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Chen Shou - Wikipedia
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Chen Shou

In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen.

Chen Shou (Chinese: 陳ちん壽ひさし; 233–297[1]), courtesy name Chengzuo (承うけたまわ祚), was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer who lived during the Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. Chen Shou is best known for his most celebrated work, the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi primarily in the form of biographies of notable persons of those eras. Today, Chen's Records of the Three Kingdoms is part of the Twenty-Four Histories canon of Chinese history.

Chen Shou
陳ちん壽ひさし
BornFamily name: Chén (陳ひね)
Given name: Shòu (壽ことぶき)
Courtesy name: Chéngzuò (承うけたまわ祚)
233[note 1]
Nanchong, Sichuan
Died297 (aged 64)[1]
Luoyang, Henan
OccupationHistorian, politician, writer
Notable works
  • Records of the Three Kingdoms
  • Memoirs of Zhuge Liang
  • Biographies of Famous People from Yi Province
  • Records of Ancient States
  • Dissertation on Bureaucracy
  • Explaining Taboos
  • Guang Guo Lun
Relatives
  • Chen Fu (nephew)
  • Chen Li (nephew)
  • Chen Jie (relative)
Chen Shou
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese陳ちん壽ひさし
Simplified Chinese陈寿
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinChén Shòu
Vietnamese name
VietnameseTrần Thọ
Korean name
Hangul진수
Hanja陳ちん壽ひさし
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationJin Su
Japanese name
Kanji陳ちん壽ひさし
Hiraganaちん じゅ
Transcriptions
RomanizationChin Ju

Historical sources on Chen Shou's life

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There are two biographies of Chen Shou. The first one is in the Chronicles of Huayang, which was written by Chang Qu in the fourth century during the Eastern Jin dynasty. The second one is in the Book of Jin, which was written by Fang Xuanling and others in the seventh century during the Tang dynasty.

Life

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He started his career as an official in the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era but was demoted and sent out of the capital for his refusal to fawn on Huang Hao, an influential court eunuch in Shu in its twilight years. After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen Shou's career entered a period of stagnation before Zhang Hua recommended him to serve in the Jin government. He held mainly scribal and secretarial positions under the Jin government before dying from illness in 297. He had over 200 writings – about 30 of which he co-wrote with his relatives – attributed to him.[2]

Early life and career in Shu Han

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Chen Shou was from Anhan County (安あん漢かん縣けん), Baxi Commandery (巴ともえ西郡にしごおり), which is in present-day Nanchong, Sichuan. He was known for being studious since he was young and was described as intelligent, insightful and knowledgeable. He was mentored by the Shu official Qiao Zhou, who was also from Baxi Commandery. Under Qiao Zhou's tutelage, he read the Classic of History and Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals. He was very well versed in the Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han.[3]

According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou served as a guange lingshi (觀かん閣かく令れい史し; a clerk) in Shu. However, the Huayang Guozhi mentioned that he held the following appointments consecutively: Registrar (主おも簿ぼ) of the General of the Guards (衛まもる將軍しょうぐん); donguan mishu lang (東ひがし觀かん秘書ひしょ郎ろう; an official librarian); Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散ち騎き侍さむらい郎ろう); and Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門こうもん侍さむらい郎ろう).[4] In the final years of Shu (c. 250s–260s), many officials fawned on Huang Hao, an influential court eunuch, in their bid to win his favour. Chen Shou's refusal to engage in such flattering and obsequious behaviour took a toll on his career: He was demoted on several occasions and sent out of the Shu capital, Chengdu.[5]

Career in Jin dynasty

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After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen Shou's career entered a period of stagnation until Zhang Hua recommended him to serve in the government of the Jin dynasty. Zhang Hua appreciated Chen Shou's talent and felt that even though Chen did not have an untarnished reputation, he did not deserve to be demoted and dismissed while he was in Shu. Chen Shou was recommended as a xiaolian (civil service candidate), and appointed as a zuo zhuzuo lang (佐さ著作ちょさく郎ろう; an assistant scribe) and the acting Prefect (令れい) of Yangping County (陽平ようへい縣けん). In 274, he collected and compiled the writings of Zhuge Liang, the first chancellor of Shu,[6] and submitted them to the Jin imperial court. He was promoted to zhuzuo lang (著作ちょさく郎ろう; a scribe) and appointed as the zhongzheng (中正ちゅうせい) of Baxi Commandery.[7] The Huayang Guozhi mentioned that he also served as the Chancellor (相そう) to the Marquis of Pingyang (平ひら陽ひ侯こう).[8]

When Zhang Hua recommended Chen Shou to serve as a Gentleman Palace Writer (中書ちゅうしょ郎ろう), the Ministry of Personnel appointed Chen Shou as the Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Changguang Commandery (長廣ながひろ郡ぐん) instead on the recommendation of Xun Xu. The Jin Shu mentioned that Xun Xu detested Zhang Hua and disliked Chen Shou for his association with Zhang Hua, so he urged the Ministry of Personnel to reassign Chen Shou to another position. Chen Shou declined the appointment on the grounds that he had to look after his elderly mother.[9] The Huayang Guozhi gave a different account of Chen Shou's relationship with Xun Xu. It stated that Xun Xu and Zhang Hua were very pleased with Chen Shou's Sanguozhi and they remarked that Chen Shou surpassed Ban Gu and Sima Qian. However, later, Xun Xu was displeased by the Wei Shu – one of the three sections in the Sanguozhi – and did not want Chen Shou to work in the same office as him, so he had Chen Shou reassigned to be the Administrator of Changguang.[10]

