安 大略 401號 省 道
![本页使用了标题或全文手工转换](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png)
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赫布· | ||||
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启用时间 | 1938 1952 | |||
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此公
走 線
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Highway_401_east_of_Highway_400.jpg/220px-Highway_401_east_of_Highway_400.jpg)
401
西南 安 大略
[编辑]401
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Highway_401-Highway_402_interchange.jpg/220px-Highway_401-Highway_402_interchange.jpg)
402
大 多 倫 多 地區
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Highway_401_between_403_and_410.jpg/220px-Highway_401_between_403_and_410.jpg)
401
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Highway_401_The_Basketweave_Aerial.jpg/300px-Highway_401_The_Basketweave_Aerial.jpg)
401
東 安 大略
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eastern_401.png/220px-Eastern_401.png)
401
交通 流量 與 行 車線 數
[编辑]403 |
8 24 |
韋斯 400 |
閃高 |
62 37 |
薛鄧咸道 |
29 |
138 | |||||
1969 |
9,550 | 17,450 | 16,700 | 19,900 | 28,450 | 106,850 | 29,000 | 13,750 | 12,000 | 10,050 | 10,300 | |
1988 |
13,200 | 33,800 | 35,100 | 50,400 | 97,100 | 319,600 | 79,000 | 22,500 | 20,700 | 15,300 | 12,900 | |
2008 |
16,700 | 64,500 | 67,100 | 125,600 | 177,300 | 442,900 | 120,700 | 43,500 | 45,400 | 29,100 | 18,400 |
E·C· |
402 |
403 / 410 |
427 |
27 |
409 |
||||||||
6 |
4 |
6 |
18 |
8 |
10 |
12–16 |
10 |
6 |
4 |
6 |
4 | ||
55.7 km(34.6 mi) | 127.5 km(79.2 mi) | 161.3 km(100.2 mi) | 5.8 km(3.6 mi) | 0.8 km(0.50 mi) | 3.9 km(2.4 mi) | 43.3 km(26.9 mi) | 6.0 km(3.7 mi) | 68.3 km(42.4 mi) | 138.2 km(85.9 mi) | 8.2 km(5.1 mi) | 209.0 km(129.9 mi) |
歷史
[编辑]早期 發展
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/401_construction_phases.svg/400px-401_construction_phases.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/400_at_401.png/220px-400_at_401.png)
1952
逐步拓 闊
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Highway_401.png/220px-Highway_401.png)
401
21世紀
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evacuated_Highway_401_Color.jpg/220px-Evacuated_Highway_401_Color.jpg)
2008
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Highway_401_from_Wellington_Road_in_London%2C_Looking_West_Towards_Highway_402.jpg/220px-Highway_401_from_Wellington_Road_in_London%2C_Looking_West_Towards_Highway_402.jpg)
参考 文献
[编辑]腳註
[编辑]- ^ TheKingsHighway. [2008-03-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-03). - ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
安 大略 省 交通 厅. 2008年度 每日 平均 汽車 流量 .安 大略 省 政府 . 2008 [2013-10-01]. (原始 内容 存 档于2011-07-06). - ^ Allen, Paddy. Carmageddon: the world's busiest roads. The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Ltd. 11 July 2011 [11 July 2014]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-10-10) (英 语). - ^ 4.0 4.1 Maier, Hanna. Chapter 2. Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada (报告). Federal Highway Administration. October 9, 2007 [May 1, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-05-27).The key high-volume highways in Ontario are the 400-series highways in the southern part of the province. The most important of these is the 401, the busiest highway in North America, with average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425,000 vehicles in 2004 and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000 vehicles.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Canadian NewsWire. Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401 (报告). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. August 6, 2002.
Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure, carrying more than 400,000 vehicles per day through Toronto.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Thün, Geoffrey; Velikov, Kathy. The Post-Carbon Highway. Alphabet City. [January 2, 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010年 7月 5日 ).It is North America’s busiest highway, and one of the busiest in the world. The section of Highway 401 that cuts across the northern part of Toronto has been expanded to eighteen lanes, and typically carries 420,000 vehicles a day, rising to 500,000 at peak times, as compared to 380,000 on the I-405 in Los Angeles or 350,000 on the I-75 in Atlanta (Gray).
