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{{Cuisine of China}}
{{Cuisine of China}}
[[File:Cuisines of China.png|thumb|400px|Geographic extent of Sichuan cuisine]]
[[File:Cuisines of China.png|thumb|400px|Geographic extent of Sichuan cuisine]]
'''Sichuan cuisine''' or '''Sichuanese cuisine''', [[Postal romanization|alternatively romanized]] as '''Szechwan cuisine''' or '''Szechuan cuisine''' ({{zh |c = {{zh|s={{Audio|Sichuan.ogg|四川しせん|help=no}}|labels=no}} }}, [[Standard Chinese|Standard Mandarin]] pronunciation: {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Sichuan.ogg|s|^|4|.|ch|uan|1}}),As one of the four major Chinese cuisines, it is famous for its unique spicy taste and rich cooking skills. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=How can Sichuan cuisine break through three major problems if it wants to enter the international perspective? |url=https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/ggxw/202311/82413099.html}}</ref>is a style of [[Chinese cuisine]] originating from [[Sichuan|Sichuan province]] and the neighboring [[Chongqing|Chongqing municipality]]. Chongqing was formerly a part of Sichuan until 1997; thus, there is a great deal of cultural overlap between the two administrative divisions. There are many regional, local variations of Sichuanese cuisine within Sichuan and Chongqing.
'''Sichuan cuisine''' or '''Sichuanese cuisine''', [[Postal romanization|alternatively romanized]] as '''Szechwan cuisine''' or '''Szechuan cuisine''' ({{zh |c = {{zh|s={{Audio|Sichuan.ogg|四川しせん|help=no}}|labels=no}} }}, [[Standard Chinese|Standard Mandarin]] pronunciation: {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Sichuan.ogg|s|^|4|.|ch|uan|1}}),As one of the four major Chinese cuisines, it is famous for its unique spicy taste and rich cooking skills. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=How can Sichuan cuisine break through three major problems if it wants to enter the international perspective? |url=https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/ggxw/202311/82413099.html}}</ref>is a style of [[Chinese cuisine]] originating from [[Sichuan|Sichuan province]] and the neighboring [[Chongqing|Chongqing municipality]]. Chongqing was formerly a part of Sichuan until 1997; thus, there is a great deal of cultural overlap between the two administrative divisions. There are many regional, local variations of Sichuanese cuisine within Sichuan and Chongqing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sichuan Cuisine History |url=https://www.spicyelement.com/pages/history}}</ref>


It has bold flavours, particularly the pungency and spiciness resulting from liberal use of [[garlic]] and [[chili pepper]]s, as well as the unique flavour of [[Sichuan pepper]]. Some examples are [[Kung Pao chicken]] and [[Yuxiang shredded pork]]. Four sub-styles of Sichuan cuisine include Chongqing, [[Chengdu]], [[Zigong]] and [[Buddhist vegetarianism|Buddhist vegetarian]] style.{{sfnb|Dunlop|2003|p= [https://archive.org/details/landofplentytrea00dunl 23-24]}}
It has bold flavours, particularly the pungency and spiciness resulting from liberal use of [[garlic]] and [[chili pepper]]s, as well as the unique flavour of [[Sichuan pepper]]. Some examples are [[Kung Pao chicken]] and [[Yuxiang shredded pork]]. Four sub-styles of Sichuan cuisine include Chongqing, [[Chengdu]], [[Zigong]] and [[Buddhist vegetarianism|Buddhist vegetarian]] style.{{sfnb|Dunlop|2003|p= [https://archive.org/details/landofplentytrea00dunl 23-24]}}

Revision as of 04:24, 17 June 2024

Sichuan cuisine
Kung Pao chicken
Chinese四よん川菜かわな
Chuan cuisine
Chinese川菜かわな
Part of a series on
Chinese cuisine
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Beijing and the vicinity
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Overseas cuisine
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Ingredients and types of food
Preparation and cooking
See also
Geographic extent of Sichuan cuisine