In 278,[11] before the general Du Yu assumed his appointment as the commander of the Jin military forces in Jing Province, he recommended Chen Shou to Emperor Wu and stated that Chen Shou was capable of serving as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門こうもん侍さむらい郎ろう) or Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散ち騎き侍さむらい郎ろう). Emperor Wu accepted Du Yu's suggestion and appointed Chen Shou as a yushi zhishu (御ご史し治ち書しょ; an auditor).[12][13]

The Jin Shu mentioned that Chen Shou took a leave of absence when his mother died, and he fulfilled her dying wish to be buried in Luoyang. However, he ended up being castigated and demoted because his act of burying his mother in Luoyang – instead of in his hometown in Anhan County – was a violation of the proprieties of his time.[14] The Huayang Guozhi gave a varying account of the events: It was Chen Shou's stepmother (not his biological mother) who died. She did not want to be buried together with his father (in Anhan County),[15] so Chen Shou buried her in Luoyang.

Later years

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According to the Jin Shu, many years after his demotion, Chen Shou was appointed as a zhongshuzi (中ちゅう庶子しょし; an aide) to the crown prince Sima Yu, but he did not assume his role.[16] He died of illness at the age of 65 (by East Asian age reckoning) in 297 during the reign of Emperor Hui.[1]

The Huayang Guozhi gave a different account of the events before Chen Shou's death. It stated that Chen Shou was appointed as a zhongshuzi to Sima Yu, but was reassigned to be a Regular Mounted Attendant (散ち騎き常つね侍さむらい) again after the crown prince was deposed in 299.[17] Emperor Hui told Zhang Hua, "(Chen) Shou possesses genuine talent. He should not remain in his current appointment for long." Zhang Hua wanted to nominate Chen Shou to take up one of the posts of the Nine Ministers, but lost his life in 300 CE during the War of the Eight Princes.[17] Chen Shou died in Luoyang later. His talents and achievements were not reflected in his status at the time of his death and many people felt that it was an injustice to him.[18] The Huayang Guozhi account apparently suggests that Chen Shou died in 300 CE or after, which did not match his year of death mentioned in the Jin Shu account.

Sanguozhi

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A fragment of the biography of Bu Zhi from the Records of the Three Kingdoms, part of the Dunhuang manuscripts
 
Text of the Wei Zhi (魏ぎ志こころざし, Records of Wei), which documents the history of Cao Wei, written circa 297

Sometime in the third century after 280,[19] Chen Shou wrote his magnum opus: the 65-volume Sanguozhi (Records of the Three Kingdoms), which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The text was divided into three sections – Book of Wei (魏ぎ書しょ), Book of Shu (蜀しょく書しょ) and Book of Wu (吳くれ書しょ) – and was composed of mainly biographies of notable persons in those eras.

Chen Shou received acclaim from his contemporaries for his work and was praised as an excellent historian. Around the time, another historian, Xiahou Zhan (夏なつ侯ほう湛じん), was writing his own Book of Wei (魏ぎ書しょ; Wei Shu), which recorded the history of Wei in the Three Kingdoms era. He destroyed his work after reading Chen Shou's Sanguozhi. Zhang Hua was so deeply impressed with the Sanguozhi that he told Chen Shou, "We should entrust the responsibility of writing the Book of Jin to you." Chen Shou was highly regarded as such after he wrote the Sanguozhi.[20]

Controversies

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Despite his achievements, Chen Shou faced accusations and other controversies. The Jin Shu mentioned two controversies surrounding Chen Shou and his writing of the Sanguozhi, which his critics used to disparage him.[21] Tang Geng (唐から庚かのえ), a scholar from the Song dynasty, in his work called the Three Kingdoms Miscellaneous Cases (三さん國こく雜事ざつじ; Sanguo Zashi) also criticised Chen Shou as a historian for two reasons.

Extorting grain

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The first one was about Chen Shou attempting to extort 1,000 hu[note 2] of grain from the sons of Ding Yi (丁ちょう儀ただし) and his younger brother Ding Yi (丁ちょう廙)[note 3] – two officials in Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He promised them that he would write biographies for their fathers in the Sanguozhi if they gave him the grain, but they refused, so he did not write the biographies. However, the Jin Shu prefaced the anecdote with the term huoyun (或ある云うん), which meant "rumours".[22]

The Qing dynasty writer Pan Mei (潘はん眉まゆ) rebutted the Jin Shu's account about Chen Shou attempting to extort from the Dings and called it "uninformed". He disproved the claim that the Ding brothers were very famous officials in Wei by pointing out that they had neither held important appointments nor made any significant achievements. Pan also felt that a historian was clearly justified if he decided to not write biographies for the Ding brothers, because, in his opinion, the Dings had committed grievous sins – instigating sibling rivalry and causing instability in the Wei imperial clan[note 4] – which made them unworthy of having biographies in historical records. Pan further noted that there were also other notable persons in Wei (e.g. Chen Lin, Wu Zhi and Yang Xiu) who did not have biographies in the Sanguozhi, so being notable did not mean that a person should have a biography written for him. His concluding remarks on this issue were that the Jin Shu made a malicious claim (about Chen Shou).[23]

