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List of emperors of Japan - Wikipedia Jump to content

List of emperors of Japan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Japan has been ruled by emperors since antiquity. The sequence, order and dates of the early emperors are almost entirely based on the 8th-century Nihon Shoki, which was meant to retroactively legitimise the Imperial House by dating its foundation further back to the year 660 BCE.[1][2][3] There are several theories as to who was the first Japanese ruler supported by historical evidence: notable candidates are Emperor Ōjin (r. c. 4C), Emperor Yūryaku (r. 456–479), Emperor Keitai (r. 507-531 or 534) and Emperor Kinmei (r. 539–571), among others.[4][5]

The terms Tennō ('Emperor', 天皇てんのう), as well as Nihon ('Japan', 日本にっぽん), were not adopted until the late 7th century CE.[6][2] In the nengō system which has been in use since the late 7th century, years are numbered using the Japanese era name and the number of years which have elapsed since the start of that nengō era.[7]

Emperors of Japan

[edit]
No. Portrait Personal name Posthumous name Reign and era names[8][9][i] Life details
1 Hikohohodemi
彦火
Emperor Jimmu
神武じんむ天皇てんのう
660–585 BC
(75 years)
721 or 711–585 BC
(126 or 136 years)
Son of kami Ugayafukiaezu. Claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu. Defeated Nagasunehiko in the Eastern Expedition to become emperor. Presumed legendary.[11]
2 Kamununakawamimi
かみ名川ながわみみ
Emperor Suizei
綏靖天皇てんのう
581–549 BC
(32 years)
632–549 BC
(83 years)
Son of Emperor Jimmu. Presumed legendary.[12]
3 Shikitsuhikotamatemi
磯城しき彦玉しゅ
Emperor Annei
安寧天皇あんねいてんのう
549–511 BC
(37 years)
567–511 BC
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Suizei. Presumed legendary.[13]
4 Ōyamatohikosukitomo
だい日本にっぽん彦耜とも
Emperor Itoku
懿徳天皇てんのう
510–477 BC
(33 years)
553–477 BC
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Annei. Presumed legendary.[14]
5 Mimatsuhikokaeshine
かんまつ彦香ふえいね
Emperor Kōshō
孝昭たかあき天皇てんのう
475–393 BC
(82 years)
506–393 BC
(113 years)
Son of Emperor Itoku. Presumed legendary.[15]
6 Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito
日本にっぽんあし彦国押人
Emperor Kōan
孝安たかやす天皇てんのう
392–291 BC
(101 years)
427–291 BC
(136 years)
Son of Emperor Kōshō. Presumed legendary.[16]
7 Ōyamatonekohikofutoni
だい日本にっぽん根子ねっこ彦太瓊
Emperor Kōrei
こうれい天皇てんのう
290–215 BC
(75 years)
342–215 BC
(127 years)
Son of Emperor Kōan. Presumed legendary.[17]
8 Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru
だい日本にっぽん根子ねっこ彦国牽
Emperor Kōgen
こうもと天皇てんのう
214–158 BC
(56 years)
273–158 BC
(115 years)
Son of Emperor Kōrei. Presumed legendary.[18]
9 Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi
やや日本にっぽん根子ねっこ彦大日日ひび
Emperor Kaika
開化かいか天皇てんのう
157–98 BC
(59 years)
208–98 BC
(110 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgen. Presumed legendary.[19]
10 Mimaki
あいだじょう
Emperor Sujin
たかしかみ天皇てんのう
97–30 BC
(67 years)
148–30 BC
(118 years)
Son of Emperor Kaika. First emperor with a direct possibility of existence.[20] Still presumed legendary.[21]
11 Ikume
かつ
Emperor Suinin
たれじん天皇てんのう
29 BC–AD 70
(99 years)
69 BC–AD 70
(127 years)
Son of Emperor Sujin. Presumed legendary.[22]
12 Ōtarashihiko
大足おおあし
Emperor Keikō
けいぎょう天皇てんのう
71–130
(59 years)
13 BC–AD 130
(143 years)
Son of Emperor Suinin. Presumed legendary.[23]
13 Wakatarashihiko
ややあし
Emperor Seimu
なりつとむ天皇てんのう
131–190
(59 years)
84–190
(106 years)
Son of Emperor Keikō. Presumed legendary.[24]
14 Tarashinakatsuhiko
あしなか
Emperor Chūai
仲哀ちゅうせつ天皇てんのう
192–200
(8 years)
149–200
(51 years)
Grandson of Emperor Keikō; nephew of Emperor Seimu. First emperor to ascend the throne without being the son of the previous emperor. Died during a campaign against the Kumaso tribe. Presumed legendary.[25]
Okinagatarashi
いきちょうたいうり
Empress Jingū
神功じんぐう皇后こうごう
201–269
(68 years)
170–269
(99 years)

