伯 克 兰-艾 德 法
反 应
[编辑]碟片
此
历史
[编辑]1781
为提
1902
碟形电弧
挪威
参 见
[编辑]参考 资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Remsen, I.; Renoup, H. The Oxidation of Atmospheric Nitrogen with Reference to the Manufacture of Nitrates and Nitric Acid (PDF). American Chemical Journal. 1906, 35: 358–367 [2024-03-04].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Lucy Jago. The Northern Lights. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2007.
Birkeland was deeply unhappy about having to share credit with Eyde, who had no part in the technical development of the idea, but he was forced to collaborate because only Eyde had access to the huge amounts of electric power that would be needed to run the furnaces.
- ^ Eyde, Sam. The Manufacture of Nitrates from the Atmosphere by the Electric Arc—Birkeland-Eyde Process. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 1909, 57 (2949): 568–576. JSTOR 41338647.
- ^ Cavendish, Henry. Experiments on air. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1785, 75: 372–384.
- ^ Aaron John Ihde. The development of modern chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. 1984: 678. ISBN 0-486-64235-6.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Trevor Illtyd Williams; Thomas Kingston Derry. A short history of twentieth-century technology c. 1900-c. 1950. Oxford University Press. 1982: 134–135. ISBN 0-19-858159-9.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lucy Jago. The Northern Lights. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2007.
More recently, two Americans, Bradley and Lovejoy, had built a small factory beside Niagara Falls to produce saltpeter at the end of 1902, but their attempt had proved too inefficient to form the basis of a new industry. A description of their furnace had been included in the first edition of a Norwegian scientific publication, Electrochem Indus-tri, launched only the previous month; Birkeland studied the drawings in the new magazine to check that his idea was different, and therefore potentially more rewarding, than theirs. He saw that they had made a myriad of tiny arcs in their furnace, while Birkeland was planning one large arc, repeated at a high rate and swept sideways by the magnetic field to make contact with as much air as possible. It would look like a circle with the shape and heat of the sun. The following Monday Eyde and Birkeland spent the morning together at the university, inspecting the strange-looking furnace and weighing each other up as potential business collaborators. The first prototype, cobbled together in a few hours, beautifully demonstrated Birkeland’s idea of using magnetism to make large electric arcs and the tremendous noise and smell it produced were persuasive testimony to its potential.
- ^ Karl Fisher; William E. Newton. G. J. Leigh , 编. Nitrogen fixation at the millennium. Elsevier. 2002: 2–3. ISBN 0-444-50965-8.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Mellor, J. W. Modern Inorganic Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co. 1918: 509.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Martin, Geoffrey; Barbour, William. Industrial Nitrogen Compounds and Explosives. Crosby Lockwood and Son. 1915: 21.
- ^ Webb, H. W. Absorption of Nitrous Gases. Edward Arnold & Co. 1923: 20.
- ^ Douglas Erwin. Industrial Chemical Process Design. McGraw-Hill. 2002: 613. ISBN 0-07-137621-6.
- ^ Knox, Joseph. The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen. D. Van Nostrand Company. 1914: 45-50.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 M. Kiefer, David. Capturing Nitrogen Out of the Air. Today's Chemist at Work (American Chemical Society). [2024-03-05]. ISSN 1532-4494. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-04). - ^ Plücker. Ueber die Einwirkung des Magnets auf die elektrische Entladung [On the effect of the magnet on the electric discharge]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1861, 113: 249–280 [2024-03-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2024-03-03) (German). From p. 255: " … die Curven, welche dieselbe durchziehen, soweit die Schätzung des Auges reicht, genau die Form von Kreisbogen an[nehmen], die sämmtlich auf der die beiden Spitzen des Entladers verbindenden geraden Linie, als gemeinschaftlicher, senkrecht stehen." ( … the curves which [the luminous discharges] traverse, assume — as far as the eye can judge — exactly the form of circular arcs, all of which stand perpendicular to the same straight line that joins the two points of the electrodes.) - ^ Worden, Edward Chauncey. Technology of Cellulose Esters 1:2. D. Van Nostrand Company. 1921: 870.
- ^ Lucy Jago. The Northern Lights. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2007.
When the ladies retired to the drawing room and the gentlemen stood around the fire, drinking whisky and smoking cigars, Birkeland approached Eyde and said, “I have the solution.” He explained that his cannon, of which Eyde was already aware through Knudsen, produced high-energy electric arcs if it short-circuited during testing—arcs exactly like bolts of lightning. Birkeland believed this faulty element of his gun design could be combined with electromagnetic furnace technology to ionize air and produce nitric acid.
- ^ Rjukan–Notodden Industrial Heritage Site. UNESCO. 2015-07-05 [2024-03-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-07-03).