Bias

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The second one suggested that Chen Shou held personal grudges against the Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang and his son Zhuge Zhan, hence he wrote negative comments about them in the Sanguozhi. Chen Shou's father[note 5] was a military adviser to the Shu general Ma Su. When Ma Su was executed by Zhuge Liang after his failure at the Battle of Jieting in 228, Chen Shou's father was implicated and sentenced to kun (髡), a punishment involving the shaving of a person's head. Zhuge Zhan belittled Chen Shou before. When Chen Shou wrote the biographies of Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Zhan in the Sanguozhi, he commented on them as follows: Military leadership was not Zhuge Liang's forte, and he lacked the resourcefulness of a brilliant military leader; Zhuge Zhan excelled only in literary arts, and he had an exaggerated reputation.[24]

The Qing dynasty writer Zhao Yi refuted the Jin Shu claim that Chen Shou was prejudiced against Zhuge Liang in the Sanguozhi, and remarked that the claim was "an uninformed statement". He commented that military leadership did not necessarily have to be regarded as Zhuge Liang's forte because Zhuge also made outstanding achievements in other fields. Zhao also pointed out two pieces of evidence which contradict the Jin Shu claim: Chen Shou gave highly positive comments about Zhuge Liang's ability as a politician in the Zhuge Liang Collection and in his personal commentary at the end of Zhuge's biography in the Sanguozhi. Zhao Yi's concluding remarks on this issue were that Chen Shou had clearly identified Zhuge Liang's strengths and weaknesses in his appraisal of Zhuge Liang in the Sanguozhi.[25]

Claim that Shu Han lacked a Historical Bureau

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Chen Shou in the biography of Liu Shan wrote that the state of Shu Han did not have a historical bureau or department, justifying the pitiful condition of the biography of their officials.[26] Tang Geng cast doubt on this claim, remarking that although ancient texts advised to have one scribe write every word of his sovereign while another writes every action, those were merely hyperbolic terms. He provides past examples of people combining their role as historian alongside other function of the government. Furthermore, when the Rites of Zhou (pre-1st century BC) was written, even local warlords would have a historical bureau, so for Shu Han to suddenly lack one is suspect. Finally, he points out that Chen Shou contradicts the statement in the same biography when he wrote "the Historical Bureau (史官しかん) reported the sighting of a brilliant star,"[27] just three paragraphs later.[28]

Referring to Liu Bei and Liu Shan's state as Shu rather than Han

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Tang Geng commented that since the Records of the Grand Historian until his own time, every state in official history is referred to by the name they used no matter their circumstances as it was basic decency to do so. However, Chen Shou was the sole historian who made an exception for Shu Han. Throughout its existence, Liu Bei and Liu Shan always used the name "Han" for their state since they were positioning themselves as a continuation of the Han dynasty. While "Shu" was a geographical term for where their state was based in, it was also a derisive name used by the Wei and Jin dynasties to discredit their claim of continuing the Han. Chen Shou opted to use the name "Shu" in his works, which in Tang Geng's view, was a deliberate neglect of impartiality to appease his patrons and personal animosity.

To contrast, he brought up a similar situation during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, where the Southern Tang was called Wu and the Northern Han was called Jin in derogative manners. Yet, historical documents still refer to them by their respective self titles. Tang Geng then laments that recently, someone had used Chen Shou's works as an example to convince a historian to not record the events he considered minor.[29]

Other works

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According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou collected and compiled the writings of Zhuge Liang during his early career under the Jin dynasty. The compiled text was called Shu Xiang Zhuge Liang Ji (蜀しょく相しょう諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら集しゅう; Collection of the Shu Chancellor Zhuge Liang).[30] The Huayang Guozhi mentioned that later on, Zhang Hua proposed to Emperor Wu to have the text reorganized and composed as a 24-volumes. At the time, Shou Liang was also doing his own research on Zhuge Liang's works, with his outcome quite different from Chen Shou's original version. In the end, the text was rewritten, and became the Zhuge Liang Gushi (諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら故事こじ; Memoirs of Zhuge Liang).[31]

Since the end of the Jianwu era (25–56 CE) in the Eastern Han dynasty, writers such as Zheng Boyi (鄭てい伯はく邑), Zhao Yanxin (趙ちょう彥信), Chen Shenbo (陳ひね申さる伯はく), Zhu Yuanling (祝しゅく元もと靈れい) and Wang Wenbiao (王おう文ぶん表ひょう) had co-written the Bashu Qijiu Zhuan (巴ともえ蜀しょく耆舊傳でん; Biographies of Famous People from Bashu). Chen Shou felt that the Bashu Qijiu Zhuan was not comprehensive enough, so he expanded it to the 10-volume Yibu Qijiu Zhuan (益えき部ぶ耆舊傳でん; Biographies of Famous People from Yi Province).[note 6][32] His work was presented by the official Wen Li (文ぶん立りつ) to Emperor Wu, who praised it.[33]

