Koah-pau
Course | Snack, delicacy, main dish, side dish |
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Place of origin | China |
Region or state | Fujian |
Serving temperature | Hot |
Main ingredients | Lotus leaf bread, stewed meat, condiments |
Ingredients generally used | Red-cooked pork belly, pickled mustard, coriander, ground peanuts |
Variations | Fried chicken, fish, eggs, stewed beef, lettuce |
Koah-pau | |||||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||||||
Literal meaning | cut bun | ||||||||||
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Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||||||
Literal meaning | meat between buns | ||||||||||
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Japanese name | |||||||||||
Kanji | |||||||||||
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Tagalog name | |||||||||||
Tagalog | kuwapaw |
Koah-pau or gua bao,[1] also known as a pork belly bun,[2] bao,[3][4] or bao bun,[5][6] is a type of lotus leaf bun originating from Fujianese cuisine in China.[7] It is also a popular snack in Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and Nagasaki Chinatown in Japan.
It consists of a slice of stewed meat and condiments sandwiched between flat steamed bread known as lotus leaf bread (
Etymology
[edit]Gua (Chinese:
History
[edit]In Asia
[edit]The gua bao originated from the coastal regions of Fujian province in China. It is said to have come from either the cities of Quanzhou or Fuzhou.[11] In Quanzhou, gua bao is known as rou jia bao (
In Taiwan, gua bao are believed to have been introduced to the island by Fuzhounese immigrants. Fuzhou rice vinasse meat is wrapped in it, and ingredients are chopped and soaked in meat gravy to eat.[16][17] The food is known colloquially in parts of Taiwan as hó͘-kā-ti (
In Singapore and Malaysia, the dish is popular among the Hokkien community, where it is known as kong bak pau (扣肉
In the Philippines, it is served in Chinese Filipino restaurants throughout the country, where it is more popularly known as cuapao.[21][22][23][24][25][26]
In Hong Kong, they are known as cha bao (
In Japan they are called kakuni manju[27][deprecated source] and are sold as a Chinese snack food. They are a specialty of Nagasaki Chinatown,[28] having been sold in Japan for centuries due to the large number of Fuzhounese immigrants and historic relations between Fuzhou and Nagasaki represented by the construction of Sofukuji Temple.[29][30] Recognizing the Fuzhounese community and historical connection, Nagasaki and Fuzhou established ties as sister cities in 1980.[31]
In the West
[edit]Gua bao became popular in the early 2000s in the West through chef David Chang's Momofuku restaurants (c. 2004) although he says that he was unaware that the gua bao dish already existed.[32] His Momofuku recipe was born out of a desire to use leftover pork from his ramen, and he was inspired by his dining experiences in Beijing and Manhattan Chinatown's Oriental Garden where the Peking duck was served on lotus leaf bread rather than the traditional spring pancake. He called his creation pork belly buns.[33] The name "gua bao" was used and popularised by chef Eddie Huang when he opened his BaoHaus restaurant (c. 2009).[34][35] Many other restaurants serving gua bao have opened up since then, but they often refer to the dish by the ambiguous name "bao" or the erroneous name "bao bun".
In the United States, New York City has a significant population of Fuzhounese Americans and gua bao is a popular dish sold at restaurants along with other iconic Fuzhounese dishes such as Fuzhou fish balls and lychee pork.[36]
In the United Kingdom, Erchen Chang, Wai Ting and Shing Tat Chung opened BAO in London, further popularizing the snack in the West.[13] Gua bao are often called hirata buns in the United Kingdom, named after Masashi Hirata, the executive chef of Ippudo in New York as many ramen restaurants began to adopt the practise of selling gua bao alongside their ramen dishes due to the influence of Momofuku and to meet high demand from customers who mistakenly believed that the gua bao was a Japanese food item.[37]
There have been many new trendy "gua bao" which incorporate pan-Asian fusion or non-Chinese fillings between the lotus leaf buns, such as kimchi or karaage.[38] Although these are technically not gua bao at all as they do not include pork belly, and in China would only be considered different lotus leaf bun sandwiches (he ye bao).