Wife of Emperor Chūai; mother and regent of Emperor Ōjin. Not counted among the officially numbered emperors. Presumed legendary.[26]
15 Homutawake
誉田ほんだべつ
Emperor Ōjin
応神天皇おうじんてんのう
270–310
(40 years)
201–310
(109 years)
Son of Emperor Chūai and Empress Jingū. Deified in Shinto and Buddhism in Japan as Hachiman. Presumed legendary.[27]
16 Ohosazaki
だい鷦鷯みそさざい
Emperor Nintoku
仁徳天皇にんとくてんのう
313–399
(86 years)
290–399
(108–109 years)
Son of Emperor Ōjin. Presumed legendary.[28]
17 Ōenoizahowake
大兄たいけい去来きょらいべつ
Emperor Richū
履中天皇りちゅうてんのう
400–405
(5 years)
336–405
(69 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku. Presumed legendary.[29]
18 Mizuhawake
みずべつ
Emperor Hanzei
はんせい天皇てんのう
406–410
(5 years)
352–411
(59 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū. Presumed legendary.[30]
19 Oasatsuma Wakugo no Sukune
ちょうあいだやや宿禰すくね
Emperor Ingyō
允恭天皇いんぎょうてんのう
411–453
(42 years)
376–453
(77 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū and Emperor Hanzei. Presumed legendary.[31]
20 Anaho
あな
Emperor Ankō
安康天皇あんこうてんのう
453–456
(3 years)
401–456
(55 years)
Son of Emperor Ingyō. Assassinated by Prince Mayowa. Presumed legendary.[32]
21 Ōhatuse no Wakatakeru
大泊おおとまりややたけし
Emperor Yūryaku
雄略天皇ゆうりゃくてんのう
456–479
(23 years)
418–479
(61 years)
Son of Emperor Ingyō; younger brother of Emperor Ankō. Presumed legendary.[33]
22 Shiraka
白髪はくはつ
Emperor Seinei
せいやすし天皇てんのう
480–484
(4 years)
444–484
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Yūryaku. Presumed legendary.[34]
23 Woke
ひろけい
Emperor Kenzō
顕宗けんそう天皇てんのう
485–487
(2 years)
450–487
(37 years)
Grandson of Emperor Richū; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei. Presumed legendary.[35]
24 Oke
おくけい
Emperor Ninken
仁賢天皇にんけんてんのう
488–498
(10 years)
448–498
(50 years)
Grandson of Emperor Richū; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei; older brother of Emperor Kenzō. Presumed legendary.[36]
25 Ohatsuse no Wakasazaki
小泊こどまりやや鷦鷯みそさざい
Emperor Buretsu
たけれつ天皇てんのう
499–506
(7 years)
489–506
(17 years)
Son of Emperor Ninken. Presumed legendary.[37]
26 Ohodo[ii]
袁本
Emperor Keitai
つぎたい天皇てんのう
507–531
(24 years)
450–531
(81 years)
5th-generation grandson of Emperor Ōjin. Became emperor at the recommendation of Ōtomo no Kanamura. Possible founder of a new dynasty. Presumed legendary.[38][39]
27 Magari
Emperor Ankan
安閑天皇あんかんてんのう
534–535
(1 year)
466–535
(69 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai. Presumed legendary.[40]
28 Hinokuma-no-takata
ひのきくま高田たかだ
Emperor Senka
せん天皇てんのう
536–539
(3 years)
467–539
(72 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan. Presumed legendary.[41]
29 Amekunioshiharakihironiwa
天国てんごくはいひらけこうにわ
Emperor Kinmei
欽明天皇てんのう
540–571
(31 years)
509–571
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka. First historically verifiable emperor.[5][42]
30 Nunakura no Futotamashiki
中倉なかくらふとしたまじき
Emperor Bidatsu
さとしたち天皇てんのう
572–585
(13 years)
538–585
(47 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei.[43]
31 Tachibana no Toyohi
たちばなゆたか
Emperor Yōmei
よう明天めいてんすめらぎ
586–587
(1 year)
517–587
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu.[44]
32 Hatsusebe
とまり瀬部せべ
Emperor Sushun
たかしたかし天皇てんのう
588–592
(4 years)
522–592
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu and Emperor Yōmei. Made emperor by Soga no Umako following the Soga–Mononobe conflict. Assassinated by Yamatonoaya no Koma on the orders of Soga no Umako.[45]
33 Nukatabe
額田ぬかた
Empress Suiko
推古天皇すいこてんのう
593–628
(35 years)
554–628
(74 years)
Daughter of Emperor Kinmei; half-sister and wife of Emperor Bidatsu. First non-legendary female monarch. Prince Shōtoku acted as her regent.[46]
34 Tamura
田村たむら
Emperor Jomei
舒明天皇てんのう
629–641
(12 years)
593–641
(48 years)
Grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; great nephew of Empress Suiko.[47]
35 Takara
たから
Empress Kōgyoku
すめらぎごく天皇てんのう
642–645
(3 years)
594–661
(67 years)
Great-granddaughter of Emperor Bidatsu; wife of Emperor Jomei. First reign. Abdicated as a result of the Isshi incident.[48]
36 Karu
かる
Emperor Kōtoku
孝徳天皇こうとくてんのう
645–654
(9 years)
Taika, Hakuchi
597–654
(57 years)
Great-grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; younger brother of Empress Kōgyoku. First era name assigned.[49]
37 Takara
たから
Empress Saimei
ひとし明天めいてんすめらぎ
655–661
(6 years)
594–661
(67 years)
Older sister of Emperor Kōtoku. Previously reigned as Empress Kōgyoku. Second reign.[50]
