titsingh, pp. 352–364; Nussbaum, p. 265.
  124. ^ Titsingh, pp. 364–372.
  125. ^ Titsingh, pp. 372–382; Nussbaum, p. 257.
  126. ^ Titsingh, pp. 382–402; Nussbaum, p. 739.
  127. ^ Titsingh, pp. 402–409; Nussbaum, p. 265.
  128. ^ Titsingh, pp. 410–411; Nussbaum, p. 256.
  129. ^ Titsingh, pp. 411–412; Nussbaum, p. 625.
  130. ^ Titsingh, pp. 412–413; Nussbaum, p. 256.
  131. ^ Titsingh, p. 413.
  132. ^ Titsingh, pp. 414–415; Nussbaum, p. 785.
  133. ^ Titsingh, pp. 415–416; Nussbaum, p. 310.
  134. ^ Titsingh, pp. 416–417; Nussbaum, p. 690.
  135. ^ Titsingh, pp. 417–418; Nussbaum, p. 814.
  136. ^ Titsingh, pp. 418–419; Nussbaum, p. 656.
  137. ^ Titsingh, p. 419.
  138. ^ Titsingh, pp. 419–420; Nussbaum, p. 257.
  139. ^ Titsingh, pp. 420–421; Nussbaum, p. 546.
  140. ^ Nussbaum, "Ninkō Tennō", p. 716.
  141. ^ Nussbaum, "Kōmei Tennō", p. 553.
  142. ^ Nussbaum, "Meiji Tennō", p. 624.
  143. ^ a b c Shimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (2015). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 70–73. ISBN 9781442250673.
  144. ^ Nussbaum, "Taishō Tennō", p. 929.
  145. ^ Nussbaum, "Hirohito", p. 318.
  146. ^ Nussbaum, "Akihito", p. 19.
  147. ^ "Japan's Emperor thanks country, prays for peace before abdication". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  148. ^ Nussbaum, "Naruhito", p. 699.
  149. ^ Duthie, Torquil (2014). Man'yoshu and the imperial imagination in early Japan. Leiden. p. 372. ISBN 9789004251717. OCLC 864366334.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  150. ^ 岡宮おかみや天皇てんのう デジタル版ばん 日本人にっぽんじん名めい大だい辞典じてん+Plusの解説かいせつ. Kotobank.
  151. ^ Brown, p. 272.
  152. ^ 崇道尽敬皇帝すどうじんけいこうてい デジタル版ばん 日本人にっぽんじん名めい大だい辞典じてん+Plusの解説かいせつ. Kotobank.
  153. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. pp. 61, 459, 469.
  154. ^ 春日かすが宮みや天皇てんのう デジタル版ばん 日本人にっぽんじん名めい大だい辞典じてん+Plusの解説かいせつ. Kotobank.
  155. ^ 崇道天皇すどうてんのう デジタル版ばん 日本人にっぽんじん名めい大だい辞典じてん+Plusの解説かいせつ. Kotobank.
  156. ^ 陽光ようこう院いん デジタル版ばん 日本人にっぽんじん名めい大だい辞典じてん+Plusの解説かいせつ. Kotobank.
  157. ^ Shillony, Ben-Ami (2021). Enigma of the Emperors: Sacred Subservience in Japanese History. BRILL. p. 93. ISBN 9789004213999.
  158. ^ 慶けい光こう天皇てんのう デジタル版ばん 日本人にっぽんじん名めい大だい辞典じてん+Plusの解説かいせつ. Kotobank.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_emperors_of_Japan&oldid=1244971193"