Emperor Taizu of Jin
Emperor Taizu of Jin | |||||||||||||||||
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Emperor of the Jin dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
Reign | 28 January 1115 – 19 September 1123 | ||||||||||||||||
Successor | Emperor Taizong of Jin | ||||||||||||||||
Born | 1 August 1068 | ||||||||||||||||
Died | 19 September 1123 | (aged 55)||||||||||||||||
Burial | Rui Mausoleum (睿陵, in present-day Fangshan District, Beijing) | ||||||||||||||||
Spouse | Empress Shengmu Empress Guangyi Empress Qinxian Empress Xuanxian Consort Yuan Consort Chong Dunuke | ||||||||||||||||
Issue | Shengguo Woben Wolibu Wuzhu others | ||||||||||||||||
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House | Wanyan | ||||||||||||||||
Dynasty | Jin | ||||||||||||||||
Father | Helibo | ||||||||||||||||
Mother | Lady Nalan |
Emperor Taizu of Jin | |||||||
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Chinese | |||||||
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Wanyan Aguda | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||
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Wanyan Min | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||
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Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123), personal name Aguda, sinicised name Min (Chinese:
The name [Wanyan] Aguda is transcribed [Wan-yen] A-ku-ta in Wade-Giles;[1] the alternative spelling Akutta (possibly from reconstruction of Jurchen language) appears in a very small number of books as well.[2][3]
Life
[edit]Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province.[4] He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.[5]
In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin.[6] In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty.[7] Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province).[7] Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk.[7] Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (
Commemoration
[edit]Mounted statues of Aguda and his chief commander, Wanyan Zonghan, have been erected on the grounds of the Jin Dynasty History Museum (
Family
[edit]Parents:
- Father: Helibo, posthumously honoured as Emperor Shizu
- Mother: Lady Nalan (拏懶
氏 ), posthumously honoured as Empress Yijian (翼 簡皇后 )
Consort and their ewspective issue(s):
- Empress Shengmu, of Tangkuo clan (
聖 穆 皇后 唐 括 氏 )- Wanyan Zongjun, Emperor Huizong (徽宗
完 顏 宗 峻 ), 3rd son - Wanyan Zongchao, Prince of Feng (
豐 王 完 顏 宗 朝 ), 7th son - Wanyan Zongjie, Prince of Zhao (
趙 王 完 顏 宗 傑 , d. 1127)
- Wanyan Zongjun, Emperor Huizong (徽宗
- Empress Guangyi, of the Peiman clan (
光 懿皇后 裴滿氏 )- Wanyan Zonggan, Prince of Liao (
遼 王 完 顏 宗 幹 , d. 17 June 1141),[9] 1st son
- Wanyan Zonggan, Prince of Liao (
- Empress Qinxian, of the Heseri clan (欽憲
皇后 紇石烈 氏 )- Wanyan Zongwang, Prince Huansu of Song (
宋 桓肅王 完 顏 宗 望 ), 2nd son - Wanyan Zongjun, Prince of Chen (
陳 王 完 顏 宗 雋), 6th son - Wanyan Elu, Prince of Shen (瀋王
完 顏 訛 魯)
- Wanyan Zongwang, Prince Huansu of Song (
- Empress Xuanxian of the Pusan clan (
宣 獻 皇后 僕 散 氏 )- Wanyan Zongyao, Emperor Ruizong (睿宗
完 顏 宗 堯, 1096 – 1135), 5th son - Wanyan Eluduo, Prince of Bin (豳王
完 顏 訛 魯朵)
- Wanyan Zongyao, Emperor Ruizong (睿宗
- First Consort, of the Wugulun clan (
元 妃 烏 古 論 氏 )- Wanyan Zongbi, Prince of Liang (
梁 王 完 顏 宗 弼, d. 19 November 1148), 4th son - Wanyan Zongqiang, Prince of Wei (
衛 王 完 顏 宗 強 , d. 1142), 8th son - Wanyan Zongmin, Prince of Shu (
蜀 王 完 顏 宗 敏 , d. 1150), 9th son
- Wanyan Zongbi, Prince of Liang (
- Consort Chong, of the Xiao clan (
崇 妃 蕭 氏 , d. 20 September 1150)- Wanyan Xinilie, Prince of Ji (
紀 王 完 顏 習泥烈 ) - Wanyan Ningji, Prince of Xi (
息 王 完 顏 寧 吉 ) - Wanyan Yansun, Prince of Ju (莒王
完 顏 燕 孫 )
- Wanyan Xinilie, Prince of Ji (
- Lady Dunuke (
獨 奴 可 ) - a slave- Wanyan Wohu, Prince of Ye (鄴王
完 顏 斡忽)
- Wanyan Wohu, Prince of Ye (鄴王
- Unknown:
- Wanyan Wulu (
完 颜兀魯; 21 November 1152), 1st daughter- Married Tushan Dingge (
徒 單 定 哥) - Married Tushan Gong (
徒 單 恭 )
- Married Tushan Dingge (
- Princess of Bi (畢國
公主 ), 2nd daughter- Married Wugulun Elun (
烏 古 論 訛 論 ) and had issue (one son)
- Married Wugulun Elun (
- Princess Wanyan, 3rd daughter
- married Pucha Shijianu (
蒲 察石家 奴 )[10]
- married Pucha Shijianu (
- Wanyan Wulu (
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ And, thus, appears in this form in more old-fashioned literature in English, e.g. Herbert Franke's account in The Cambridge History of China
- ^ Chi-ming Tung, Jiming Dong, An outline history of China, p. 144
- ^ Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary: Chinese-English Edition. ISBN 978-7-5600-3195-8.
- ^ Su, Jinyuan (苏金
源 ), 论完颜阿骨 打 的 政治 、经济改革 (Discussion on Wanyan Aguda's political and economic reforms) Archived 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, p. 1. - ^ Franke, 1997 (I), pp. 153–154
- ^ Franke 1997(I), p. 154
- ^ a b c CHT, pp.224–226
- ^
阿 骨 打 、粘 罕雕像 落成 Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine ("Aguda's and Nianhan's statues completed"), www.northeast.cn, 2005-09-19 (Including photos of the new statues) - ^ Father of Wanyan Liang who came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor, Emperor Xizong, in a coup d'état.
- ^ Aguda's maternal nephew
Sources
[edit]- Herbert Franke, 1997 (I): "Chinese Texts on the Jurchen (I): a Translation of the Jurchen in the San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien. Originally published in Zantralasiatische Studien 9. Wiesbaden, 1975. Reprinted in: Herbert Franke and Hok-lam Chan, "Studies on the Jurchens and the Chin Dynasty", Variorum Collected Series Studies: CS591, Ashgate, 1997. ISBN 0-86078-645-5. (The work whose name is transcribed in Wade-Giles as San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien is Xu Mengxin's (
徐 夢 莘) "Collected Accounts of the Treaties with the North under Three Reigns" (三朝北盟会编, pinyin: San chao beimeng huibian). Franke translates and comments on Chapter 3 of this collection, which deals with the history and customs of the Jurchen people). - Twitchett, Dennis; Franke, Herbert, eds. (1994). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
- Jing-shen Tao, The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China. University of Washington Press, 1976, ISBN 0-295-95514-7.
- Guy Gavriel Kay, River of Stars is set in a fictionalized Liao China during the Jurchen invasion.