38 Kazuraki
葛城かつらぎ
Emperor Tenji
天智天皇てんぢてんのう
662–672
(10 years)
626–672
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku.[51]
39 Ōtomo[iii]
大友おおとも
Emperor Kōbun
弘文天皇こうぶんてんのう
672
(8 months)
648–672
(24 years)
Son of Emperor Tenji. Deposed and committed suicide during the Jinshin War. Not recognized as emperor until 1870.[52]
40 Ōama
だい海人あま
Emperor Tenmu
天武天皇てんむてんのう
673–686
(14 years)
Shuchō
622–686
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku; younger brother of Emperor Tenji. Deposed his nephew, Emperor Kōbun, during the Jinshin War.[53]
41 Unonosarara[iv]
鸕野たたえ
Empress Jitō
もちすべ天皇てんのう
687–697
(10 years)[v]
646–703
(57 years)
Daughter of Emperor Tenji; niece and wife of Emperor Tenmu. Abdicated.[55]
42 Karu[vi]
珂瑠
Emperor Monmu
文武ぶんぶ天皇てんのう
697–707
(10 years)
Taihō, Keiun
683–707
(24 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō.[56]
43 Ahe[vii]
おもね
Empress Genmei
元明もとあき天皇てんのう
707–715
(8 years)
Keiun, Wadō
660–721
(61 years)
Daughter of Emperor Tenji; half-sister of Empress Jitō; mother of Emperor Monmu. Abdicated.[57]
44 Hidaka[viii]
氷高ひだか
Empress Genshō
元正がんしょう天皇てんのう
715–724
(9 years)
Reiki, Yōrō
681–748
(67 years)
Daughter of Empress Genmei; elder sister of Emperor Monmu. Only instance of an empress regnant inheriting the throne from another empress regnant. Abdicated.[58]
45 Obito
くび
Emperor Shōmu
聖武天皇しょうむてんのう
724–749
(25 years)
Jinki, Tenpyō, Tenpyō-kanpō
699–756
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Monmu; nephew of Empress Genshō. Abdicated.[59]
46 Abe
阿倍あべ
Empress Kōken
こうけん天皇てんのう
749–758
(9 years)
Tenpyō-kanpō, Tenpyō-shōhō, Tenpyō-hōji
718–770
(52 years)
Daughter of Emperor Shōmu. First reign. Abdicated.[60]
47 Ōi
大炊おおい
Emperor Junnin
淳仁天皇じゅんにんてんのう
758–764
(6 years)
Tenpyō-hōji
733–765
(32 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenmu; cousin of Empress Kōken. Deposed. Posthumously named emperor in 1870.[61]
48 Abe
阿倍あべ
Empress Shōtoku
しょうとく天皇てんのう
764–770
(6 years)
Tenpyō-hōji, Tenpyō-jingo, Jingo-keiun
718–770
(52 years)
Deposed her cousin, Emperor Junnin. Previously reigned as Empress Kōken. Second reign.[62]
49 Shirakabe
白壁しらかべ
Emperor Kōnin
ひかりじん天皇てんのう
770–781
(11 years)
Hōki, Ten'ō
708–782
(73 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenji; brother-in-law of Empress Shōtoku. Abdicated.[63]
50 Yamabe
山部やまべ
Emperor Kanmu
桓武かんむ天皇てんのう
781–806
(25 years)
Ten'ō, Enryaku
736–806
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kōnin.[64]
51 Ate
あん殿どの
Emperor Heizei
平城ひらじろ天皇てんのう
806–809
(3 years)
Daidō
773–824
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu. Abdicated.[65]
52 Kamino
神野かみの
Emperor Saga
嵯峨天皇さがてんのう
809–823
(14 years)
Daidō, Kōnin
785–842
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei. Abdicated.[66]
53 Ōtomo
大伴おおとも
Emperor Junna
淳和天皇じゅんなてんのう
823–833
(10 years)
Kōnin, Tenchō
786–840
(54 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga. Abdicated.[67]
54 Masara
正良まさよし
Emperor Ninmyō
仁明天皇にんみょうてんのう
833–850
(17 years)
Tenchō, Jōwa, Kashō
808–850
(41 years)
Son of Emperor Saga; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Junna.[68]
55 Michiyasu
みちやすし
Emperor Montoku
文徳ふみのり天皇てんのう
850–858
(8 years)
Kashō, Ninju, Saikō, Ten'an
827–858
(31 years)
Son of Emperor Ninmyō.[69]
56 Korehito
おもんみひとし
Emperor Seiwa
清和せいわ天皇てんのう
858–876
(18 years)
Ten'an, Jōgan
850–881
(30 years)
Son of Empereor Montoku. Abdicated.[70]
57 Sadaakira
貞明ていめい
Emperor Yōzei
陽成ようぜい天皇てんのう
876–884
(8 years)
Jōgan, Gangyō
869–949
(80 years)
Son of Emperor Seiwa. Deposed by Fujiwara no Mototsune.[71]
58 Tokiyasu
どきやすし
Emperor Kōkō
光孝みつたか天皇てんのう
884–887
(3 years)
Gangyō, Ninna
830–887
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Ninmyō; great uncle of Emperor Yōzei. Became emperor at the recommendation of Fujiwara no Mototsune.[72]
59 Sadami
じょうしょう
Emperor Uda
宇多天皇うだてんのう
887–897
(10 years)
Ninna, Kanpyō
866–931
(65 years)
Son of Emperor Kōkō. Abdicated.[73]
60 Atsuhito[ix]
あつしひとし
Emperor Daigo
醍醐天皇だいごてんのう
897–930
(33 years)
Kanpyō, Shōtai, Engi, Enchō
884–930
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Uda. Abdicated.[74]
61 Yutaakira[x]
寛明ひろあき
Emperor Suzaku
朱雀すざく天皇てんのう
930–946
(16 years)
Enchō, Jōhei, Tengyō
921–952
(30 years)
Son of Emperor Daigo. Abdicated.[75]
62 Nariakira
成明しげあき
Emperor Murakami
村上むらかみ天皇てんのう
946–967
(21 years)
Tengyō, Tenryaku, Tentoku, Ōwa, Kōhō
924–967
