基もと因いん突變

基もと因いん突變（genetic mutation）係がかり細胞さいぼう入いれ面めん嘅遺傳いでん基もと因いん出現しゅつげん咗變化へんか，原因げんいん可か以係細胞さいぼう分裂ぶんれつ嗰陣複製ふくせい基もと因いん出で錯，又また或ある者もの受到輻射ふくしゃ同どう化合かごう物ぶつ等外とうがい界かい嘢影響えいきょう。基もと因いん突變嘅結果けっか會かい令れい細胞さいぼう同どう正常せいじょう唔同，結果けっか可か以係壞（傷害しょうがい隻せき生物せいぶつ），亦また可か以係好このみ（對たい隻せき生物せいぶつ有利ゆうり）。

DNA 上じょう好こう多た時じ會かい有ゆう複製ふくせい咗幾次じ嘅基因いん，而呢啲「多た咗幾份出嚟」嘅基因いん被ひ指ゆび係がかり有利ゆうり於突變へん嘅發生はっせい^[1]^[2]：喺好多た生物せいぶつ物種ものだね嘅 DNA 當とう中ちゅう都會とかい有ゆう「做同一樣功能嘅基因多咗幾份」嘅情況きょう，例れい例れい如係喺人 DNA 負ふ責せめ整せい眼め珠たま嘅基因いん當とう中なか，有ゆう 4 個こ基もと因いん係がかり用よう嚟整感光かんこう結構けっこう嘅，而有 3 個こ基もと因いん整せい視み錐きり細胞さいぼう同どう 1 個こ基もと因いん整せい視み桿細胞さいぼう，而呢柞なら基もと因いん本來ほんらい都と係がかり由よし一個基因演變出嚟嘅^[3]；想像そうぞう家か陣じん有ゆう個こ基もと因いん因いん為ため突變而壞咗，做唔到佢原有ゆう嘅功能のう，但ただし條じょう DNA 上じょう有ゆう呢個基もと因いん嘅複製品せいひん，噉啲複製ふくせい品ひん就可以做埋うめ嗰個基もと因いん嗰份，等とう隻せき生物せいぶつ唔會因いん為ため突變搞到佢做唔到某ぼう啲對生存せいぞん繁殖はんしょく嚟講必要ひつよう嘅功能のう－「一個基因多咗幾份」可か以間接かんせつ令れい「靠もたれ突變嚟進化か」呢家嘢對個體こたい以至成なり個物こぶつ種しゅ嚟講風ふう險けん冇咁高だか^[4]^[5]。除じょ此之外がい，第だい啲類型がた嘅突變へん仲なか可か以由本來ほんらい冇用嘅 DNA 嗰度變へん啲全新しん嘅基因いん出で嚟^[6]^[7]。

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↑ Hastings, P. J.; Lupski, James R.; Rosenberg, Susan M.; Ira, Grzegorz (August 2009). "Mechanisms of change in gene copy number". Nature Reviews Genetics. London: Nature Publishing Group. 10 (8): 551–564.
↑ Harrison, Paul M.; Gerstein, Mark (May 17, 2002). "Studying Genomes Through the Aeons: Protein Families, Pseudogenes and Proteome Evolution". Journal of Molecular Biology. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 318 (5): 1155–1174.
↑ Bowmaker, James K. (May 1998). "Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates". Eye. London: Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists. 12 (3b): 541–547.
↑ Gregory, T. Ryan; Hebert, Paul D. N. (April 1999). "The Modulation of DNA Content: Proximate Causes and Ultimate Consequences". Genome Research. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 9 (4): 317–324.
↑ Hurles, Matthew (July 13, 2004). "Gene Duplication: The Genomic Trade in Spare Parts". PLOS Biology. San Francisco, CA: Public Library of Science. 2 (7): e206.
↑ Liu, Na; Okamura, Katsutomo; Tyler, David M.; et al. (October 2008). "The evolution and functional diversification of animal microRNA genes". Cell Research. London: Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences. 18 (10): 985–996.
↑ Siepel, Adam (October 2009). "Darwinian alchemy: Human genes from noncoding DNA". Genome Research. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 19 (10): 1693–1695.

呢篇同どう生物せいぶつ學がく相關そうかん係がかり楔くさび位くらい文ぶん。歡迎かんげい幫維基もと百科ひゃっか擴寫佢。

[1] Hastings, P. J.; Lupski, James R.; Rosenberg, Susan M.; Ira, Grzegorz (August 2009). "Mechanisms of change in gene copy number". Nature Reviews Genetics. London: Nature Publishing Group. 10 (8): 551–564.

[2] Harrison, Paul M.; Gerstein, Mark (May 17, 2002). "Studying Genomes Through the Aeons: Protein Families, Pseudogenes and Proteome Evolution". Journal of Molecular Biology. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 318 (5): 1155–1174.

[3] Bowmaker, James K. (May 1998). "Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates". Eye. London: Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists. 12 (3b): 541–547.

[4] Gregory, T. Ryan; Hebert, Paul D. N. (April 1999). "The Modulation of DNA Content: Proximate Causes and Ultimate Consequences". Genome Research. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 9 (4): 317–324.

[5] Hurles, Matthew (July 13, 2004). "Gene Duplication: The Genomic Trade in Spare Parts". PLOS Biology. San Francisco, CA: Public Library of Science. 2 (7): e206.

[6] Liu, Na; Okamura, Katsutomo; Tyler, David M.; et al. (October 2008). "The evolution and functional diversification of animal microRNA genes". Cell Research. London: Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences. 18 (10): 985–996.

[7] Siepel, Adam (October 2009). "Darwinian alchemy: Human genes from noncoding DNA". Genome Research. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 19 (10): 1693–1695.

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