Emperor Suinin (
Emperor Suinin | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor of Japan | |||||
Reign | 29 BC – 70 (traditional)[1] | ||||
Predecessor | Sujin | ||||
Successor | Keikō | ||||
Born | Ikume ( 69 BC[2] | ||||
Died | 70 (aged 139) | ||||
Burial | Sugawara no Fushimi no higashi no misasagi ( | ||||
Spouses | Saho-hime Hibasu-hime | ||||
Issue among others... | Emperor Keikō | ||||
| |||||
House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
Father | Emperor Sujin | ||||
Mother | Mimaki-hime | ||||
Religion | Shinto |
Suinin's reign is conventionally considered to have been from 29 BC to AD 70.[5] During his alleged lifetime, he fathered seventeen children with two chief wives (empress) and six consorts. One of his sons became the next emperor upon his death in 70 AD, but the location of his father's grave (if any) is unknown. Suinin is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb (misasagi) at Nishi-machi, Amagatsuji, Nara City.
Legendary narrative
editThe Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Suinin is currently maintained. There remains no conclusive evidence though that supports this historical figure actually reigning.[6] The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (
Suinin is best known for events that surround the founding of the Ise Grand Shrine. The Nihon Shoki states that around 2,000 years ago the Emperor ordered his daughter Yamatohime-no-mikoto, to find a permanent location to worship the goddess Amaterasu-ōmikami (the Sun Goddess).[5][7] Yamatohime searched for 20 years before settling on a location in Ise, where she established Naiku,[a] the Inner Shrine.[4][8] She is said to have chosen the location after she heard the voice of Amaterasu say; "(Ise) is a secluded and pleasant land. In this land I wish to dwell." Amaterasu had previously been enshrined and worshipped in Kasanui, which was set up by Suinin's father in an attempt to alleviate a devastating plaque. The Kojiki records that during the reign of Emperor Suinin, the first Saiō (High Priestess) was appointed for Ise Grand Shrine. This recording is also noted by Jien, who was a 13th-century historian and poet.[4] This remains disputed though, as the Man'yōshū (The Anthology of Ten Thousand Leaves) states that the first Saiō to serve at Ise was Princess Ōku. If the latter is true then it would date the Saiō appointments to the reign of Emperor Tenmu (c. 673 – 686 AD).[9]
There were other events during Suinin's reign as well that include an Asama Shrine tradition regarding Mount Fuji. The earliest veneration of Konohanasakuya-hime at the base of the mountain was said to be during the 3rd year of Emperor Suinin's reign.[10] The Nihon Shoki also records a wrestling match in which Nomi no Sukune and Taima no Kehaya held during his era, as the origin of Sumai (Sumo wrestling). Meanwhile, Emperor Suinin's family grew to consist of 17 children with eight variously ranked wives. One of his consorts named Kaguya-hime-no-Mikoto, is mentioned in the Kojiki as a possible basis for the legend of Kaguya-hime regarding the couple's love story. Emperor Suinin died in 70 AD at the age of 138, and his son Prince Ootarashihikoosirowake was enthroned as the next emperor the following year.[2]
Known information
editEmperor Suinin is regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor" as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study.[11] Unlike Emperor Sujin, there is less known about Suinin to possibly support his existence. In either case (fictional or not), the name Suinin-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[12] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Suinin, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[6] Suinin's longevity was also written down by later compilers, who may have unrealistically extended his age to fill in time gaps.[13] While the actual site of Suinin's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nishi-machi, Amagatsuji, Nara City. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Suinin's mausoleum, and is formally named Sugawara no Fushimi no higashi no misasagi.[3][14]
While the Ise Grand Shrine is traditionally said to have been established in the 1st century BC, other dates in the 3rd and 4th centuries have also been put forward for the establishment of Naikū and Gekū respectively.[15] The first shrine building at Naikū was allegedly erected by Emperor Tenmu (678-686), with the first ceremonial rebuilding being carried out by his wife, Empress Jitō, in 692.[16] Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[b] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[19] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[c] between 737 and 806 AD.[6]
Consorts and children
editEmperor Suinin had two chief wives (aka Empress), it is recorded in the Kiki that the first empress was named Saho. Not much is known about her other than that her father was Emperor Kaika's son and she allegedly died sometime in 34 AD. As with the first empress there is also not much known about Suinin's second chief wife Hibasu. She was the daughter Prince Tanba-no-Michinoushi, who was Prince Hikoimasu's son and Emperor Kaika's grandson. Hibasu's third son later became known as Emperor Keikō (the next emperor), she allegedly died sometime in 61 AD. Suinin also had six named consorts with an additional one remaining unknown. Prince Tanba-no-Michinoushi (previously mentioned), was also the father to three of Suinin's consorts. In all the Emperor's family consisted of 17 children with these variously ranked wives.