Sichuan cuisine or Sichuanese cuisine, alternatively romanized as Szechwan cuisine or Szechuan cuisine (Chinese: 四川しせんⓘ, Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [sɨ̂.ʈʂʰwán] ⓘ),As one of the four major Chinese cuisines, it is famous for its unique spicy taste and rich cooking skills. [1]is a style of Chinese cuisine originating from Sichuan province and the neighboring Chongqing municipality. Chongqing was formerly a part of Sichuan until 1997; thus, there is a great deal of cultural overlap between the two administrative divisions. There are many regional, local variations of Sichuanese cuisine within Sichuan and Chongqing.[2]

It has bold flavours, particularly the pungency and spiciness resulting from liberal use of garlic and chili peppers, as well as the unique flavour of Sichuan pepper. Some examples are Kung Pao chicken and Yuxiang shredded pork. Four sub-styles of Sichuan cuisine include Chongqing, Chengdu, Zigong and Buddhist vegetarian style.[3]

UNESCO declared Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, to be a city of gastronomy in 2011 to recognise the sophistication of its cooking.[4]

History

Sichuan in the Middle Ages welcomed Middle Eastern crops, such as broad beans, sesame and walnuts. Since the 16th century, the list of major crops in Sichuan has even been lengthened by New World newcomers. The characteristic chili pepper originally came from Mexico but probably overland from India or by river from Macau, complementing the traditional Sichuan peppercorn (花はな椒はじかみ; huājiāo). Other newcomers from the New World included maize (corn), which largely replaced millet; white potatoes introduced by Catholic missions; and sweet potatoes. The population of Sichuan was cut by perhaps three quarters in the wars from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. Settlers from the adjacent Hunan Province brought their cooking styles with them.[5]

Sichuan is colloquially known as the "heavenly country" due to its abundance of food and natural resources. One ancient Chinese account declared that the "people of Sichuan uphold good flavour, and they are fond of hot and spicy taste." Most Sichuan dishes are spicy, although a typical meal includes non-spicy dishes to cool the palate. Sichuan cuisine is composed of seven basic flavours: sweet, sour, numbing-spicy (like in Sichuan pepper), spicy, bitter, fragrant/aromatic, and salty. Sichuan food is divided into five different types: sumptuous banquet, ordinary banquet, popularised food, household-style food and snacks. Milder versions of Sichuan dishes remain a staple of American Chinese cuisine.[6]

The superior natural resources of Sichuan Province provided plenty natural resources for the development of cooking. The flow of the Yangtze river through Sichuan Province provided nutrients for fundamental foods, spices, and a source of water.[7]

Category

Reconstructing the theoretical system of modern Sichuan cuisine under the new normal, including the division of the three schools of Sichuan cuisine,On the basis of the established theory of Shanghe Bang, Xiaohe Bang and Xiahe Bang, the standardized and complete expression is:

Shanghe Gang Sichuan cuisine is Rongpai Sichuan cuisine in Chengdu, Leshan-centered areas in the west of Sichuan.Its characteristics are friendly and peaceful, rich in seasoning, relatively light taste, multi-traditional dishes;[8]Using chilli bean paste and sugar to flavor, it is the most widely circulated Sichuan cuisine.Shanghe Bangchuan cuisine is based on traditional classical recipes. It has a mild taste and a long flavor. At the same time, it concentrates on high-end government dishes such as royal and official dishes.Delicate and delicate, most of them are traditional Sichuan cuisine that has been handed down for a long time, and it has always been the official cuisine of Sichuan Governor and General Yamen.The overall taste of Shanghe Bang cuisine is mild.Hot pot is mainly oil-clearing hot pot and shuttle edge fish hot pot.[9]

Xiaohe Bangchuan cuisine is salt gang cuisine centered on Zigong in southern Sichuan, including Yibin cuisine, Luzhou cuisine and Neijiang cuisine, which are characterized by thick taste, heavy taste and rich taste.Characterized by atmospheric, weird, high-end (the reason is salt merchants).Zigong Yanbang dishes are divided into three branches: salt commercial dishes, salt industrial dishes and hall dishes, with spicy taste, Mala taste and sweet and sour taste as three main categories.[10]Yanbang dishes are characterized by rich, distinctive and rich taste.The most important thing to pay attention to is the taste of the food.[11]

