种族归纳

种族归纳（英えい语：racial profiling），又また译为种族貌相^[1]、种族脸谱化か、種族しゅぞく貌相判定はんてい，指ゆび执法机つくえ关在判断はんだん某ぼう一いち类特定とくてい的てき犯罪はんざい或ある违法行ぎょう为的犯罪はんざい嫌疑けんぎ人身じんしん份将种族或ある族ぞく群ぐん特とく征せい列れつ入にゅう考こう虑范围，进而可能かのう导致在ざい破やぶ案あん过程中ちゅう更さら多た地ち怀疑某ぼう一族いちぞく群ぐん的てき作さく案あん嫌疑けんぎ。^[2]^[3]

20世せい纪末期き，此种做法由よし于执法ほう机つくえ关可能かのう滥用职权而在美国びくに引发了りょう公おおやけ众的争そう议。也有やゆう民みん权活动家提ひさげ议反对警察在破やぶ案あん时进行ぎょう种族归纳。^[4]^[5]

也有やゆう意い见认为，在ざい确定犯罪はんざい嫌疑けんぎ人身じんしん份时使用しよう包括ほうかつ种族在ざい内的ないてき多た种考虑因素もと，在ざい西方せいほう国家こっか的てき司法しほう界かい得え到いた广泛的てき支持しじ。警察けいさつ根ね据すえ任にん何なん特とく征せい归纳确定犯罪はんざい嫌疑けんぎ人身じんしん份是经过实践检验的てき常用じょうよう手法しゅほう，有意ゆうい识地将はた种族因いん素もと排除はいじょ在外ざいがい是ぜ没ぼつ有ゆう逻辑的てき。

美國びくに以外いがい，以色列れつ因いん爲ため與あずか巴ともえ勒斯坦ひろし的てき領土りょうど糾紛而遭受頻繁ひんぱん的てき恐怖きょうふ襲擊しゅうげき是ぜ一個活用種族歸納執法的國家，其中以色列れつ最大さいだい的てき民みん用よう本ほん-古里こざと安国やすくに际机场就因爲ため利用りよう種族しゅぞく歸納きのう法ほう來らい辨別べんべつ訪客ほうきゃく的てき潛在せんざい威い脅おびえ而獲一些媒體評為全球保安最佳的國際機場之一。^[6]

参考さんこう链接[编辑]

^ 用よう種族しゅぞく貌相判定はんてい法ほう阻止そし恐怖きょうふ攻擊こうげき？無效むこう！. [2015-11-21]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-01-26）.
^ Profiling. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. [2018-04-15]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-02-19）.
^ Warren, Patricia Y.; Farrell, Amy. The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2009, 623: 52–63. JSTOR 40375886.
^ The Persistence Of Racial And Ethnic Profiling In The United States. American Civil Liberties Union. [2017-03-05]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-03-28）（英えい语）.
^ "Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the United States". U.S. Domestic Human Rights Program. Amnesty International USA Publications. September 2004, New York.
^ Boston Globe What Israeli security could teach us （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, August 23, 2006

參考さんこう文獻ぶんけん[编辑]

Jack Glaser. 2014. Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling (Oxford University Press)
Jeff Shantz. 2010. Racial Profiling and Borders: International, Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Lake Mary: Vandeplas).
Ronald Weitzer and Steven Tuch. 2006. Race and Policing in America: Conflict and Reform (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Ryberg, Jesper. Racial Profiling And Criminal Justice. Journal of Ethics. 2011, 15 (1/2): 79–88. doi:10.1007/s10892-010-9098-3.
Ruiz, James; Julseth, Jason W.; Winters, Kathleen H. Profiling, Cajun Style: The FBI Investigation?.. International Journal of Police Science & Management. 2010, 12 (3): 401–425. doi:10.1350/ijps.2010.12.3.173.
Baker, Al. "Judge Declines to Dismiss Case Alleging Racial Profiling by City Police in Street Stops." The New York Times. Nytimes.com, 31 August 2011. Web. 26 April 2012
Jeff Shantz. 2010. Racial Profiling and Borders: International, Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Lake Mary: Vandeplas).

相あい关条目め[编辑]

种族主ぬし义

外部がいぶ連結れんけつ[编辑]

An Investigation by the Joint Legislative Task Force on Government Oversight into Racial Profiling Practices by the California Highway Patrol as part of a program known as Operation Pipeline
Bureau of Justice Criminal Offender Statistics
Rational Profiling in America's Airports （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆） (Law Review Article)
CBC backgrounder on racial profiling in Canada. （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）
"Ethnic Profiling: A Rational and Moral Framework" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, by Robert A. Levy (Cato Institute, October 2, 2001)
"Racial Profiling in an Age of Terrorism" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, By Peter Siggins (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, March 12, 2002)

[1] 用よう種族しゅぞく貌相判定はんてい法ほう阻止そし恐怖きょうふ攻擊こうげき？無效むこう！. [2015-11-21]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-01-26）.

[2] Profiling. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. [2018-04-15]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-02-19）.

[Warren_2009_52–63-3] Warren, Patricia Y.; Farrell, Amy. The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2009, 623: 52–63. JSTOR 40375886.

[4] The Persistence Of Racial And Ethnic Profiling In The United States. American Civil Liberties Union. [2017-03-05]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-03-28）（英えい语）.

[:7-5] "Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the United States". U.S. Domestic Human Rights Program. Amnesty International USA Publications. September 2004, New York.

[6] Boston Globe What Israeli security could teach us （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, August 23, 2006

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