1960 Japanese general election: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
updated ikeda picture
 
(37 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|General election in Japan held in 1960}}
{{Infobox Election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Japanese general election, 1960
| election_name = 1960 Japanese general election
| country = Japan
| country = Japan
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| flag_year = 1870
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = Japanese general election, 1958
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1958 Japanese general election
| previous_year = 1958
| previous_year = 1958
| next_election = Japanese general election, 1963
| next_election = 1963 Japanese general election
| next_year = 1963
| next_year = 1963
| election_date = 20 November 1960
| election_date = 20 November 1960
| seats_for_election = All 467 seats in the [[House of Representatives of Japan]]
| image1 = [[File:Hayato Ikeda.jpg|160x150px]]
| majority_seats = 234
| leader1 = [[Hayato Ikeda]]
| image_size = 150x150px
| party1 = Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)
| turnout = 73.5% ({{decrease}} 3.5%)
| seats1 = 300
| image1 = JFKWHP-KN-C18157 in Hayato Ikeda (cropped) restored Crop.jpg
| popular_vote1 = 22,950,404
| leader1 = [[Hayato Ikeda]]
| percentage1 = 58.1%
| party1 = Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)
| image2 = [[File:Kawakami Jotaro 1952.JPG|160x150px]]
| leaders_seat1 = Hiroshima–2nd
| leader2 = [[Jōtarō Kawakami]]
| seats1 = '''296'''
| party2 = Japan Socialist Party
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}9
| seats2 = 144
| popular_vote2 = 10,839,130
| popular_vote1 = '''22,740,272'''
| percentage2 = 27.4%
| percentage1 = '''57.6%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}}0.2pp
| image3 = [[File:NISHIO Suehiro.jpg|160x150px]]
| image2 = Saburo Eda 1963 Salvaged Crop.jpg
| leader3 = [[Suehiro Nishio]]
| leader2 = [[Saburō Eda]]
| party3 = Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)
| party2 = Japan Socialist Party
| seats3 = 17
| leaders_seat2 = ''Not contesting''<br /><small>([[House of Councillors|Councillor]])</small>
| popular_vote3 = 3,464,147
| percentage3 = 8.8%
| seats2 = 145
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}21
}}
| popular_vote2 = 10,887,134
{{Politics of Japan}}
| percentage2 = 27.6%
| swing2 = {{decrease}}5.4pp
| image4 = NISHIO Suehiro.jpg
| leader4 = [[Suehiro Nishio]]
| party4 = Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)
| leaders_seat4 = Osaka–2nd
| seats4 = 17
| seat_change4 = ''New''
| popular_vote4 = 3,464,148
| percentage4 = 8.8%
| swing4 = ''New''
| image5 = The-Zenei-1962-December-Special-1.png
| leader5 = [[Kenji Miyamoto (politician)|Kenji Miyamoto]]
| party5 = Japanese Communist Party
| leaders_seat5 = ''Did not contest''
| seats5 = 3
| seat_change5 = {{increase}}2
| popular_vote5 = 1,156,723
| percentage5 = 2.9%
| swing5 = {{increase}}0.4pp
| title = [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Hayato Ikeda]]
| before_party = Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)
| after_election = [[Hayato Ikeda]]
| after_party = Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)
| map_image = 1960 JAPAN GENERAL ELECTION, combined vote share.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
}}{{Politics of Japan}}


'''General elections''' were held in [[Japan]] on 20 November 1960. The result was a victory for the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], which won 300 of the 467 seats.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II'', p381 {{ISBN|0-19-924959-8}}</ref> Voter turnout was 73.5%.
'''General elections''' were held in [[Japan]] on 20 November 1960.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II'', p363 {{ISBN|0-19-924959-8}}</ref> The result was a victory for the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], which won 296 of the 467 seats. Voter turnout was 73.5%, the lowest since the [[1947 Japanese general election|1947 general elections]].<ref name=":0" />

==Background==
The elections came near the end of a turbulent year marked by [[Miike Struggle|violent labour disputes at Mitsui Miike Coal Mine]], the [[Anpo protests#The "May 19th Incident"|"May 19th Incident"]] in which [[Nobusuke Kishi]] and LDP lawmakers in the Diet forced the revised [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan|US-Japan Security Treaty]] through parliament (causing an upsurge in the [[Anpo protests]]), and the assassination of [[Japan Socialist Party]] (JSP) leader [[Inejirō Asanuma]] by ''[[wakizashi]]''-wielding right-wing youth named [[Otoya Yamaguchi]]. Prior to the elections there were a number of left-wing street protests and right-wing vigilante actions.