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Daigo; younger brother of Emperor Suzaku.[76]
63 Norihara
けんたいら
Emperor Reizei
冷泉れいせん天皇てんのう
967–969
(2 years)
Kōhō, Anna
949–1011
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Murakami. Abdicated.[77]
64 Morihira
まもりひらた
Emperor En'yū
円融天皇えんゆうてんのう
969–984
(15 years)
Anna, Tenroku, Ten'en, Jōgen, Tengen, Eikan
958–991
(32 years)
Son of Emperor Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Reizei. Abdicated.[78]
65 Morosada
さだ
Emperor Kazan
花山はなやま天皇てんのう
984–986
(2 years)
Eikan, Kanna
968–1008
(39 years)
Son of Emperor Reizei; nephew of Emperor En'yū. Abdicated.[79]
66 Kanehito
ふところひとし
Emperor Ichijō
一条天皇いちじょうてんのう
986–1011
(25 years)
Kanna, Eien, Eiso, Shōryaku, Chōtoku, Chōhō, Kankō
980–1011
(31 years)
Son of Emperor Emperor En'yū. Abdicated.[80]
67 Okisada[xi]
きょさだ
Emperor Sanjō
三条さんじょう天皇てんのう
1011–1016
(5 years)
Kankō, Chōwa
975–1017
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Reizei; half-brother of Emperor Kazan; cousin of Emperor Ichijō. Abdicated.[81]
68 Atsuhira[xii]
あつしなり
Emperor Go-Ichijō
後一条天皇ごいちじょうてんのう
1016–1036
(20 years)
Chōwa, Kannin, Jian, Manju, Chōgen
1008–1036
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Ichijō; cousin of Emperor Sanjō.[82]
69 Atsunaga
あつしりょう
Emperor Go-Suzaku
こう朱雀すざく天皇てんのう
1036–1045
(9 years)
Chōgen, Chōryaku, Chōkyū, Kantoku
1009–1045
(37 years)
Son of Emperor Ichijō; younger brother of Emperor Go-Ichijō. Abdicated.[83]
70 Chikahito
親仁おやじ
Emperor Go-Reizei
後冷泉天皇ごれいぜいてんのう
1045–1068
(23 years)
Kantoku, Eishō, Tengi, Kōhei, Jiryaku
1025–1068
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku.[84]
71 Takahito
みことひとし
Emperor Go-Sanjō
後三条ごさんじょう天皇てんのう
1068–1073
(5 years)
Jiryaku, Enkyū
1032–1073
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku; half-brother of Emperor Go-Reizei. Abdicated.[85]
72 Sadahito
貞仁さだひと
Emperor Shirakawa
白河天皇しらかわてんのう
1073–1087
(14 years)
Enkyū, Jōhō, Jōryaku, Eihō, Ōtoku
1053–1129
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Sanjō. Abdicated.[86]
73 Taruhito[xiii]
善仁よしひと
Emperor Horikawa
堀河ほりかわ天皇てんのう
1087–1107
(20 years)
Kanji, Kahō, Eichō, Jōtoku, Kōwa, Chōji, Kajō
1079–1107
(28 years)
Son of Emperor Shirakawa.[87]
74 Munehito
そうひとし
Emperor Toba
鳥羽天皇とばてんのう
1107–1123
(16 years)
Kajō, Tennin, Ten'ei, Eikyū, Gen'ei, Hōan
1103–1156
(53 years)
Son of Emperor Horikawa. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Shirakawa.[88]
75 Akihito
あらわひとし
Emperor Sutoku
崇徳天皇すとくてんのう
1123–1142
(19 years)
Hōan, Tenji, Daiji, Tenshō, Chōshō, Hōen, Eiji
1119–1164
(45 years)
Son of Emperor Toba. Abdicated. Attempted to depose Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Hōgen rebellion.[89]
76 Narihito
からだひとし
Emperor Konoe
近衛天皇このえてんのう
1142–1155
(13 years)
Eiji, Kōji, Ten'yō, Kyūan, Ninpei, Kyūju
1139–1155
(16 years)
Son of Emperor Toba; half-brother of Emperor Sutoku.[90]
77 Masahito
まさひとし
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
後白河天皇ごしらかわてんのう
1155–1158
(3 years)
Kyūju, Hōgen
1127–1192
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Toba; younger brother of Emperor Sutoku; half-brother of Emperor Konoe. Abdicated.[91]
78 Morihito
まもりひとし
Emperor Nijō
二条天皇にじょうてんのう
1158–1165
(7 years)
Hōgen, Heiji, Eiryaku, Ōhō, Chōkan
1143–1165
(22 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Abdicated.[92]
79 Nobuhito[xiv]
じゅんひとし
Emperor Rokujō
ろくじょう天皇てんのう
1165–1168
(3 years)
Chōkan, Eiman, Nin'an
1164–1176
(11 years)
Son of Emperor Nijō. Deposed by Emperor Go-Shirakawa.[93]
80 Norihito[xv]
憲仁のりひと
Emperor Takakura
高倉天皇たかくらてんのう
1168–1180
(12 years)
Nin'an, Kaō, Jōan, Angen, Jishō
1161–1181
(19 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa; half-brother of Emperor Nijō; uncle of Emperor Rokujō. Forced to abdicate by Taira no Kiyomori.[94]
81 Tokihito[xvi]
げんひとし
Emperor Antoku
安徳天皇あんとくてんのう
1180–1185
(5 years)
Jishō, Yōwa, Juei, Genryaku
1178–1185
(6 years)
Son of Emperor Takakura. Died at the Battle of Dan-no-ura during the Genpei War.[95]
82 Takahira[xvii]
みことなり
Emperor Go-Toba
後鳥羽ごとば天皇てんのう
1183–1198
(15 years)
Juei, Genryaku, Bunji, Kenkyū
1180–1239
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Takakura; half-brother of Emperor Antoku. Made emperor by Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Genpei War. Kamakura shogunate turned the emperor into a figurehead. Abdicated. Attempted to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate during the Jōkyū War.[96]
83 Tamehito