See also
[edit]- List of sandwiches
- List of snack foods
- Fujian cuisine
- Taiwanese cuisine
- Hamburger
- Roujiamo, a similar food from Shaanxi Province
References
[edit]- ^ "Entry #8213 (
割 包 )".臺灣 閩南語 常用 詞 辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. - ^ Erway, Cathy (2 April 2014). "Taiwanese Pork Belly Buns (Gua Bao)".
- ^ L., Mandy (6 February 2013). "Who Took the "Gua" out of "Bao".
- ^ a b Glassberg, Julie (23 February 2010). "Baohaus". The New York Times.
- ^ "Steamed bao buns". BBC Good Food.
- ^ "Simple Bao Bun Recipe". Sorted. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^
江 韶瑩 (2009).臺灣 民俗 文物 辭彙 類 編 (in Chinese).國史 館 臺灣 文獻 館 . ISBN 978-986-02-0399-8. - ^ a b "Gwa-Bao (
割 包 Braised Pork Wrapped in Steamed Buns)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2011. - ^ Erway, Cathy (2015). The Food of Taiwan: Recipes from the Beautiful Island. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780544303010.
- ^ "
台 日大 詞 典 :割 包 ". - ^ "A Street Food Goes International: Taiwan's Gua Bao". New Southbound Policy. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ "
福建 名 小 吃 |泉州 人 都 爱吃的 传统古 早 味 儿,你吃过哪几样呢?". xw.qq.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021. - ^ a b "What Is Taiwanese Gua Bao?". MICHELIN Guide. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ "
虎 咬草-吃 在 晋 江 -晋 江 魅力 -印象 晋 江 -晋 江 市 人民 政府 ". www.jinjiang.gov.cn. Retrieved 2 July 2021. - ^ 网易 (25 May 2019). "【
老 闽南】闽南人 独 爱的这款"咸烧饼"你吃过吗?". www.163.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021. - ^
江 , 韶瑩 (2009).臺灣 民俗 文物 辭彙 類 編 (in Chinese).國史 館 臺灣 文獻 館 . ISBN 978-986-02-0399-8. - ^ "
老 字 號 割 包 店 肉 香 Q嫩不油 膩-華 視 新聞 -華 視 新聞 網 ". news.cts.com.tw. - ^ Cathy Teng (July 2022). "A Street Food Goes International Taiwan's Gua Bao". Taiwan Panorama.
- ^ hermes (13 May 2018). "Love of pork belly and buns". The Straits Times. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
- ^ "Kong Bak Pau (Braised Pork Buns) – 扣肉
包 ". 15 September 2015. - ^ Macaalay, Raymund (29 July 2020). "Cuapao". Ang Sarap.
- ^ Fernandez, Doreen; Alegre, Edilberto N. (1989). LASA: A Guide to 100 Restaurants. Manila: Urban Food Foundation. pp. 100, 188, 190.
- ^ Official Gazette. Vol. 1. Philippines. Bureau of Patents, Trademarks, and Technology Transfer, Philippines. Intellectual Property Office, Department of Trade and Industry. 1988.
- ^ Philippine Humanities Review. Vol. 2. College of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines. 1985.
- ^ Polistico, Edgie (2017). Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary. Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9786214200870.
- ^ "kuwapaw". Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. 2018.
- ^ "
刈 包 ". ettoday.net/. - ^ "A Guide to Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown: Enjoy Local Specialties as You Walk!". wow-j.com.
- ^ "The first Chinese style temple in Nagasaki". japan-kyushu-tourist.com.
- ^ "Sofukuji Temple (
崇 福 寺 )". travel.navitime.com. - ^ "Interchange Fuzhou City between cities". city.nagasaki.lg.jp.e.jc.hp.transer.com.
- ^ The Story Behind the Momofuku Chili Crunch, With Eddie Huang, 20 July 2020, retrieved 30 June 2021
- ^ "Momofuku's pork buns". gourmettraveller.com.au/. 20 May 2010.
- ^ Wong, Maggine (31 August 2018). "The secret of gua bao: The Taiwanese street food taking over the world". CNN.
- ^ Nguyen-Okwu, Leslie (6 March 2019). "16 Dishes That Define Taiwanese Food". www.eater.com. Eater. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ "A Guide to Eating Regional Chinese Food in NYC". Eater. 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Trendspotting: Hirata buns". blogs.timeout.jp.
- ^ "CHICKEN KARAAGE & KIMCHI BAO". hakka.com.au.