Spouse
editPosition | Name | Father | Issue |
---|---|---|---|
Empress (1st) | Saho-hime ( |
Prince Hikoimasu | • First Son: Prince Homutsuwake ( |
Empress (2nd) | Hibasu-hime ( |
Prince Tanba-no-Michinoushi | • Prince Inishikiirihiko (五十瓊敷入彦命) • Third Son: Prince Ootarashihikoosirowake ( • Princess Oonakatsu-hime ( • Princess Yamato-hime ( • Prince Wakakiniirihiko ( |
Concubines
editName | Father | Issue |
---|---|---|
Nubataniiri-hime (渟葉 |
Prince Tanba-no-Michinoushi | • Prince Nuteshiwake (鐸石 • Princess Ikatarashi-hime ( |
Matono-hime ( |
Prince Tanba-no-Michinoushi | — |
Azaminiiri-hime ( |
Prince Tanba-no-Michinoushi | • Prince Ikohayawake ( • Princess Wakaasatsu-hime ( |
Kaguya-hime (迦具 |
Prince Ootsutsukitarine | • Prince Onabe (袁那 |
Kanihatatobe ( |
Yamashiro no Ookuni no Fuchi | • Prince Iwatsukuwake ( • Princess Futajiiri-hime ( |
Karihatatobe ( |
Yamashiro no Ookuni no Fuchi | • Prince Oochiwake ( • Prince Ikatarashihiko ( • Prince Itakeruwake ( |
Unknown | — | • Prince Tuburame ( |
Issue
editStatus | Name | Mother | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Prince | Homutsuwake ( |
Saho-hime | — |
Prince | Inishikiirihiko (五十瓊敷入彦命) | Hibasu-hime | — |
Prince | Ootarashihikoosirowake ( |
Hibasu-hime | Later known as Emperor Keikō |
Princess | Oonakatsu-hime ( |
Hibasu-hime | — |
Princess | Yamato-hime ( |
Hibasu-hime | Possibly the first Saiō.[d] |
Prince | Wakakiniirihiko ( |
Hibasu-hime | — |
Prince | Nuteshiwake (鐸石 |
Nubataniiri-hime | Ancestor of the Wake clan (Wake no Kiyomaro). |
Princess | Ikatarashi-hime ( |
Nubataniiri-hime | — |
Prince | Ikohayawake ( |
Azaminiiri-hime | — |
Princess | Wakaasatsu-hime ( |
Azaminiiri-hime | — |
Prince | Onabe (袁那 |
Kaguya-hime | — |
Prince | Iwatsukuwake ( |
Kanihatatobe | Ancestor of the Mio clan ( |
Princess | Futajiiri-hime ( |
Kanihatatobe | Later married Prince Ōsu, was the mother of Emperor Chūai. |
Prince | Oochiwake ( |
Karihatatobe | — |
Prince | Ikatarashihiko ( |
Karihatatobe | — |
Prince | Itakeruwake ( |
Karihatatobe | — |
Prince | Tuburame ( |
Unknown | — |
Family tree
edit
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The Ise Grand Shrine is a complex composed of a large number of Shinto shrines centered on two main shrines, Naikū (
内宮 ) and Gekū (外宮 ). - ^ The 29th Emperor[17][18]
- ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
- ^ a b Yamato is said to have established Ise Grand Shrine where the Sun Goddess, Amaterasu Omikami is enshrined. It remains unverified and up for debate if she was the first Saiō (high priestess) as alternate theories exist .
- ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[50]
References
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- ^ a b "
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- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 32.
- ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 167–187. ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 9780231049405.
- ^ The Deep Purple Story of Meiwa (
紫紺 の語 り部 ) (Meiwa Town Office, 2003), p. 3. - ^ Mark Teeuwen, John Breen (2017). A Social History of the Ise Shrines: Divine Capital. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781474272810.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962. Studies in Shinto and Shrines, p. 458.
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Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
- ^ Brinkley, Francis (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–273, see page 253.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Studies in Shinto, p. 418.
- ^ Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. ISBN 9781136639791.
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- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
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According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
- ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
- ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
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Further reading
edit- Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May, 1919. OCLC 1882339
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- ____________. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 3994492
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842