Other writings by Chen Shou include: the 50-volume Gu Guo Zhi (古いにしえ國こく志こころざし; Records of Ancient States), which received high praise;[32][34] the 7-volume Guansi Lun (官かん司し論ろん; Dissertation on Bureaucracy), which used historical examples to discuss reforms; Shi Yi (釋しゃく諱いみな; Explaining Taboos); Guang Guo Lun (廣こう國論こくろん);[35] Wei Mingchen Zou (魏ぎ名めい臣しん奏そう; Memorials by Notable Officials of Cao Wei).[36]

Family and relatives

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Chen Fu (陳ひね符ふ), whose courtesy name was Changxin (長信ながのぶ), was the son of Chen Shou's elder brother. He was also known for his literary talent and he succeeded his uncle as an Assistant Gentleman of Writing. He also served as the Prefect (令れい) of Shanglian County (上うえ廉れん縣けん).[37]

Chen Fu's younger brother, Chen Li (陳ひね蒞), whose courtesy name was Shudu (叔度), served as an Attendant Officer (別べつ駕が) in Liang Province and later under Sima You, the Prince of Qi (齊ひとし王おう) and General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍しょうぐん). He also died in Luoyang.[38]

Chen Li had a younger relative, Chen Jie (陳ひね階かい), whose courtesy name was Dazhi (達之たつゆき). Chen Jie assumed the following appointments: Registrar (主おも簿ぼ) of the governor of Yi Province; baozhongling (褒中令れい); West Commandant (西部せいぶ都と尉じょう) of Yongchang Commandery (永昌えいしょう郡ぐん); Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Jianning (建たて寧やすし) and Xinggu (興きょう古いにしえ) commanderies. Chen Jie was also well known for his literary talent.[39]

Chen Fu, Chen Li and Chen Jie each wrote more than 10 works out of the over 200 writings attributed to Chen Shou.[2]

Anecdotes

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Filial mourning period

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The Jin Shu mentioned that Chen Shou fell sick during the filial mourning period after his father's death. Some guests who visited his home expressed disapproval when they saw him being served medicine by his servants, because he was expected to lead an austere life during that period. His fellow townsfolk criticised him when they heard about it.[40]

Conflict with Li Xiang

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According to the Huayang Guozhi, Chen Shou was a close friend of Li Xiang, courtesy name was Shulong (叔龍), from Zitong Commandery (梓あずさ潼郡). Li Xiang was famous for his talent and capacity, his reputation was similar to Chen Shou. He was recommended as a xiucai (秀才しゅうさい) and served as a Gentleman of Writing (尚書しょうしょ郎ろう). He was reassigned to be the Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Jianping Commandery (建けん平たいら郡ぐん), but he declined the appointment and claimed that he was ill because he wanted to remain in his home province. He was then appointed as the Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣こう漢かん郡ぐん around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan). Relations between Chen Shou and Li Xiang deteriorated and they started making false accusations against each other. Other officials scorned them for their petty quarrels.[41]

Qiao Zhou's advice to Chen Shou

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According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou's mentor, Qiao Zhou, often told Chen, "You'll become famous for your talent. However, it might not be a misfortune if you encounter any setback. You should be more mindful about what you do." Fang Xuanling remarked that Chen Shou's experiences – being demoted and humiliated when he was in Shu, and again while he was serving under the Jin dynasty – fitted what Qiao Zhou said about him.[42]

Appraisal

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Chang Qu, who wrote Chen Shou's biography in the Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi),[note 7] appraised Chen Shou as follows: "Learn from the past, promote and consolidate those reflections."[43]

Legacy

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See also: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

After Chen Shou's death, the official Fan Jun (范頵) and others wrote a memorial to Emperor Hui: "In the past, Emperor Wu of Han issued an imperial decree: 'Sima Xiangru is critically ill. Retrieve his writings.' The emissary who collected Sima Xiangru's writings told Emperor Wu about the fengshan ceremonies, which were mentioned in Sima's writings. The emperor was very surprised. We, Your Majesty's subjects, propose: The late zhishu shi yushi Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi, which contains good advice and evaluates successes and failures. It is beneficial to promoting culture. Even though its writing style is not comparable to the works of (Sima) Xiangru, its message is simpler and clearer. We hope that it can be collected and reproduced." Emperor Hui approved and issued an imperial decree ordering the Intendant of Henan (河南かなん尹いん) and Prefect of Luoyang (洛陽らくよう令れい) to send scribes to Chen Shou's house and copy the Sanguozhi.[44]

In the fifth century, Emperor Wen of the Liu Song dynasty felt that Chen Shou's Sanguozhi was too short and not comprehensive enough, so he commissioned Pei Songzhi to annotate the Sanguozhi. Pei Songzhi completed his assignment in 429. He included new materials he collected through research, and added his personal commentary. Pei Songzhi's annotations increased the length of the Sanguozhi to nearly twice its original.

