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總 統制 [编辑]
实行总统制 的 政府 [编辑]
实行总统
实行总统制 但 总理为超级部长的政府 [编辑]
实行总统制 但 設 最高 領袖 的 政府 [编辑]
实行总统制 的 未 被 普遍 承 认的政府 [编辑]
半 總 統制 [编辑]
總統 優勢 制 [编辑]
雙 軌制[编辑]
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內閣
完 整 的 议会共和 制度 [编辑]
混合 的 议会共和 制度 [编辑]
具有 礼 仪/非 执行君主 的 议会制 君主 立 宪制[编辑]
君主 掌握 实权的 议会制 君主 立 宪制[编辑]
混合 制 [编辑]
也因实行
混合 制 的 總統 、议会共和 制度 [编辑]
君主 獨裁 [编辑]
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共和 獨裁 [编辑]
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一 黨 專 政 [编辑]
現存 的 一 黨 專 政 制度 [编辑]
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- ^
阿 富 汗 总统作 为阿 富 汗 的 国家 元首 兼任 政府 首 脑,阿 富 汗 首席 执行官 只 是 作為 政府 首席 部長 ,类似于美国 国 务卿的 职务。 - ^
阿 爾 察赫总统作 为阿 爾 察赫的 国家 元首 兼任 政府 首 脑,此前有 阿 爾 察赫總理 作為 政府 首腦 的 职务。2017年 2月 的 公 投 後 廢除 阿 爾 察赫總理 職務 。[1][2] - ^
大 韩民国 实行总统制 ,总统为国家 元首 ,总理同 时作为政府 首 脑,總統 负责主持 政府 的 對外 工作 ,國會 行使 對 總理 的 同意 權 ,但 總理 向 總統 負 責 ,總統 領 導 內閣。参 见韓國 政治 。 - ^
伊 朗 伊 斯兰共和 国 实行政教 合一 ,总统与 最高 领袖同 时作为国家 元首 ,总统作 为政府 首 脑,负责主持 伊 朗 政府 的 對外 工作 ,最高 领袖才 是 伊 朗 的 最高 領 導 人 。参 见伊 朗 政治 。 - ^
最高 領 導 人 是 總統 兼 國務 委員 會 主席 和 國家 安全 會議 主席 - ^
最高 領 導 人 是 中國共產黨 總 書記 兼 中央 軍 委 主席 - ^
最高 領 導 人 是 朝鮮 勞 動 黨 總 書記 兼 武裝 力量 最高 司令 官 - ^
最高 領 導 人 是 越 南 共產黨 總 書記 兼 中央 軍 委 書記 - ^
最高 領 導 人 是 老 撾人民 革命 黨 總 書記 兼 中央 國防 安全 委員 會 主席 - ^
最高 領 導 人 是 國家 管理 委員 會 主席 兼 總理 - ^
最高 領 導 人 是 人民 行動 黨 秘書 長 兼 總理 - ^
最高 領 導 人 是 古 巴 共產黨 第 一書記兼革命武裝力量總司令
注 释[编辑]
- ^ (in Armenian) «Մտադիր եմ շարունակել ծառայել հայրենիքին». Արցախի վարչապետի պաշտոնակատար (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) 1in.am, 13 September 2017 - ^ Referendum to create 'Republic of Artsakh' on Europe's fringe (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) EU Observer, 20 February 2017 - ^ Kudelia, Serhiy. Presidential activism and government termination in dual-executive Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251.
- ^ In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
- ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
- ^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland. Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2020-04-01) (意 大利 语). - ^ The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
- ^ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".
In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government. - ^ 12.0 12.1 The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.