- ^
明報 加東 版 ,《紀 念 阿 富 汗 殉職 加 軍 一 段 401更 名 「英雄 公 路 」》,2007年 9月 8日 。 - ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Highway 401 – The story. John G. Shragge. 2007 [February 12, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008年 3月 28日 ). - ^ Engineering Feats: 401 is the busiest highway in North America. The Midland Free Press (Sun Media). 2008 [March 5, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011年 7月 14日 ). - ^ Ministry of Transportation (2003), section T18–19.
- ^ Detroit River International Crossing Study team. Initial Construction (PDF). URS Corporation. July 2009 [February 26, 2010]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2010-03-31). - ^ $3.8B to build Gordie Howe bridge, complete by end of 2024. CBC News. 28 September 2018 [29 September 2018]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-11-12). - ^ Queen's Printer for Ontario. Ontario Official Road Map (
地 图). Government of Ontario. 1969. - ^ Hall, Joseph. Boredom becomes a killer on 401 ; Straight and smooth, 'carnage alley' encourages a lethal lack of attention. The Toronto Star. October 2, 1999: 1 [March 24, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-11-07).|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Crash area long known as 'Carnage Alley'. The Toronto Star. June 8, 2000: A. 4 [March 24, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-11-07).|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ 16.0 16.1 Ontario Back Road Atlas (
地 图). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler Ltd. 2010. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7. - ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Canada and Ontario Improving Highway 401 in London. Transport Canada. June 26, 2006 [March 14, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-21). - ^ Ministry of Transportation (2003), section R23–24.
- ^ Lorenz, Matt; Elefteriadou, Lily. A Probabilistic Approach to Defining Freeway Capacity and Breakdown (PDF). Fourth International Symposium on Highway Capacity, Proceedings (The Pennsylvania Transportation Institute). July 2000: 85 [June 10, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2018-02-21). - ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 MapArt. Golden Horseshoe (
地 图). Peter Heiler Ltd: 103, 107–112, 266–267, 459, 466. § E3–K44, R8–S16, E44–F46. 2008. ISBN 978-1-55198-877-1. - ^ Google Inc. Highway 401 between the Highway 403 and 410 junction and Highway 427 (
地 图). Google Inc. April 28, 2009 [April 28, 2009]. - ^ Google Inc. Highway 401 between Highway 409 and Brock Road (
地 图). Google Inc. April 28, 2009 [April 28, 2009]. - ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Toporama. Canadian Topographic Atlas – Merging of Highway 401's four carriageways into two (
地 图). Ministry of Natural Resources Canada. [June 9, 2010]. (原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-03). - ^ M.M Dillon Limited. Executive Summary. Don Valley Corridor Transportation Study (报告). Metropolitan Toronto Technical Transportation Planning Committee: iii. July 1983.
nearly 52% of the vehicles entering the [study] corridor arrived via Highway 401.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Google Inc. Reduction of through-lanes on Highway 401 near Salem Road in Ajax (
地 图). Google Inc. June 10, 2010 [June 10, 2010]. - ^ Rand McNally 2007,
第 4頁 . - ^ Toporama. Canadian Topographic Atlas – Cobourg to Trenton near Lake Ontario (
地 图). Ministry of Natural Resources Canada. [June 9, 2010]. (原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-03). - ^ 28.0 28.1 Google Inc. Driving directions from Toronto, ON to Montreal, QC (
地 图). Google Inc. March 5, 2010 [March 5, 2010]. - ^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 Ministry of Transportation and Communications (1972). pp. 8–9.
- ^ Peter Heiler Ltd (2009), section C59.
- ^ Peter Heiler Ltd (2010), pp. 37, 50, section A59–C61.
- ^ Peter Heiler Ltd (2010), p. 50, section X64–Y64.
- ^ Peter Heiler Ltd (2010), p. 69, section S73–T74.
- ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Provincial Highway Traffic Volumes 1988–2010. Government of Ontario. 2010 [October 1, 2013]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013年 10月 4日 ). - ^ A.A.D.T. Traffic Volumes 1955–1969 And Traffic Collision Data 1967–1969 (报告). Department of Highways: 5–11. 1970.
- ^ 36.0 36.1
引用 错误:没 有 为名为2010_mapart
的 参考 文献 提供 内容 - ^ Butorac.