Wanjuanlou

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The Wanjuanlou (萬まん卷かん樓ろう; 万まん卷かん楼ろう; Wànjuànlóu; 'tower of 10', '000 volumes of writings') – a tourist attraction in the Xishan Scenic Spot, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan – is named the source of the culture of the Three Kingdoms period by the Sichuan provincial government. The tower was constructed in the early third century (222–237) during the Three Kingdoms era. It was also the place where Chen Shou studied in his early life. It was destroyed in the 1960s after years of neglect, but was rebuilt in 1990 by the Chinese government at a cost of four million yuan.

The present tower, which covers an area of 2,400 square metres, consists of three main attractions – the Reading Tower of Chen Shou, the Chen Shou Memorial Hall, and Collecting Books Tower.[45] The tower has on display a collection of writings, illustrations, objects and photographs related to Chen Shou's life, his works and his legacy.[46]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Chen Shou's biography in the Jin Shu mentioned that he died at the age of 65 (by East Asian age reckoning) in the 7th year of the Yuankang era (291–299) in the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin.[1] By calculation, Chen Shou's birth year should be around 233.
  2. ^ Hu (斛) was an ancient Chinese unit of measurement of weight. Depending on the historical era, it could be equivalent to 5 or 10 dou (斗と). 1 dou was equivalent to 120 jin. 1 jin ranges from 500g to about 605g by modern standards.
  3. ^ The younger Ding Yi's name was erroneously recorded as "Ding Hao" (丁ちょう暠) in the Jin Shu.
  4. ^ The Ding brothers were close associates of Cao Zhi, a younger brother of Wei's founding emperor, Cao Pi. In the mid 210s, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi engaged in a power struggle over the succession to their father's place. The contention concluded in 217 with victory for Cao Pi, who executed the Dings after he ascended the throne in 220.
  5. ^ The identity of Chen Shou's father is unknown.
  6. ^ The book was called Yidu Qijiu Zhuan (益えき都と耆舊傳でん; Biographies of Famous People from Yi Province's Capital) in the Jin Shu.
  7. ^ Chen Shou's biography is recorded in the eleventh volume of the Huayang Guo Zhi, titled Biographies of later worthies (後ご賢志けんじ), covering the life of notable persons from the Sichuan region who lived during the Jin dynasty.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d (元康もとやす七なな年ねん，病やまい卒そつ，時じ年ねん六ろく十じゅう五ご。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  2. ^ a b (凡壽所しょ述作じゅっさく二に百ひゃく餘よ篇へん，符ふ、蒞、階かい各かく數すう十じゅう篇へん。二州先達及華夏文士多為作傳，大だい較如此。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  3. ^ (少しょう受學於散騎き常つね侍さむらい譙周，治ち《尚書しょうしょ》、《三傳さんでん》，銳するど精しらげ《史ふみ》、《漢かん》。