だ
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See also: た and Appendix:Variations of "da"
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Japanese
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Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]The hiragana character た (ta) with a dakuten (゛).
Syllable
[edit]See also
[edit]- (Hiragana)
平仮名 ; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲 (𛄲)ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐 (𛅐)ゐ゙, 𛄟 (𛄟), ゑ𛅑 (𛅑)ゑ゙, を𛅒 (𛅒)を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2
[edit]- Forms beginning with だ or で: From the particle で (de) or である (de aru). The lemma form だ itself is a contraction of であ, clipping of である (de aru).
- Forms beginning with な: From classical Japanese なる (naru), whence Modern Japanese な (na, na-inflection ending).
Verb
[edit]- (auxiliary) Following parts of speech that do not inflect by themselves, including nouns, na-adjectives, adverbs and postpositional phrases.
- to be
彼 は無 実 だ。- Kare wa mujitsu da.
- He is innocent.
冬 休 みは明日 からだ。- Fuyu yasumi wa ashita kara da.
- Winter vacation is from tomorrow. (Winter vacation starts from tomorrow.)
私 が子 供 だった頃 - watashi ga kodomo datta koro
- when I was a child
美 人 で優 しい人 - bijin de yasashii hito
- a person who is beautiful and kind
大 学 生 ならこれくらいはできるはずです。- Daigakusei nara kore kurai wa dekiru hazu desu.
- This should be easy for a college student.
- should; be obliged to; ought to
汚 物 は消 毒 だ。- Obutsu wa shōdoku da.
- The filth should be disinfected.
- お
代 わりだ。- Okawari da.
- (Of a second helping) one more please.
二 度 と来 るんじゃない!- Nido to kuru n ja nai!
- Never come again!
- to be
- (auxiliary) Some forms also follow inflectable words.
- です follows i-adjectives, as the standard polite terminal form for i-adjectives.
遅 いですね。- Osoi desu ne.
- You are too slow.
- だろう / でしょう / なら can follow any inflectable word, forming suppletive volitional/polite volitional/conditional forms.
飲 むなら乗 るな!- Nomu nara noru na!
- If you are to drink, don't drive!
彼 はきっと成 功 するだろう。- Kare wa kitto seikō suru darō.
- He will sure succeed.
- です follows i-adjectives, as the standard polite terminal form for i-adjectives.
- (auxiliary) Not following any words, but used before some conjunctives or in some inflected forms, to represent the aforementioned statement.
山 をなめてはいけない。でないと死 んじゃうよ。- Yama o namete wa ikenai. De nai to shinjau yo.
- Don't underestimate the difficulty of mountaineering. If you do, you could die.
Usage notes
[edit]- だ is the only commonly used modern Japanese verb with the terminal form (
終止 形 ) distinct from the attributive form (連体 形 ). As relative clauses in Japanese are syntactically equivalent to attributives, relative clauses must end in the attributive form. Thus だ, as a terminal form, cannot appear at the end of a relative clause. The following forms are used instead of だ in such places:
- Use の after nouns, adverbs or prepositional phrases. But use な before the nominalizer の.
学 生 のアリス- gakusei no Arisu
- Alice, who is a student
- ここまでのあらすじ
- koko made no arasuji
- the plot summary up to now
後 味 もすっきりなのが特 徴 です。- Atoaji mo sukkiri na no ga tokuchō desu.
- That the aftertaste is refreshing too is its distinguishing feature.
今日 は休 みなので早 起 きしてなかった。- Kyō wa yasumi na no de hayaoki shite nakatta.
- I didn't get up early because it is a holiday today.
- Use な after a na-adjective.
実 家 が裕 福 な友人 - jikka ga yūfuku na yūjin
- a friend whose family is rich
- Alternatively, である can be used when following nouns and denoting the meaning "to be".
学 生 であるアリス- gakusei de aru Arisu
- Alice, who is a student
- This word is phonologically an enclitic, similar to particles. It is classified as
助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "だ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Imperfective ( |
だろ では |
daro de wa | ||
Continuative ( |
だっ で |
da' de | ||
Terminal ( |
だ | da | ||
Attributive ( |
である な |
de aru na | ||
Hypothetical ( |
であれ なら |
de are nara | ||
Imperative ( |
- | - | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | - | - | ||
Causative | - | - | ||
Potential | - | - | ||
Volitional | だろう | darō | ||
Negative | ではない じゃない¹ でない |
de wa nai ja nai¹ de nai | ||
Negative continuative | ではなくて じゃなくて¹ |
de wa nakute ja nakute¹ | ||
Formal | です | desu | ||
Perfective | だった | datta | ||
Conjunctive | で | de | ||
Hypothetical conditional | ならば であれば |
naraba de areba | ||
¹ Colloquial contraction |
Synonyms
[edit]- である (de aru)
- や (ya) (Kansai dialect)
- じゃ (ja) (Some western dialects. Also used in archaic speech in fictional characters or as slang)
- じゃい (jai) (dialect or slang)
See also
[edit]Japanese basic inflections
Verbs | -i adjectives | nouns and -na adjectives | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonpast | Plain | Affirmative | Use the dictionary form | stem + い (-i) | noun + だ (da) (noun + である (de aru)) |
Negative | mizenkei + ない (-nai) | stem + くない (-ku nai) | noun + で(は)ない (de [wa] nai) | ||
Polite | Affirmative | ren'yōkei + ます (-masu) | stem + いです (-i desu) | noun + です (desu) | |
Negative | ren'yōkei + ません (-masen) | stem + くないです (-ku nai desu) stem + くありません (-ku arimasen) |
noun + で(は)ないです (de [wa] nai desu) noun + で(は)ありません (de [wa] arimasen) | ||
Past | Plain | Affirmative | ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + た (-ta) | stem + かった (-katta) | noun + だった (datta) (noun + であった (de atta)) |
Negative | mizenkei + なかった (-nakatta) | stem + くなかった (-ku nakatta) | noun + で(は)なかった (de [wa] nakatta) | ||
Polite | Affirmative | ren'yōkei + ました (-mashita) | stem + かったです (-katta desu) | noun + でした (deshita) | |
Negative | ren'yōkei + ませんでした (-masen deshita) | stem + くなかったです (-ku nakatta desu) stem + くありませんでした (-ku arimasen deshita) |
noun + で(は)なかったです (de [wa] nakatta desu) noun + で(は)ありませんでした (de [wa] arimasen deshita) | ||
Volitional | Plain | mizenkei (of Group I verbs) + う (-u > -o) mizenkei (of other verbs) + よう (-yō) |
†stem + かろう (-karō) (stem + いだろう (-i darō)) |
noun + だろう (darō) (noun + であろう (de arō)) | |
Polite | ren'yōkei + ましょう (-mashō) | (stem + いでしょう (-i deshō)) | noun + でしょう (deshō) | ||
Conjunctive | ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + て (-te) | stem + くて (-kute) | noun + で (de) (noun + であって (de atte)) | ||
Hypothetical conditional | kateikei + ば (-ba) | stem + ければ (-kereba) | (noun + であれば (de areba)) |