ためひとし
Emperor Tsuchimikado
土御門天皇つちみかどてんのう
1198–1210
(12 years)
Kenkyū, Shōji, Kennin, Genkyū, Ken'ei, Jōgen
1196–1231
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Toba. Persuaded by Emperor Go-Toba to abdicate. Exiled following the Jōkyū War.[97]
84 Morinari
守成しゅせい
Emperor Juntoku
順徳天皇じゅんとくてんのう
1210–1221
(11 years)
Jōgen, Kenryaku, Kempo, Jōkyū
1197–1242
(44 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Toba; half-brother of Emperor Tsuchimikado. Forced to abdicate following the Jōkyū War.[98]
85 Kanenari
ふところなり
Emperor Chūkyō
仲恭天皇ちゅうきょうてんのう
1221
(2 months)
Jōkyū
1218–1234
(15 years)
Son of Emperor Juntoku. Deposed and exiled following the Jōkyū War. Posthumously named emperor in 1870.[99]
86 Yutahito[xviii]
しげるひとし
Emperor Go-Horikawa
こう堀河ほりかわ天皇てんのう
1221–1232
(11 years)
Jōkyū, Jōō, Gennin, Karoku, Antei, Kangi, Jōei
1212–1234
(22 years)
Grandson of Emperor Takakura; first cousin of Emperor Chūkyō. Abdicated.[100]
87 Mitsuhito[xix]
秀仁ひでひと
Emperor Shijō
四条しじょう天皇てんのう
1232–1242
(10 years)
Jōei, Tenpuku, Bunryaku, Katei, Ryakunin, En'ō, Ninji
1231–1242
(10 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Horikawa.[101]
88 Kunihito
邦仁くにひと
Emperor Go-Saga
こう嵯峨天皇さがてんのう
1242–1246
(4 years)
Ninji, Kangen
1220–1272
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Tsuchimikado; second cousin of Emperor Shijō. Abdicated.[102]
89 Hisahito
久仁くに
Emperor Go-Fukakusa
後深草天皇ごふかくさてんのう
1246–1260
(14 years)
Kangen, Hōji, Kenchō, Kōgen, Shōka, Shōgen
1243–1304
(61 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Saga. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated at the insistence of Emperor Go-Saga.[103]
90 Tsunehito
恒仁つねひと
Emperor Kameyama
亀山天皇かめやまてんのう
1260–1274
(14 years)
Shōgen, Bun'ō, Kōchō, Bun'ei
1249–1305
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Saga; younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Daikakuji line. Abdicated.[104]
91 Yohito
ひとし
Emperor Go-Uda
こう宇多天皇うだてんのう
1274–1287
(13 years)
Bun'ei, Kenji, Kōan
1267–1324
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Kameyama. From the Daikakuji line. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Go-Fukakusa.[105]
92 Hirohito
熈仁
Emperor Fushimi
伏見天皇ふしみてんのう
1287–1298
(11 years)
Kōan, Shōō, Einin
1265–1317
(52 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated.[106]
93 Tanehito
たねひとし
Emperor Go-Fushimi
こう伏見天皇ふしみてんのう
1298–1301
(3 years)
Einin, Shōan
1288–1336
(48 years)
Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Forced to abdicate by the Daikakuji line. Traditional dates used.[107]
94 Kuniharu
邦治くにじ
Emperor Go-Nijō
こう二条天皇にじょうてんのう
1301–1308
(7 years)
Shōan, Kengen, Kagen, Tokuji
1285–1308
(23 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Uda. From the Daikakuji line.[108]
95 Tomihito
とみひとし
Emperor Hanazono
花園天皇はなぞのてんのう
1308–1318
(10 years)
Enkyō, Ōchō, Shōwa, Bunpō
1297–1348
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Agreed to alternate control of the throne between the Daikakuji and Jimyōin lines.[109]
96 Takaharu
みこと
Emperor Go-Daigo
後醍醐天皇ごだいごてんのう
1318–1339
(21 years)
Bunpō, Gen'ō, Genkō (1321–24), Shōchū, Karyaku, Gentoku, Genkō (1331–34), Kenmu, Engen
1288–1339
(50 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Uda; younger brother of Emperor Go-Nijō. From the Daikakuji line. Kamakura shogunate ended in the Genkō War. Brief imperial rule during the Kenmu Restoration. Opposed the Ashikaga shogunate. Became the first emperor of the Southern Court.[110]
97 Noriyoshi[xx]
義良のりなが
Emperor Go-Murakami
後村上天皇ごむらかみてんのう
1339–1368
(29 years)
Engen, Kōkoku, Shōhei
1328–1368
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Daigo. Second emperor of the Southern Court. Southern Court briefly took the Northern Court's capital, Kyoto, during the Kannō disturbance.[111]
98 Yutanari
寛成かんせい
Emperor Chōkei
長慶天皇ちょうけいてんのう
1368–1383
(15 years)
Shōhei, Kentoku, Bunchū, Tenju, Kōwa
1343–1394
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Murakami. Third emperor of the Southern Court. Abdicated.[112]
99 Hironari
熙成
Emperor Go-Kameyama
こう亀山天皇かめやまてんのう
1383–1392
(9 years)
Kōwa, Genchū
c. 1347–1424
(c. 77 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Chōkei. Fourth and last emperor of the Southern Court. Agreed to peace with the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of the Northern Court line.[113]
(1) Kazuhito
りょうひとし
Emperor Kōgon
ひかりげん天皇てんのう
1331–1333
(2 years)