聰さとし警敏識，屬ぞく文ぶん富とみ豔。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  4. ^ (初はつ應おう州しゅう命いのち，衛まもる將軍しょうぐん主ぬし簿ぼ，東ひがし觀かん秘書ひしょ郎ろう，散ち騎き、黃門こうもん侍さむらい郎ろう。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  5. ^ (陳ちん壽ひさし，字じ承うけたまわ祚，巴ともえ西安しーあん漢かん人じん也。少しょう好學こうがく，師事しじ同どう郡ぐん譙周，仕つかまつ蜀しょく為ため觀かん閣かく令れい史し。宦人黃き皓あきら專せん弄ろう威い權けん，大臣だいじん皆みな曲きょく意い附ふ之の，壽ことぶき獨どく不為ふため之の屈こごめ，由ゆかり是ぜ屢被譴黜。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  6. ^ Roberts 1991, p. 946.
  7. ^ (及蜀平ひらめ，坐すわ是ぜ沈滯ちんたい者しゃ累年るいねん。司つかさ空そら張ちょう華はな愛あい其才，以壽雖不遠とお嫌いや，原はら情じょう不ふ至いたり貶廢，舉為孝こう廉れん，除じょ佐さ著作ちょさく郎ろう，出で補ほ陽平ようへい令れい。撰せん《蜀しょく相しょう諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら集しゅう》，奏そう之の。除じょ著作ちょさく郎ろう，領りょう本郡ほんぐ中正ちゅうせい。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  8. ^ (出で為平ためひら陽よう侯こう相しょう。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  9. ^ (張ちょう華はな將はた舉壽為ため中書ちゅうしょ郎ろう，荀勖忌き華はな而疾壽ことぶき，遂とげ諷吏部ぶ遷壽為ため長廣ながひろ太守たいしゅ。辭じ母はは老ろう不ふ就。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  10. ^ (中書ちゅうしょ監かん荀勗、令れい張ちょう華はな深ふかし愛あい之の，班はん固かた、史ふみ遷不足ふそく方かた也。 ... 華はな表ひょう令れい兼けん中書ちゅうしょ郎ろう。而壽《魏ぎ志こころざし》有ゆう失しつ勗つとむ意い，勗つとむ不ふ欲よく其處內，表おもて為ため長廣ながひろ太守たいしゅ。)
  11. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 80.
  12. ^ (杜もり預あずか將之まさゆき鎮，複ふく薦こも之の於帝，宜むべ補ほ黃き散ち。由よし是ぜ授御史し治ち書しょ。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  13. ^ (鎮南將軍しょうぐん杜もり預あずか表おもて為ため散ち騎き侍さむらい郎ろう，詔みことのり曰：「昨さく適用てきよう蜀しょく人壽じんじゅ良りょう具ぐ員いん。且可以為侍さむらい御ご史し。」) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  14. ^ (以母憂う去さ職しょく。母はは遺言ゆいごん令れい葬そう洛陽らくよう，壽ことぶき遵其志こころざし。又また坐すわ不ふ以母歸き葬そう，竟被貶議。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  15. ^ (繼母けいぼ遺のこ令れい不ふ附ふ葬そう。以是見み譏そし。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  16. ^ (後ご數すう歲さい，起おこり為ため太子たいし中ちゅう庶子しょし，未み拜はい。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  17. ^ a b Zizhi Tongjian vol. 83.
  18. ^ (數すう歲さい，除じょ太子たいし中ちゅう庶子しょし。太子たいし廢はい後ご，再さい兼けん散ち騎き常つね侍さむらい。惠めぐみ帝みかど謂いい司し空そら張ちょう華はな曰：「壽ことぶき才ざい宜よろし真ま，不足ふそく久兼ひさかね也。」華はな表ひょう欲よく登とう九きゅう卿きょう，會かい受誅，忠ちゅう賢けん排はい擯。壽ことぶき遂とげ卒そつ洛らく下か，位い望もち不ふ充たかし其才，當時とうじ冤之。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  19. ^ (吳ご平たいら後ご，壽ことぶき乃鳩合きゅうごう三さん國史こくし，著しる魏ぎ、吳ご、蜀しょく三さん書しょ六ろく十じゅう五ご篇へん，號ごう《三國志さんごくし》 ... ) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  20. ^ (撰せん魏ぎ吳くれ蜀しょく《三國志さんごくし》，凡六ろく十じゅう五ご篇へん。時人じじん稱しょう其善敘事，有良ありら史し之の才ざい。夏なつ侯ほう湛じん時じ著ちょ《魏ぎ書しょ》，見み壽ことぶき所作しょさ，便びん壞己書しょ而罷。張ちょう華はな深ふか善之よしゆき，謂いい壽ことぶき曰：「當とう以《晉すすむ書しょ》相しょう付づけ耳みみ。」其為時じ所しょ重じゅう如此。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  21. ^ (議ぎ者しゃ以此少しょう之これ。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  22. ^ (或ある雲くも丁ちょう儀ただし、丁ちょう暠有盛名せいめい於魏，壽ことぶき謂いい其子曰：「可か覓千斛米見與，當為とうい尊公そんこう作さく佳けい傳でん。」丁ちょう不ふ與あずか之これ，竟不為ふため立りつ傳でん。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  23. ^ (誅丁儀ぎ丁ひのと廙