Xiahe Bangchuan cuisine is represented by Dazhou cuisine, Chongqing cuisine and Wanzhou cuisine.Together, they form the three main local flavor schools of Sichuan cuisine, representing the highest artistic level of Sichuan cuisine development.[12]

Therefore, Sichuan cuisine has three characteristics: extensive ingredients, diversified flavoring, and strong adaptability to cuisine.It consists of five major categories: banquet dishes, popular side dishes, home-cooked dishes,SanZhengJiuKou dishes, [13]flavor snacks and so on to form a complete flavor system.

Controversy

There are also some different theories about the division of Sichuan cuisine regions, Wang Dayu introduced in the compilation of Sichuan cuisine history strategy by the Committee on Literature and History of the CPPCC in the whole country:Sichuan cuisine can be roughly divided into Chengdu Bang, Chongqing Bang, Dahe Bang, Xiaohe Bang, from the inside, each has its own special background and representative menu.[14]Sichuan cuisine originated in Shu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the beginning of Qin and Han dynasties, and the formation of classical Sichuan cuisine in Han and Jin dynasties.Characterized by Sichuan peppercorn and ginger.In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Sichuan cuisine was developed further, and Sichuan restaurants spread throughout Kaifeng and Lin'an, and won the favor of many diners for their taste characteristics.During the Song Dynasty, Sichuan cuisine became an independent cuisine.

Sichuan is rich in products, and natural crops provide abundant raw materials for Sichuan cuisine.Among them, ginger, Sichuan pepper and other seasonings, as early as the Han Dynasty, as Sichuan people "like the flavor of spices" characteristics known throughout the country.This flavor refers to the Sichuan peppercorn and ginger, not chili peppers.The taste of Sichuan people today is far from that of Li Bai Su Shi.If there were no chili peppers from South America in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it would not be Sichuan cuisine for Sichuan people today.Sichuan cuisine claims to have a history of more than two thousand years.However, it is difficult to say how much Sichuan cuisine is related to ancient Sichuan cuisine.One hard evidence is that before the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were no chili peppers in Sichuan cuisine.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Sichuan cuisine developed further until the Republic of China.Modern Sichuan cuisine eventually formed the characteristics of "rich variety", "strong taste and spicy", and developed into the first dish of Chinese cuisine.

Chairman Mao once said on January 30, 1949, "I believe that a Chinese medicine, a Chinese dish, will be China's two major contributions to the world."This evaluation was repeated in 1953 when he took a nap at the Liuzhuang Hotel in Hangzhou.

Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, was awarded the honorary title of "World Cuisine Capital" by UNESCO in 2010, and only six cities in the world received it.Chengdu Sichuan cuisine has long been the official cuisine of Sichuan Governor and Yamen.Chili peppers were introduced into Sichuan and widely used in Sichuan cuisine, which was a watershed between ancient Sichuan cuisine and modern Sichuan cuisine.Probably during the Kangxi period in the early Qing Dynasty.The book "Flower Mirror" written and published by Chen Xiuzi in 1688, Kangxi, is recorded in volume five: "Pepper, a sea mad vine, commonly known as spicy eggplant……the most spicy, used by many people, very fine, winter moon to replace pepper."Here the paprika, is chili, also known as sea pepper, Qin pepper and so on.The perfect combination of chili peppers and broad beans (i.e., beans) created Sichuan bean, known as the soul of Sichuan cuisine, is widely used in Sichuan cuisine, which is regarded as a symbol of the formation of modern Sichuan cuisine.Peanuts, commonly known as Hu Beans, are the most famous of the many varieties of Sichuan Beans.Among the many varieties of Sichuan chilli bean paste, Pixian chilli bean paste is the most famous.The innovative use of pickled peppers, pickle and black bean sauce in Sichuan cuisine has formed 24 common flavors, 54 cooking methods and more than 3,000 classic traditional dishes in three categories of Sichuan cuisine, which are the hallmarks of modern Sichuan cuisine.