- ^ 38.0 38.1 Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Contract #: 2008–4009. Government of Ontario. September 13, 2008 [March 11, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-03-17). - ^ Annual Report (报告). Department of Highways: 9. April 1942.
- ^ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 Shragge pp. 93–94.
- ^ Shragge p. 89.
- ^ Speed Limit In Ontario Now At 60. The Ottawa Citizen 116 (281) (Southam Newspapers). May 29, 1959: 23 [March 25, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-05). - ^ 43.0 43.1 Link Kingston Bypass With Scenic Highway. The Ottawa Citizen 112 (8) (Southam Newspapers). July 8, 1954: 16 [February 9, 2010].
- ^ McKendry, Jennifer. Chronology of the History of Kingston. Kingston Historical Society. 2004 [January 2, 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012年 4月 26日 ). - ^ Ontario Faces Backlog Totalling 920,000,000 In Highways Building. The Ottawa Citizen 113 (206) (Southam Newspapers). March 1, 1956: 23 [March 31, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-05). - ^ Road Map of Ontario (
地 图). Supertest Oil Co. 1958 [March 26, 2012].[永久 失效 連結 ] - ^ Drivers Itch To Try Out Road Link. The Ottawa Citizen 118 (632) (Southam Newspapers). July 22, 1961: 14 [April 1, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-05). - ^ 48.0 48.1 Heine, William C. Highway For Half Canada's Population. The Ottawa Citizen 11 (28) (Southam Newspapers). July 15, 1961: 1–4, 22 [April 1, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-05). - ^ Freeway Alters Life in Ontario. New York Times. January 17, 1964: 45 [April 2, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-06-05).|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ 401 May Be Renamed Macdonald-Cartier. The Globe and Mail 121 (35,907) (Toronto). January 9, 1965: 1.
Premier John Robarts is expected to announce Monday at the 150th birthday dinner for Sir John A. Macdonald that Highway 401 will be renamed the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway. The naming will be in honour of Canada's first prime minister and Georges Etienne Cartier, the Quebec leader in confederation.
|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Chronology. Annual Report (报告). Department of Highways: 324. March 31, 1966.
- ^ Ontario Highway 401 History: The King's Highways of Ontario. [2008-03-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-03-25). - ^ Annual Report 1983–1984 (报告). Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. March 31, 1984 [June 24, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-08-28). - ^ Josey, Stan. 12 lanes to solve tie-ups on 401. The Toronto Star. February 10, 1987: E1 [April 10, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-11-07).|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Byrne, Caroline. Highway 401 work will cause chaos for 8 more years. The Toronto Star. July 4, 1989: E2 [April 10, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-11-07).|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Highway 401 Widening to Express/Collector System (PDF). LEA Consulting. [April 6, 2010]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2011年 7月 6日 ). - ^ Crone, Greg. Highway 401 from Kitchener to Toronto headed for six lanes, straight through. Kitchener–Waterloo Record. February 11, 1993: A1 [April 17, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-11-07).|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Highway 401 from Kitchener to Toronto headed for six lanes, straight through. The Toronto Star. February 3, 1996: A3 [April 10, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-11-07).|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Hwy. 401 Will Be Renamed 'Highway of Heroes' to Honour Soldiers. City News. August 24, 2007 [February 3, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011年 6月 29日 ). - ^ Warmington, Joe. Our own Trail of Tears. The Toronto Sun. June 23, 2007: 3.
|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ 61.0 61.1 Stretch of 401 to be renamed 'Highway of Heroes'. CTV Toronto. August 24, 2007 [February 3, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-01-06). - ^ Section of 401 to be renamed for fallen. The Record (Kitchener). August 24, 2007 [February 3, 2010].[
永久 失效 連結 ] - ^ Office of the Premier. 'Highway of Heroes' Signs Unveiled Along Highway 401 (报告). Government of Ontario. September 7, 2007 [February 3, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-07-17). - ^ Evacuees begin returning home after fireball consumes Toronto propane plant. CanWest News Service. August 10, 2010 [February 21, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008年 8月 25日 ).Ontario Provincial Police spokesman Sgt. Cam Woolley said the incident triggered the biggest closure of the 401 in the highway’s history.