    《晉すすむ書しょ‧陳ひね壽ことぶき傳つたえ》雲くも：丁ちょう廙有盛名せいめい於魏。壽ことぶき謂いい其子曰：「可か覓千斛米見與，當為とうい尊公そんこう作さく佳けい傳でん。」丁ちょう不ふ與あずか之これ，竟不為ふため立りつ傳でん。按丁儀ぎ﹑丁ひのと廙，官かん不ふ過か右みぎ刺とげ姦かん掾じょう及黃門もん侍さむらい郎ろう，外そと無む摧鋒接せっ刃ば之の功こう，內無升ます堂どう廟びょう勝之かつゆき效こう，黨とう於陳思おもえ王おう，冀搖冢嗣，啟けい衅骨肉こつにく，事こと既すんで不ふ成なり，刑けい戮隨之の，斯實魏ぎ朝ちょう罪人ざいにん，不ふ得とく立りつ傳でん明あきら矣。《晉すすむ史し》謂いい索さく米まい不ふ得とく不為ふため立りつ傳でん，此最無む識之言ごと。同時どうじ如徐幹みき、陳ちん琳、阮瑀、應おう瑒、應おう璩、劉りゅう楨、吳ご質ただし、邯鄲かんたん淳あつし、繁しげる欽、路みち粹いき、楊脩皆無かいむ傳でん，益えき足あし證しょう《晉すすむ史し》之の誣。) Sanguozhi Kaozheng vol. 5.
  24. ^ (壽ことぶき父ちち為ため馬謖ばしょく參さん軍ぐん，謖為諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら所しょ誅，壽ことぶき父ちち亦また坐すわ被ひ髡，諸しょ葛かずら瞻又輕けい壽ことぶき。壽ことぶき為ため亮あきら立たて傳つて，謂いい亮あきら將しょう略りゃく非ひ長ちょう，無む應おう敵てき之の才ざい，言げん瞻惟工こう書しょ，名めい過か其實。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  25. ^ (陳ちん壽ひさし論ろん諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら
    陳ちん壽ひさし傳でん（晉すすむ書しょ）「壽ことぶき父ちち為ため馬謖ばしょく參さん軍ぐん，謖為諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら所しょ誅，壽ことぶき父ちち亦また被ひ髡（刑罰けいばつ，剃髮ていはつ也），故こ壽ことぶき為ため亮あきら傳でん，謂いい將しょう略りゃく非ひ所長しょちょう。」此真無む識之論ろん也！
    亮あきら之これ不可ふか及處，原はら不ふ必以用兵ようへい見長みなが。
    觀かん壽ことぶき校こう定てい諸しょ葛かずら集しゅう表ひょう，言げん「亮あきら科か教きょう嚴いむ明あきら，賞罰しょうばつ必信，無惡さかなし不ふ懲，無む善ぜん不ふ顯あらわ。至いたり於吏不ふ容よう奸，人にん懷なつけ自じ勵。至いたり今こん梁はり、益えき之の民みん，雖甘棠之詠えい召公，鄭てい人じん之の歌子うたこ產さん，無む以過也。」
    又また亮あきら傳でん後ご評ひょう曰「亮あきら之の為ため治ち也，開ひらき誠心せいしん，布ぬの公道こうどう，善ぜん無む微ほろ而不賞しょう，惡あく無む纖而不ふ貶。終おわり於邦域いき之の內，咸畏而愛之の。刑けい政せい雖峻而無怨者，以其用心ようじん平ひら而勸戒かんかい明也あきや。」
    其頌孔明こうめい，可か謂いい獨どく見みる其大矣！) Ershi'er Shi Zhaji vol. 6.
  26. ^ (又また國くに不ふ置おけ史し，注記ちゅうき無官むかん，是ぜ以行事ぎょうじ多た遺のこ，災わざわい異い靡書。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  27. ^ (史官しかん言げん景けい星見ほしみ，於是大赦たいしゃ，改あらため年ねん。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  28. ^ (《礼れい记》人君じんくん言げん则左史し书之，动则右みぎ史し书之。《周しゅう礼あや》建けん官かん备矣，独どく不ふ闻有所しょ谓左右さゆう史し者しゃ。虽有太たい史し，然しか不ふ以注记为职。是ぜ时诸侯こう皆みな有史ゆうし，岂天子あまこ独どく阙乎？春秋しゅんじゅう之の时，卜ぼく田でん宅たく者しゃ、占うらない云うん日び者しゃ，皆みな称たたえ太ふとし史し，则太史し殆阴阳家流りゅう。然しか书赵盾たて者しゃ、书崔杼ひ者しゃ，亦また称たたえ太ふとし史し，则太史し又また似に掌てのひら注ちゅう记者。盖方是ぜ时，学者がくしゃ通知つうち天てん卜ぼく，而卜兴废者しゃ亦また不ふ甚用蓍めどぎ龟。太たい史し伯はく以祝融しゅくゆう之の功こう而推楚すわえ国こく之の必兴，太ふとし史し赵以虞おそれ舜しゅん之の德とく而占陈氏之の未み亡ほろび。其论议证据すえ有ゆう绝人者しゃ，故こ阴阳注ちゅう记得兼けん掌てのひら之の。汉司马谈父子ふし为太史し令れい，以论著ちょ为己任にん，而又掌てのひら天てん官かん，则兼掌てのひら之の效こう于兹可か见。魏ぎ晋すすむ之の际，始はじめ署しょ著作ちょさく郎ろう，自じ是ぜ太たい史し之の职分而为二に。孔明こうめい之の时未也。按后主ぬし景けい耀元年ねん，史官しかん奏そう景けい星ぼし见，于是大赦たいしゃ改元かいげん，而曰蜀しょく不ふ置おけ史し，妄矣。) Three Kingdoms Miscellaneous Cases
  29. ^ (上うえ自じ司つかさ马迁《史ふみ记》，下しも至いたり《五ご代だい史し》，其间数すう千せん百ひゃく年ねん，正せい统偏霸与夫おっと僭窃乱らん贼，甚微至いたり弱じゃく之の国くに，外そと至いたり蛮夷ばんい戎えびす狄之邦くに，史家しか未み有ゆう不ふ书其国号こくごう者しゃ，而《三国志さんごくし》独どく不ふ然しか。刘备父子ふし相しょう继四十じゅう馀年，始はじめ终号汉，未み尝一称たたえ蜀しょく；其称蜀しょく，俗流ぞくりゅう之の语耳。陈寿黜其正号せいごう，从其俗称ぞくしょう，循魏晋すすむ之の私意しい，废史家か之の公法こうほう。用意ようい如此，则其所しょ书善恶褒贬予夺，尚なお可か信しん乎！魏ぎ晋すすむ之これ世せい，称しょう备为蜀しょく，犹五代称李璟为吴，称しょう刘崇为晋矣。今いま《五ご代だい史し》作さく南みなみ唐とう、东汉世よ家か，未み尝以吴、晋すすむ称しょう之の，独どく陈寿如此，初はつ无义例れい，直ちょく徇好恶耳。往时欧おう阳文忠ちゅう公おおやけ作さく《五ご代だい史し》，王おう荆公曰：‘五代之事无足采者，此何足あし烦公；三国可喜事甚多，悉为陈寿所しょ坏，可か更さら为之。’公然こうぜん其言，竟不暇ひま作さく也，惜哉！) Three Kingdoms Miscellaneous Cases