Gentoku, Shōkyō
1313–1364
(51 years)

Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Hanazono. From the Jimyōin line. Made the first emperor of the Northern Court by the Kamakura shogunate during the Genkō War. Deposed by Emperor Go-Daigo of the Daikakuji line. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[114]
(2) Yutahito
豊仁とよひと
Emperor Kōmyō
光明こうみょう天皇てんのう
1336–1348
(12 years)

Kenmu, Ryakuō, Kōei, Jōwa
1322–1380
(58 years)

Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; younger brother of Emperor Kōgon. Made second emperor of the Northern Court by the Ashikaga shogunate. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[115]
(3) Okihito[xxi]
きょうひとし
Emperor Sukō
たかしこう天皇てんのう
1348–1351
(3 years)

Jōwa, Kannō
1334–1398
(64 years)

Son of Emperor Kōgon; nephew of Emperor Kōmyō. Third emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[116]
(4) Iyahito
わたるひとし
Emperor Go-Kōgon
後光ごこうげん天皇てんのう
1352–1371
(19 years)

Bunna, Kōan, Jōji, Ōan
1338–1374
(36 years)

Son of Emperor Kōgon; younger brother of Emperor Sukō. Became the fourth Emperor of the Northern Court after the Kannō disturbance. Abdicated.[117]
(5) Ohito
いとぐちひとし
Emperor Go-En'yū
こう円融天皇えんゆうてんのう
1371–1382
(11 years)

Ōan, Eiwa, Kōryaku, Eitoku
1359–1393
(34 years)

Son of Emperor Go-Kōgon. Fifth emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of Emperor Go-Komatsu.[118]
(6) Motohito
みきひとし
Emperor Go-Komatsu[xxii]
こう小松こまつ天皇てんのう
1382–1392
(10 years)