Native to Peru in South America, chili peppers were domesticated as cultivated species in Mexico, introduced to Europe in the 15th century, and introduced from the sea to China in the late 16th century, the late Ming Dynasty.Because of the introduction of Western countries, it is also called " Fan pepper".It is also called "sea pepper" because it is introduced from the sea, and Sichuan chili pepper is introduced from Guanzhong to Shu, so it is also called "Qin pepper".Sichuan cuisine is famous for its excellent use of chili chilli peppers and Sichuan peppers, which have been used for more than a thousand years as a characteristic and representative of Sichuan cuisine.Therefore, the Western translation of pepper is literally translated as "Sichuan Pepper", which shows the influence of pepper and Sichuan cuisine in the world.

Features

A chili hot pot characteristic of Sichuan cuisine

The complex topography of Sichuan Province, including its mountains, hills, plains, plateaus and the Sichuan Basin, has shaped its food customs with versatile and distinct ingredients.

Abundant rice and vegetables are produced from the fertile Sichuan Basin, whereas a wide variety of herbs, mushrooms and other fungi prosper in the highland regions. Pork is overwhelmingly the most common type of meat consumed.[5] Beef is somewhat more common in Sichuan cuisine than it is in other Chinese cuisines, perhaps due to the prevalence of oxen in the region.[15] Sichuan cuisine also uses various bovine and porcine organs as ingredients, such as intestine, arteries, head, tongue, skin and liver, in addition to other commonly used portions of the meat. Rabbit meat is also much more popular in Sichuan than elsewhere in China. It is estimated that the Sichuan Basin and Chongqing area are responsible for about 70 percent of China's total rabbit meat consumption.[16] Yoghurt, which probably spread from India through Tibet in medieval times, is consumed among the Han Chinese. This is an unusual custom in other parts of the country. The salt produced from Sichuan salt springs and wells, unlike sea salt, does not contain iodine, which led to goiter problems before the 20th century.[5]

Sichuan cuisine often contains food preserved through pickling, salting and drying. Preserved dishes are generally served as spicy dishes with heavy application of chili oil.

Meal styles

The most unique and important spice in Sichuan cuisine is the Sichuan pepper (花はな椒はじかみ; huājiāo; 'flower pepper'). Sichuan peppercorn has an intense, fragrant citrus-like flavour and produces a "tingly-numbing" (麻あさ; má) sensation in the mouth. Other commonly used spices in Sichuan cuisine are garlic, chili peppers, ginger, and star anise.There are 40 kinds of Sichuan cuisine cooking techniques such as frying, stir fry, oiling, and crispy fried.Taste type to spicy, fish flavor, strange taste as its outstanding characteristics.[17]

Broad bean chili paste (豆まめ瓣べん酱; 豆まめ瓣べん醬; dòubànjiàng) is one of the most important seasonings.[5] It is an essential component to famous dishes such as Mapo tofu and double-cooked pork slices. Sichuan cuisine is the origin of several prominent sauces/flavours widely used in modern Chinese cuisine, including:

Other examples of mixed flavor including spicy and hot (Mala), fish flavor (Yuxiang), hot and sour, the five spices (Wuxiang; 五香ごこう), ginger juice, mashed garlic, sweet and sour, spice salt (Jiaoyan; 椒はじかみ盐), dried tangerine or orange peel (Chenpi; 陈皮), burnt chili, pot-stewed fowl (Lu; 卤味), odd flavor (Guaiwei; 怪かい味あじ), and other recombinations of these seasonings.[18]

Common preparation techniques in Sichuan cuisine include stir frying, steaming and braising, but a complete list would include more than 20 distinct techniques.

