克 丘 亞 語
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Qhichwa / Runa Shimi | |
14,000,000 | |
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ISO 639-1 | qu |
ISO 639-2 | que |
ISO 639-3 | que – |
Glottolog | quec1387 [1] |
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现状[编辑]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/350px-El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png)
1975
语言使用 者 数量 [编辑]
另一
阿 根 廷:900,000人 (1971年 )- 玻利维亚:2,100,000
人 (2001年 人口 调查);2,800,000南 玻利维亚(1987年 ) 智 利 :很少;8200人 in ethnic group (2002年 人口 调查)- 哥伦
比 亚:4,402到 16,000人 [5] 厄 瓜 多 尔:2,300,000人 (Adelaar 1991年 )秘 鲁:3,800,000人 (2017年 年 人口 调查[6]);3,500,000到 4,400,000人 (Adelaar 2000)
此外,
語 系 分類 [编辑]
語 言 形態 [编辑]
語 系 演 進 [编辑]
词汇[编辑]
一些克丘亚语
对拉
一个罕见的借词,
克 丘 亚的词源[编辑]
另一种说
语法[编辑]
代 词[编辑]
单数 | 复数 | ||
Ñuqa | Ñuqanchik( Ñuqayku( | ||
Qam | Qamkuna | ||
Pay | Paykuna |
名 词[编辑]
举例 | ( | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
复数 | -kuna | wasikuna | ||
-y, -: | wasiy, wasii | |||
-yki | wasiyki | 你的 | ||
-n | wasin | |||
-nchik | wasinchik | |||
-y-ku | wasiyku | |||
-yki-chik | wasiykichik | 你们 | ||
-n-ku | wasinku | |||
– | wasi | |||
宾格 | -(k)ta | wasita | ||
-wan | wasiwan | |||
-naq | wasinaq | |||
-paq | wasipaq | 对这间 | ||
-p(a) | wasip(a) | 这间 | ||
-rayku | wasirayku | |||
-paq | wasipaq | 为这间 | ||
-pi | wasipi | |||
-man | wasiman | |||
-piwan, puwan | wasipiwan, wasipuwan | |||
终止 |
-kama, -yaq | wasikama, wasiyaq | ||
过渡 |
-(rin)ta | wasinta | ||
离格 | -manta, -piqta | wasimanta, wasipiqta | 从这间 | |
-(ni)ntin | wasintin | |||
-raq | wasiraq | |||
intrative | -pura | wasipura | ||
-lla(m) | wasilla(m) | 仅这间 | ||
-naw, -hina | wasinaw, wasihina |
参 见[编辑]
參考 文獻 [编辑]
引用 [编辑]
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Quechuan. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Kandell, Jonathan Gay. Peru officially adopting Indian tongue. New York Times. 1975-05-22 [2019-03-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-01). - ^ Borsdorf, Axel. The Andes: A Geographical Portrait. : 142 [2019-03-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-10-19). - ^ Adelaar 2004, pp. 258–259: "The Quechua speakers' wish for social mobility for their children is often heard as an argument for not transmitting the language to the next generation.... As observed quite adequately by Cerrón Palomino, "Quechua (and Aymara) speakers seem to have taken the project of assimilation begun by the dominating classes and made it their own."
- ^ Alain Fabre, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pubelos indígenas sudamericanos. [2019-03-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-09-25). - ^
存 档副本 . [2019-03-19]. (原始 内容 存 档于2018-09-13). - ^ Claudio Torrens. Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier. UTSanDiego.com. 2011-05-28 [2013-02-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-02-01). - ^ Edward A. Roberts, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language..., 2014.
- ^ Muysken, Pieter. Root/Affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: Case studies from the Andes (PDF). www.ru.nl. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2015-09-24). - ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú, Adelaar 2004, p. 179.
- ^ Alderetes, Jorge R. Morfología nominal del quechua santiagueño. 1997 [2019-03-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-10-11).
书目文献 [编辑]
- Rolph, Karen Sue. Ecologically Meaningful Toponyms: Linking a lexical domain to production ecology in the Peruvian Andes. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University, 2007.
- Adelaar, Willem F. H. The Languages of the Andes. 2004-06-10 [2017-02-01]. ISBN 9781139451123. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-10-19). - Adelaar, Willem. The Languages of the Andes. With the collaboration of P.C. Muysken. Cambridge language survey. Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-36831-5
- Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. Lingüística Quechua, Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas', 2nd ed. 2003
- Cole, Peter. "Imbabura Quechua", North-Holland (Lingua Descriptive Studies 5), Amsterdam 1982.