- ^ Taylor, Bill. Residents return after blast. The Toronto Star. August 11, 2008 [February 21, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-09)....a 10-kilometre stretch of Canada’s busiest highway, the 401, was shut down as was the southern end of Highway 400, which carries people to and from cottage country. The highway was re-opened at around 8 p.m., but the restricted ramps will remain closed for some time.
- ^ Highway 401 Reopens Following Propane Facility Blast. CityNews. August 10, 2010 [February 21, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010年 5月 22日 ). - ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Canada and Ontario Making Improvements to Highway 401 in Essex County (报告). Canadian News Wire. March 2007.
- ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Contract #: 2008–3004. Government of Ontario. July 14, 2008 [March 14, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2007-10-30). - ^ Cornies, Larry. 'Need for speed' creates havoc on 401. London, Ontario, Canada: London Free Press. December 4, 2010 [June 8, 2011]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-07-13).Except for a few crowning touches that will wait until spring, the massive construction project on a 20-kilometre stretch of Hwy. 401 just east of Woodstock is finally finished.
- ^ Detroit River International Crossing Study team. DRIC Reports (Canada). Detroit River International Crossing Project. [February 26, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-05-04). - ^ Pearson, Craig. Province buying up land for 401 extension. Windsor Star. February 14, 2008: 1 [February 26, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010年 12月30日 ).|section=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Couple worries new parkway will surround their home. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 27, 2009 [December 14, 2011]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-11-07). - ^ Doelen, Chris Vander. Parkway work to start in August, MPP says. The Windsor Star. May 7, 2011 [January 2, 2012].[
永久 失效 連結 ] - ^ Infrastructure Ontario. The Windsor–Essex Parkway. Government of Ontario. 2011 [December 28, 2011]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012年 4月 19日 ). - ^ Battagello, Dave. Gray ‘Moved’ by Tribute to Name Parkway in his Honour. The Windsor Star. November 28, 2012 [December 2, 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012年 12月1日 ). - ^ Battagello, Dave. Herb Gray Parkway Opening This Weekend to Traffic. The Windsor Star. June 24, 2015 [June 25, 2015]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-06-25). - ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Highway 401 Section of the New Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway Now Complete (PDF) (
新 闻稿). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. November 20, 2015 [March 10, 2016]. (原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2016-03-04). - ^ Battagello, Dave. Gordie Howe International Bridge project stalled. Windsor Star. 2016-06-23 [2016-06-23]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-02-23). - ^ Battagello, Dave. Canada to start buying property in Delray for DRIC bridge. Windsor Star. May 22, 2013 [August 4, 2013]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-08-07).
引用 資料
[编辑]書籍
- Brown, Ron. Toronto's Lost Villages. Toronto: Polar Bear Press. 1997. ISBN 1-896757-02-2.
- Butorac, Yvonne. Great Exits – The 401. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press. June 1, 1995. ISBN 1-55046-137-0.
- Emery, Claire; Ford, Barbara. From Pathway to Skyway. Burlington, Ontario: Confederation Centennial Committee of Burlington. 1967: 179–182 [May 3, 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011年 6月 14日 ). - Filey, Mike. Toronto sketches 3: the way we were. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 1994: 61–62 [February 10, 2010]. ISBN 1-55002-227-X.
- McIlwraith, Thomas F. Looking for old Ontario: two centuries of landscape change. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1997 [March 13, 2010]. ISBN 978-0-8020-7658-8.
- '401' The Macdonald–Cartier Freeway. Toronto: Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1972.
- Shragge, John; Bagnato, Sharon. From Footpaths to Freeways. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Historical Committee. 1984. ISBN 0-7743-9388-2.
- Stamp, Robert M. QEW – Canada's First Superhighway. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press. 1987. ISBN 0-919783-84-8.
地圖
- Geomatics Office. Southern Ontario Road Maps (
地 图). Cartography by Bryan Simmons, Lori-Anne Martin. Ministry of Transportation. 2003 [January 5, 2012]. (原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-06). - Eastern Ontario (
地 图). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler Ltd. § C59. 2009. ISBN 978-1-55368-222-6. - Ontario Back Road Atlas (
地 图). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler Ltd. 2010. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7. - Toronto & area map book (
地 图). Cartography by Perly's. Rand McNally: 4. 2007. ISBN 978-0-88640-928-9.
外部 連結
[编辑]
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安 大略 省 交通 厅網站 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)- 赫布·
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