Dishes of the cuisine

See also: Sichuan cuisine § Notable foods


Notable foods

English Image Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Pinyin Notes
Ants climbing a tree
螞蟻上じょう樹き 蚂蚁上じょう树 mǎyǐ shàng shù So called because the dish has bits of ground meat clinging to noodles, evoking an image of ants climbing a tree [19]
Bon bon chicken
棒ぼう棒ぼう鷄にわとり / 棒ぼう棒ぼう雞 棒ぼう棒ぼう鸡 bàngbàng jī Chicken mixed with dark, toasty sesame sauce. So-called from the sound of the cleavers being hammered into the chicken to shred it. [20]
Braised pork ribs with konjac 魔ま芋いも燒しょう排はい骨こつ 魔ま芋いも烧排骨こつ móyù shāo páigǔ
Chili oil wontons
紅べに油ゆ抄しょう手しゅ 红油抄しょう手しゅ hóng yóu chāoshǒu
Dandan noodles
擔擔麵 担担面めん dàndàn miàn Originally a Chengdu street snack sold by men with "carrying poles" (dan). [21]
Fish with pickled mustard greens
酸さん菜さい魚ぎょ 酸さん菜さい鱼 suān cài yú Shredded chicken breast, pork, or any other meat ingredients can be substituted for the fish fillets.
Fragrant and spicy fish slices
香こう辣魚片へん 香こう辣鱼片へん xiāng là yú piàn
Hot and sour noodles
酸さん辣麵, 酸さん辣粉 酸さん辣面, 酸さん辣粉 suān là miàn, suān là fěn Typically a vegetarian noodle dish primarily made with brassica juncea, vinegar, hot oil, and soy sauce. It has different flavors such as sour, sweet, fragrant, spicy and salty. Commonly is for breakfast but also a popular street snack in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Hubei.
Kung Pao beef tendon 宮保みやのほ牛うし筋すじ 宫保牛うし筋すじ gōngbǎo niú jīn
Kung Pao chicken
宮保みやのほ雞丁 宫保鸡丁 gōngbǎo jīdīng Beef or lamb can be substituted for the chicken.
Mao xue wang
毛もう血ち旺 毛もう血ち旺 máo xuě wàng Traditional dish from Chongqing made from pig's blood, tripe, duck's blood, ham and chicken gizzard. Beansprouts, chili, Sichuan peppercorn, sesame and other spices are often added as seasoning.
Mapo doufu
麻婆マーボー豆腐とうふ 麻婆マーボー豆腐とうふ mápó dòufǔ Literally "pockmarked old woman's tofu". Spicy sauce similar to yuxiang ("in the style of fish") sauce.[22]
Sliced beef/beef tripe/ox tongue in chili sauce
夫妻ふさい肺はい片へん 夫妻ふさい肺はい片へん fūqī fèipiàn Literally "husband and wife lung pieces"
Shredded chicken cold noodles 雞絲涼りょう麵 鸡丝凉面 jī sī liáng miàn
Shredded pork in garlic sauce
魚さかな香が肉にく絲いと 鱼香肉にく丝 yúxiāng ròusī Literally "sliced pork with fish aroma"
Sichuan hotpot
四川しせん火ひ鍋なべ 四川しせん火ひ锅 Sìchuān huǒguō Sichuan hotpot, the most famous Chinese hotpot, is one of the representative dishes in Sichuan cuisine and famous for its numb and spicy taste.[23] The tradition may owe itself to the area's high humidity, whereby the locals eat spicy food to remove the moisture from their bodies.[24]
Stir-fried green beans[25]
乾いぬい煸四季しき豆まめ 干ひ煸四季しき豆まめ gān biān sìjì dòu Also known as "Dry Fried Green Beans",[26] "Dry Fried String Beans",[27] "Sichuan Style Green Beans",[28] "Szechuan Dry Fried Green Beans",[29] or "Spicy Green Beans"[30]
Spicy deep-fried chicken
辣子雞 辣子鸡 làzǐjī
Tea-smoked duck
樟くすのき茶ちゃ鴨かも 樟くすのき茶ちゃ鸭 zhāngchá yā
Three-pepper chicken 三さん椒はじかみ煸雞 三さん椒はじかみ煸鸡 sān jiāo biān jī
Double-cooked pork
回かい鍋なべ肉にく 回かい锅肉 huíguōròu Literally "meat returning to the wok". Fresh pork is first boiled, then fried.[31]
Water-cooked meat