Eitoku, Shitoku, Kakei, Kōō, Meitoku
1377–1433
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Go-En'yū. Sixth and last emperor of the Northern Court from 1382 until 1392. Became the legitimate emperor following Emperor Go-Kameyama's abdication. Agreed to alternate control of the throne by the Northern Court and the Southern Court. All emperors after him are from the Northern line.[119][120]
100 1392–1412
(20 years)
Meitoku, Ōei
101 Mihito[xxiii]
じつひとし
Emperor Shōkō
しょうこう天皇てんのう
1412–1428
(16 years)
Ōei, Shōchō
1401–1428
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Komatsu.[121]
102 Hikohito
彦仁
Emperor Go-Hanazono
こう花園天皇はなぞのてんのう
1428–1464
(36 years)
Shōchō, Eikyō, Kakitsu, Bun'an, Hōtoku, Kyōtoku, Kōshō, Chōroku, Kanshō
1419–1471
(51 years)
Great-grandson of Northern Emperor Sukō; third cousin of Emperor Shōkō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[122]
103 Fusahito
成仁しげひと
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
こう土御門天皇つちみかどてんのう
1464–1500
(36 years)
Kanshō, Bunshō, Ōnin, Bunmei, Chōkyō, Entoku, Meiō
1442–1500
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Hanazono. Ōnin War led to the start of the Sengoku period.[123]
104 Katsuhito
かつひとし
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara[xxiv]
こう柏原かしわばら天皇てんのう
1500–1526
(26 years)
Meiō, Bunki, Daiei
1462–1526
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado. Imperial rule in the Ashikaga shogunate reached its lowest point in his reign.[124]
105 Tomohito
ひとし
Emperor Go-Nara[xxv]
こう奈良なら天皇てんのう
1526–1557
(31 years)
Daiei, Kyōroku, Tenbun, Kōji
1495–1557
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara.[125]
106 Michihito
ほうひとし
Emperor Ōgimachi
正親町おおぎまち天皇てんのう
1557–1586
(29 years)
Kōji, Eiroku, Genki, Tenshō
1517–1593
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Nara. Ashikaga shogunate overthrown by Oda Nobunaga. Abdicated.[126]
107 Katahito[xxvi]
しゅうひとし
Emperor Go-Yōzei
こう陽成ようぜい天皇てんのう
1586–1611
(25 years)
Tenshō, Bunroku, Keichō
1571–1617
(46 years)
Grandson of Emperor Ōgimachi. Tokugawa shogunate established. Sengoku period ended.[127]
108 Kotohito[xxvii]
政仁まさひと
Emperor Go-Mizunoo[xxviii]
後水尾天皇ごみずのおてんのう
1611–1629
(18 years)
Keichō, Genna, Kan'ei
1596–1680
(84 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Japan implements isolationist policy. Purple Robe Incident led to his abdication.[128]
109 Okiko
きょう
Empress Meishō
明正めいせい天皇てんのう
1629–1643
(14 years)
Kan'ei
1624–1696
(72 years)
Daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. Abdicated.[129]
110 Tsuguhito
紹仁
Emperor Go-Kōmyō
こう光明こうみょう天皇てんのう
1643–1654
(11 years)
Kan'ei, Shōhō, Keian, Jōō
1633–1654
(21 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger brother of Empress Meishō.[130]
111 Nagahito[xxix]
良仁よしひと
Emperor Go-Sai[xxx]
こう西にし天皇てんのう
1655–1663
(8 years)
Jōō, Meireki, Manji, Kanbun
1638–1685
(47 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger half-brother of Empress Meishō and Emperor Go-Kōmyō. Abdicated.[131]
112 Satohito
識仁
Emperor Reigen
れいもと天皇てんのう
1663–1687
(24 years)
Kanbun, Enpō, Tenna, Jōkyō
1654–1732
(78 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Sai. Abdicated.[132]
113 Asahito[xxxi]
朝仁あさに
Emperor Higashiyama
東山ひがしやま天皇てんのう
1687–1709
(22 years)
Jōkyō, Genroku, Hōei
1675–1710
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Reigen. Abdicated.[133]
114 Yasuhito[xxxii]
けいじん
Emperor Nakamikado
中御門天皇なかみかどてんのう
1709–1735
(26 years)
Hōei, Shōtoku, Kyōhō
1702–1737
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Higashiyama. Abdicated.[134]
115 Teruhito
昭仁あきひと
Emperor Sakuramachi
さくらまち天皇てんのう
1735–1747
(12 years)
Kyōhō, Genbun, Kanpō, Enkyō
1720–1750
(30 years)
Son of Emperor Nakamikado. Abdicated.[135]
116 Tōhito
遐仁
Emperor Momozono
桃園ももぞの天皇てんのう
1747–1762
(15 years)
Enkyō, Kan'en, Hōreki
1741–1762
(20 years)
Son of Emperor Sakuramachi. Abdicated.[136]
117 Toshiko
智子さとこ
Empress Go-Sakuramachi
こうさくらまち天皇てんのう
1762–1771
(9 years)
Hōreki, Meiwa
1740–1813
(73 years)
Daughter of Emperor Sakuramachi; younger sister of Emperor Momozono.[137]
118 Hidehito
えいひとし
Emperor Go-Momozono
こう桃園ももぞの天皇てんのう
1771–1779
(8 years)
Meiwa, An'ei
1758–1779
(21 years)
Son of Emperor Momozono; nephew of Empress Go-Sakuramachi.[138]
119 Morohito
ひとし
Emperor Kōkaku
ひかりかく天皇てんのう
1780–1817
(37 years)
An'ei, Tenmei, Kansei, Kyōwa, Bunka
1771–1840
(69 years)
Great-grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Go-Momozono. Abdicated.[139]
120 Ayahito
めぐみひとし
Emperor Ninkō
仁孝天皇にんこうてんのう
1817–1846
(29 years)
Bunka, Bunsei, Tenpō, Kōka
1800–1846
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Kōkaku.[140]
121 Osahito
すべひとし
Emperor Kōmei
孝明天皇こうめいてんのう
1846–1867
(21 years)
Kōka, Kaei, Ansei, Man'en, Bunkyū, Genji, Keiō
1831–1867
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Ninkō. Reigned during the Bakumatsu period during which Japan ended its isolationist policy and changed from Tokugawa rule to Imperial rule. Last instance of an emperor with multiple era names.[141]
122 Mutsuhito
むつみじん
Emperor Meiji
明治天皇めいじてんのう
3 February 1867

30 July 1912
(45 years, 178 days)
Keiō, Meiji
3 November 1852

30 July 1912
(Aged 59)
Son of Emperor Kōmei. Ended the Tokugawa Shogunate with the Meiji Restoration (3 January 1868). First emperor of the Empire of Japan.[142][143]
123 Yoshihito
よしみひとし
Emperor Taishō
大正天皇たいしょうてんのう
30 July 1912

25 December 1926
(14 years, 148 days)
Taishō
31 August 1879

25 December 1926
(Aged 47)
Son of Emperor Meiji. Taishō Democracy shifted political power from the genrō to the Imperial Diet and political parties. His eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito, served as Sesshō (摂政せっしょう; "Regent") from 1921 to 1926 because of Taishō's illness.[143][144]
124 Hirohito
裕仁ひろひと
Emperor Shōwa
昭和しょうわ天皇てんのう
25 December 1926

7 January 1989
(62 years, 13 days)
Shōwa
29 April 1901

7 January 1989
(Aged 87)
Son of Emperor Taishō. Served as Sesshō from 1921 to 1926. Last emperor of the Empire of Japan. Reign saw World War II and post-war economic miracle. Longest reigning verifiable emperor in Japanese history.[143][145]
125 Akihito
明仁あきひと
(Living) 7 January 1989

30 April 2019
(30 years, 113 days)
Heisei
born 23 December 1933
(Age 90)
Son of Emperor Shōwa. Abdicated and later referred to as Jōkō (上皇じょうこう; "Emperor Emeritus"). Longest living verifiable emperor.[146]
126 Naruhito
とくひとし
(Living) 1 May 2019

present
(5 years, 138 days)
Reiwa
born 23 February 1960
(Age 64)
Son of Akihito. Referred to as Kinjō Tennō (今上きんじょう天皇てんのう; "the Reigning Emperor") or Tennō Heika (天皇陛下てんのうへいか; "His Majesty the Emperor").[147][148]

Posthumously recognized individuals

[edit]

This is a list of individuals who did not reign as emperor during their lifetime but were later recognized as Japanese emperors posthumously.