- Cusihuamán, Antonio, Diccionario Quechua Cuzco-Collao, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, ISBN 9972-691-36-5
- Cusihuamán, Antonio, Gramática Quechua Cuzco-Collao, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, ISBN 9972-691-37-3
- Mannheim, Bruce, The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion, University of Texas Press, 1991, ISBN 0-292-74663-6
- Rodríguez Champi, Albino. (2006). Quechua de Cusco. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma. Lengamer.org (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Aikhenvald, Alexandra. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004. Print.
- Floyd, Rick. The Structure of Evidential Categories in Wanka Quechua. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1999. Print.
- Hintz, Diane. “The evidential system in Sihuas Quechua: personal vs. shared knowledge” The Nature of Evidentiality Conference, The Netherlands, 14–16 June 2012. SIL International. Internet. 13 April 2014.
- Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic, 1988. Print.
- Weber, David. "Information Perspective, Profile, and Patterns in Quechua." Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Ed. Wallace L. Chafe and Johanna Nichols. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub, 1986. 137-55. Print.
延伸 閱讀[编辑]
- Adelaar, Willem F. H. Modeling convergence: Towards a reconstruction of the history of Quechuan–Aymaran interaction About the origin of Quechua, and its relation with Aymara, 2011.
- Adelaar, Willem F. H. Tarma Quechua: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977.
- Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Vallejo C., and Rudolph C. Troike. An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua. Special publication of the Institute of Latin American Studies, the University of Texas at Austin. Austin: Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by the University of Texas Press, 1969. ISBN 0-292-70019-9
- Coronel-Molina, Serafín M. Quechua Phrasebook. 2002 Lonely Planet ISBN 1-86450-381-5
- Curl, John, Ancient American Poets. Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005. ISBN 1-931010-21-8 Red-coral.net (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Gifford, Douglas. Time Metaphors in Aymara and Quechua. St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews, 1986.
- Heggarty and David Beresford-Jones, Paul. Not the Incas? Weaving Archaeology and Language into a Single New Prehistory. London: British Academy Review 12: 11-15. 2009.
- Harrison, Regina. Signs, Songs, and Memory in the Andes: Translating Quechua Language and Culture. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989. ISBN 0-292-77627-6
- Jake, Janice L. Grammatical Relations in Imbabura Quechua. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland Pub, 1985. ISBN 0-8240-5475-X
- King, Kendall A. Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes. Bilingual education and bilingualism, 24. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters LTD, 2001. ISBN 1-85359-495-4
- King, Kendall A., and Nancy H. Hornberger. Quechua Sociolinguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004.
- Lara, Jesús, Maria A. Proser, and James Scully. Quechua Peoples Poetry. Willimantic, Conn: Curbstone Press, 1976. ISBN 0-915306-09-3
- Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua. Studies in natural language and linguistic theory, [v. 11]. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988. ISBN 1-55608-050-6
- Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. Relative Clauses in Cuzco Quechua: Interactions between Core and Periphery. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982.
- Muysken, Pieter. Syntactic Developments in the Verb Phrase of Ecuadorian Quechua. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977. ISBN 90-316-0151-9
- Nuckolls, Janis B. Sounds Like Life: Sound-Symbolic Grammar, Performance, and Cognition in Pastaza Quechua. Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Parker, Gary John. Ayacucho Quechua Grammar and Dictionary. Janua linguarum. Series practica, 82. The Hague: Mouton, 1969.
- Plaza Martínez, Pedro. Quechua. In: Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.) Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. I, 215-284. La Paz: Plural editores, 2009. ISBN 978-99954-1-236-4. (in Spanish)
- Sánchez, Liliana. Quechua-Spanish Bilingualism: Interference and Convergence in Functional Categories. Language acquisition & language disorders, v. 35. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub, 2003. ISBN 1-58811-471-6
- Weber, David. A Grammar of Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua. University of California publications in linguistics, v. 112. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. ISBN 0-520-09732-7
- Quechua bibliographies online at: quechua.org.uk (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)
外部 連結 [编辑]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png)
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克 丘 亞 語 版本 的 維基百科 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)- Quechua lessons (www.andes.org) (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) in Spanish and English - Quechua course Spanish to Quechua
- Detailed map of the varieties of Quechua according to SIL (fedepi.org)
- Quechua Collection(页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) of Patricia Dreidemie at the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America. - Huancavelica Quechua Fieldnotes of Willem de Ruese(页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆), copies of handwritten notes on Quechua pedagogical and descriptive materials, from the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America. - Diccionario Quechua: Español–Runasimi–English Dictionary of Ayacucho Quechua from Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz.
- Quechua Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix(页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆))
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