水みず煮に肉にく 水みず煮に肉にく shuǐzhǔ ròu
Steamed sweet pork with sticky rice. 甜燒白しろ 甜烧白しろ tián shāo bái Fill mashed red beans into sliced pork belly and lay the pork on steamed sweet sticky rice.
Fish-fragrant eggplant
魚さかな香が茄子なすび 鱼香茄子なすび yúxiāng qiézi Steamed eggplant in a sauce commonly used in cooking fish [32]
Shredded chicken salad
Sichuan shredded chicken salad
Sichuan shredded chicken salad
 涼りょう拌雞絲いと 凉拌鸡丝 liáng bàn jī sī Shredded chicken mixed with spicy garlic sauce.
Bo-bo chicken
缽缽雞 钵钵鸡 bǒbǒ jī A kind of cold hot pot filled with vegetables and chicken on wooden sticks, different from Bon bon chicken.
Mala duck tongue
麻あさ辣鴨舌した 麻あさ辣鸭舌した málà yā shé Duck tongues stir-fried with Sichuan pepper and chili
Stir-fried chicken kidney
爆ばく炒い腰こし花はな 爆ばく炒い腰こし花はな bàochǎo yāo huā Stir-fried chicken kidney with pickled pepper sauce
Sichuan signature barbecue
川かわ味あじ燒しょう烤 川かわ味あじ烧烤 chuān wèi shāo kǎo Barbecue with Sichuan pepper as seasoning
Leshan douhua
樂山らくざん豆腐とうふ腦のう 乐山豆腐とうふ脑 lèshān dòu fǔ nǎo Tender tofu with specially made sauce, originated from Leshan, Sichuan.
Leng chi tu 冷ひえ吃ども兔うさぎ 冷ひえ吃ども兔うさぎ lěng chī tù Marinated spicy rabbit meat.
Leng dan bei 冷淡れいたん杯はい 冷淡れいたん杯はい lěng dàn bēi Leng dan bei is a street food from Chengdu that has emerged in recent years. It consists of cold dishes that are served quickly.[33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ "How can Sichuan cuisine break through three major problems if it wants to enter the international perspective?". 2023-11-18.
  2. ^ "Sichuan Cuisine History".
  3. ^ Dunlop (2003), p. 23-24.
  4. ^ UNESCO (2011). "Chengdu: UNESCO City of Gastronomy". UNESCO. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d Anderson, E.N. (2003). "Sichuan (Szechuan) Cuisine". Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. New York: Scribner's. pp. 393–395.
  6. ^ Fu, Peimei (傅でん培つちかえ梅うめ) (2005). 培つちかえ梅名うめな菜さい精選せいせん:川かわ浙菜专辑 [Peimei's Selection of Famous Dishes: Special Edition on Sichuan and Zhejiang Cuisine] (in Traditional Chinese). Tangerine Culture Enterprise Co., Ltd. (橘たちばな子こ文化ぶんか事業じぎょう有限ゆうげん公司こうし). p. 9.
  7. ^ Greer, Charles E. and Muranov, Aleksandr Pavlovich. "Yangtze River | Location, Map, Flood, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "A Comparative Study on the Differences of Food Culture in Shanghe Bang and Xiaohe Bang Sichuan Cuisine".
  9. ^ "Shanghe Bang-Mild and long-lasting taste". 2020-07-28.
  10. ^ Peng, Pai (2022-12-09). "Zigong Yanbang dishes-Not just cooking with salt".
  11. ^ "YanBang dishes-home-cooked food". 2023-01-13.
  12. ^ "Sichuan cuisine is divided into Shanghe Bang, Xiaohe Bang, Xiahe Bang three major gang refers to which places?". 2017-12-23.
  13. ^ Jian, Shu (2023-01-03). "Sichuan cuisine——SanZhengJiuKou".
  14. ^ HUI, YANG. "A Comparative Study on the Difference of Sichuan Cuisine in Shanghe Bang and Xiaohe Bang".
  15. ^ Tropp, Barbara (1982). The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking. New York: Hearst Books. p. 183. ISBN 0-688-14611-2.
  16. ^ Geng, Olivia (June 13, 2014). "French Rabbit Heads: The Newest Delicacy in Chinese Cuisine". The Wall Street Journal Blog.