Portrait Personal name Posthumous name Year recognized Life details
Prince Kusakabe
草壁皇子くさかべのおうじ
Emperor Oka
岡宮おかみや天皇てんのう
759 662–689
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Tenmu; husband of Empress Genmei; father of Emperor Monmu and Empress Genshō. Made crown prince in 681; heir to Emperor Tenmu. Died prior to acceding the throne following Emperor Tenmu's death.[149][150]
Prince Toneri
舎人親王とねりしんのう
Emperor Sudōjinkei
崇道尽敬皇帝すどうじんけいこうてい
759 676–735
(59 years)
Son of Emperor Tenmu; half-brother of Prince Kusakabe; father of Emperor Junnin.[151][152]
Prince Shiki
志貴しき皇子おうじ
Emperor Kasuga
春日かすがみや天皇てんのう
770 died 716
Son of Emperor Tenji; half-brother of Emperor Tenmu, Empress Jitō, Empress Genmei and Emperor Kōbun; father of Emperor Kōnin; half-uncle of Prince Kusakabe and Prince Toneri.[153][154]
Prince Sawara
早良親王さわらしんのう
Emperor Sudō
崇道天皇すどうてんのう
800 750–785
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Kōnin; younger brother of Emperor Kanmu. Made crown prince in 781. Implicated in the assassination of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu. Died on the way to exile.[153][155]
Prince Masahito
まことじん親王しんのう
Cloistered Emperor Yōkō
陽光ようこういん
Unknown 1552–1586
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Emperor Ōgimachi; father of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Posthumously recognized as emperor by Emperor Go-Yōzei.[153][156]
Sukehito, Prince Kan'in
閑院みやのりじん親王しんのう
Emperor Kyōkō
けいこう天皇てんのう
1884 1733–1794
(61 years)
Grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; father of Emperor Kōkaku.[157][158]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Early dates vary depending on the author. These are calculated from the reign-lengths given by the Nihon Shoki (Kojiki when lacking information). Jimmu is said to have died in the 76th year of his reign, i.e. he ruled 75 years. He was 127 years old according to East Asian age reckoning, i.e. 126 in Western reckoning.[10] Regnal years are counted using inclusive reckoning until Empress Jitō, the last reign covered by the Nihon Shoki.
  2. ^ Also called as Hikofuto (彦太).
  3. ^ Also known as Iga (伊賀いが).
  4. ^ Also known as Unonosasara or Uno.
  5. ^ Her dates are usually given as 686–697. However, the Nihon Shoki states that she died on her 11th year, i.e. she ruled 10 years.[54]
  6. ^ Name also written as けい.
  7. ^ Name also written as 阿部あべ.
  8. ^ Name also written as にちだか.
  9. ^ Previously named Minamoto no Korezane (みなもと維城).
  10. ^ Also known as Hiroakira.
  11. ^ Also known as Iyasada or Sukesada.
  12. ^ Also known as Atsunari.
  13. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
  14. ^ Also known as Yoshihito or Toshihito.
  15. ^ Also known as Nobuhito.
  16. ^ Also known as Kotohito.
  17. ^ Also known as Takanari.
  18. ^ Also known as Motsihito.
  19. ^ Also known as Tosihito.
  20. ^ Also known as Norinaga.
  21. ^ Previously named Masuhito (えきじん).
  22. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kōkō.
  23. ^ Initially written as 躬仁.
  24. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kanmu.
  25. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Heizei.
  26. ^ Also known as Kazuhito (かずひとし).
  27. ^ Also known as Masahito.
  28. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Minoo or Emperor Go-Seiwa.
  29. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
  30. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Saiin or Emperor Go-Junna.
  31. ^ Also known as Tomohito.
  32. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Smits, Gregory J. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780889209978.
  2. ^ a b Vogel, Ezra F. (2019). China and Japan: Facing History. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780674240766.
  3. ^ Mason, Richard (2011). "Chapter Two". History of Japan: Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462900978.
  4. ^ Ibaraki, Yoshiyuki (2013). "A Review of the Inscription of the Iron Sword Discovered at Inariyama Old Tomb of the Sakitama Old Tombs' Group". すめらぎがくかん論叢ろんそう. 46 (5). KOGAKKAN RONSO: 1–35.
  5. ^ a b Hoye, Timothy (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897.
  6. ^ Holcombe, Charles (January 2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5.
  7. ^ Nussbaum, "Nengō", p. 704.
  8. ^ Imperial Household Agency.
  9. ^ Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962.
  10. ^ Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420.
  11. ^ Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420.
  12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 3–4; Aston, 1, pp.138–141; Brown, pp. 250–251; Varley, pp. 88–89.
  13. ^ Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.141–142; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 32.
  14. ^ Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.142–143; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 405.
  15. ^ Titsingh, pp. 4–5; Aston, 1, pp.144–145; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 564.
  16. ^ Titsingh, p. 5; Aston, 1, pp.145–146; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 536.
  17. ^ Titsingh, pp. 5–6; Aston, 1, pp.146–147; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90–92; Nussbaum, p. 561.
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