  30. ^ (撰せん《蜀しょく相しょう諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら集しゅう》，奏そう之の。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  31. ^ (華はな又また表ひょう令れい次じ定じょう《諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら故事こじ》，集しゅう為ため二に十じゅう四よん篇へん。時とき壽ことぶき良りょう亦また集しゅう，故こ頗不同ふどう。復ふく入にゅう為ため著作ちょさく。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  32. ^ a b (壽ことぶき又また撰せん《古いにしえ國こく志こころざし》五ご十じゅう篇へん、《益えき都と耆舊傳でん》十じゅう篇へん，余よ文章ぶんしょう傳でん於世。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  33. ^ (益えき部ぶ自じ建たて武たけし後ご，蜀しょく郡ぐん鄭てい伯はく邑、太ふとし尉じょう趙ちょう彥信，及漢中陳なかじん申さる伯はく、祝しゅく元もと靈れい，廣こう漢かん王おう文ぶん表ひょう，皆みな以博學がく洽ひろし聞，作さく《巴ともえ蜀しょく耆舊傳でん》。壽ことぶき以為不足ふそく經けい遠とお，乃並巴ともえ漢かん撰せん為ため《益えき部ぶ耆舊傳でん》十じゅう篇へん。散ち騎き常つね侍さむらい文ぶん立りつ表ひょう呈てい其《傳つて》，武たけ帝みかど善之よしゆき。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  34. ^ (... 又また著ちょ《古いにしえ國こく志こころざし》五ご十じゅう篇へん；品ひん藻も典雅てんが。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  35. ^ (上うえ《官かん司し論ろん》七なな篇へん，依據いきょ典故てんこ，議ぎ所しょ因いん革かわ。又また上うえ《釋しゃく諱いみな》、《廣こう國論こくろん》。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  36. ^ Wei Zheng; et al., eds. (1973) [636]. "33: 志こころざし第だい28 經籍けいせき二に". 隋ずい書しょ [Book of Sui]. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing. p. 973.
  37. ^ (兄子せこ符ふ，字じ長信ながのぶ，亦また有ゆう文才ぶんさい，繼つぎ壽ことぶき著作ちょさく佐さ郎ろう，上うえ廉れん令れい。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  38. ^ (符ふ弟おとうと蒞，字じ叔度，梁やな州しゅう別べつ駕が，驃騎將軍しょうぐん齊ひとし王おう辟掾，卒そつ洛らく下か。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  39. ^ (蒞從弟じゅうてい階かい，字じ達たち之の，州しゅう主ぬし簿ぼ，察孝廉れん，褒中令れい，永昌えいしょう西部せいぶ都と尉じょう，建たて寧やすし、興きょう古こ太守たいしゅ。階かい辭じ章あきら粲つばら麗うらら，馳はせ名めい當世とうせい。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  40. ^ (遭父喪も，有ゆう疾やまし，使つかい婢丸藥やく，客きゃく往見之の，鄉黨きょうとう以為貶議。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  41. ^ (時とき梓あずさ潼李驤叔龍りゅう，亦また雋逸器き，知名ちめい當世とうせい。舉秀才しゅうさい，尚書しょうしょ郎ろう。拜はい建けん平ひら太守たいしゅ，以疾辭じ不ふ就，意い在ざい州しゅう里さと。除じょ廣こう漢かん太守たいしゅ。初はつ與あずか壽ことぶき齊ひとし望もち，又また相あい昵友。後ご與あずか壽ことぶき情じょう好こう攜隙，還かえ相あい誣攻。有識ゆうしき以是短たん之の。) Huayang Guozhi vol. 11. 08.
  42. ^ (初はつ，譙周嘗謂壽ことぶき曰：「卿きょう必以才ざい學がく成なり名めい，當とう被ひ損そん折おり，亦また非ひ不ふ幸也ゆきや。宜むべ深ふか慎まき之の。」壽ことぶき至いたる此，再さい致廢辱はずかしめ，皆みな如周言ごと。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  43. ^ (太子たいし中ちゅう庶子しょし陳ちん壽ひさし承うけたまわ祚：庶子しょし稽古けいこ，遷、固かた並なみ聲ごえ。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 11. 01.
  44. ^ (梁やな州しゅう大中おおなか正ただし、尚書しょうしょ郎ろう范頵等とう上表じょうひょう曰：「昔むかし漢かん武たけ帝みかど詔みことのり曰：'司馬しば相しょう如病甚，可か遣や悉取其書。」使者ししゃ得とく其遺書しょ，言げん封ふう禪ぜん事ごと，天子てんし異い焉。臣しん等とう案あん：故こ治ち書しょ侍さむらい御ご史し陳ちん壽ひさし作さく《三國志さんごくし》，辭じ多た勸すすむ誡，明あきら乎得失とくしつ，有益ゆうえき風化ふうか，雖文豔不若わか相あい如，而質直ちょく過か之これ，願ねがい垂たれ採錄さいろく。」於是詔みことのり下か河南かなん尹いん、洛陽らくよう令れい，就家寫うつし其書。) Jin Shu vol. 82.
  45. ^ "Nanchong, Real Source of Culture of Three Kingdoms". Sichuan Provincial People's Government. General Office, Sichuan Provincial People's Government. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  46. ^ "Wanjuan Tower". sichuan-tour-com. China Chengdu Greatway Tour Co., Ltd. Retrieved 20 June 2014.

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