  17. ^ SIPU, qikan. "Sichuan cuisine, encyclopedia of taste buds".
  18. ^ Ji, Yue; Li, Shiming; Ho, Chi-Tang (2019-06-01). "Chemical composition, sensory properties and application of Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum genus)". Food Science and Human Wellness. 8 (2): 115–125. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.008. ISSN 2213-4530. S2CID 132482961.
  19. ^ Dunlop (2003), p. 219-220.
  20. ^ Dunlop (2003), p. 45.
  21. ^ Dunlop (2003), p. 87-88.
  22. ^ Ciang (1976), p. 220-221.
  23. ^ "十じゅう大だい经典川菜かわな 你吃过哪些？". 阿波あわ罗新闻网 (in Chinese (China)). 2014-11-18. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  24. ^ "The Significant Visual Symbols Design, Logo Design Study of Chong Qing Hot Pot Brand"
  25. ^ Chan, Kei-lum; Fong-Chan, Diora (2016). China: The Cookbook. London: Phaidon. p. 500. ISBN 9780714872247.
  26. ^ Hsiao-Ching Chou. "Dry Fried Green Beans". Chinese Soul Food. Chinese Soul Food. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  27. ^ Lee Hwa-lin (1993). Chinese Cuisine: Szechwan Style. Taipei, Taiwan: Chin Chin Publishing Co.Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 0941676315.
  28. ^ "Green Beans, Sichuan Style". Flavor and Fortune. Institute for the Advancement of the Science and Art of Chinese Cuisine. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  29. ^ "Szechuan Dry Fried Green Beans (Simplified version)". China Sichuan Food. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  30. ^ Manyee Elaine Mar (November 18, 2013). The Everything Chinese Cookbook: Includes Tomato Egg Flower Soup, Stir-Fried Orange Beef, Spicy Chicken with Cashews, Kung Pao Tofu, Pepper-Salt Shrimp, and hundreds more! (2nd ed.). Avon, Massachusetts: F+W Publications, Inc. p. 255. ISBN 9781440568190.
  31. ^ Chiang (1976), p. 94-95.
  32. ^ Chiang (1976), p. 250-251.
  33. ^ "成都せいと街がい头的冷ひや啖杯，本地ほんじ人じん习以为常，可か是ぜ外地がいち人じん却看不ふ懂_生活せいかつ". Sohu.
  34. ^ "成都せいと消夏しょうか饮食冷ひや啖杯"

Further reading

  • Dunlop, Fuchsia (2003), Land of Plenty: A Treasury of Authentic Sichuan Cooking, New York: Norton, ISBN 0393051773. Internet Archive ONLINE
  • Fuchsia Dunlop. Shark's Fin and Sichuan Pepper: A Sweet-Sour Memoir of Eating in China. (New York: Norton, 2008). ISBN 9780393066579. The author's experience and observations, especially in Sichuan.
  • Chiang, Jung-Feng (1976), Mrs. Chiang's Szechwan Cookbook : Szechwan Home Cooking, Ellen Schrecker and John E. Schrecker, New York: Harper & Row, ISBN 006015828X. Internet Archive ONLINE.
  • E. N. Anderson. "Sichuan (Szechuan) Cuisine," in Solomon H. Katz, William Woys Weaver. Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. (New York: Scribner, 2003; ISBN 0684805685). Vol I pp. 393–395.
  • Lu Yi, Du li. China Sichuan Cuisine (Chinese and English) Bilingual . Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, 2010. ISBN 9787536469648.
  • Che Fu. Talk About Sichuan Flavor (Chinese Edition). Sichuan Literature & Art Publishing, 2011. ISBN 978-7541131523.

External links

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