==Campaign==
As public antipathy was largely towards Kishi and his cabinet, rather than flagship LDP policies, the election was not a setback for the party. Kishi's successor, [[Hayato Ikeda]], was popular for his moderate attitude and public image as a practical finance minister, and LDP candidates focused heavily on issues such as maintaining [[Japanese economic miracle|already-strong economic growth]]. Ikeda made a splash with his promise to double the national income in ten years, known as the "[[Income Doubling Plan]]," which also promised economic benefits such as tax cuts to small businesses, farmers, and consumers.

The LDP also benefitted from factionalism in the JSP, as the more moderate and [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] [[Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)|Democratic Socialist Party]] seceded from the JSP at the beginning of the year, leading to a [[Vote splitting|spoiler effect]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Douglas H. Mendel|first=Jr.|date=1961|title=Behind the 1960 Japanese Diet Election|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023661|journal=Asian Survey|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–12|doi=10.2307/3023661|jstor=3023661 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref>


==Results==
==Results==
Although the LDP saw a small reduction in its vote share compared to the [[1958 Japanese general election|1958 elections]] and the JSP and DSP collectively received around 1.3 million more votes than the united JSP did in the 1958 elections, the LDP gained nine seats, while the JSP and DSP lost a net four seats.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Japan House of Representatives 1960.svg]]
|party1=[[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]|votes1=22740272|seats1=296|sc1=+9
|party2=[[Japan Socialist Party]]|votes2=10887134|seats2=145|sc2=–21
|party3=[[Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)|Democratic Socialist Party]]|votes3=3464148|seats3=17|sc3=New
|party4=[[Japanese Communist Party]]|votes4=1156723|seats4=3|sc4=+2
|party5=Other parties|votes5=141941|seats5=1|sc5=–
|party6=Independents|votes6=1118905|seats6=5|sc6=–7
|invalid=410996
|electorate=54312993
|total_sc=0
|source=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3023540.pdf Baerwald], [https://archive.org/details/internationalalm0000mack/page/290/mode/2up Mackie]
}}

=== By prefecture ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
! rowspan="3" |Prefecture
! rowspan="3" |Total<br>seats
! colspan="6" |Seats won
|-
|-
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|LDP]]
!Party
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Japan Socialist Party|JSP]]
!Votes
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)|DSP]]
!%
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Japanese Communist Party|JCP]]
!Seats
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |Others
!+/–
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |Ind.
|-
|-
|align=left|[[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]||22,950,404||58.1||300||+2
! style="background:{{party color|Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Japan Socialist Party}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Japanese Communist Party}};" |
!
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi]]
|align=left|[[Japan Socialist Party]]||10,839,130||27.4||144||–23
!19
|12
|6
|1
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Akita Prefecture|Akita]]
|align=left|[[Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)|Democratic Socialist Party]]||3,464,147||8.8||17||New
!8
|5
|3
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]]
|align=left|[[Japanese Communist Party]]||1,156,723||2.9||3||+2
!7
|6
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]]
|align=left|Other parties||141,941||0.4||1||+1
!13
|10
|3
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]]
|align=left|Independents||956,781||2.4||2||+1
!9
|7
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Fukui Prefecture|Fukui]]
|align=left|Invalid/blank votes||410,993||–||–||–
!4
|3
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''39,920,119'''||'''100'''||'''467'''||'''0'''
!19
|10
|7
|2
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima]]
|colspan=5 align=left|Source: Nohlen ''et al.''
!12
|7
|4
|1
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Gifu Prefecture|Gifu]]
!9
|5
|3
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]]
!10
|6
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]]
!12
|8
|3
|1
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Hokkaido]]
!22
|12
|10
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]]
!18
|10
|6
|1
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]]
!12
|9
|3
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]]
!6
|5
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]]
!8
|6
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kagawa Prefecture|Kagawa]]
!6
|4
|1
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kagoshima Prefecture|Kagoshima]]
!11
|9
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]]
!13
|8
|3
|2
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kōchi Prefecture|Kōchi]]
!5
|4
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto]]
!10
|7
|3
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]]
!10
|4
|3
|2
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Mie Prefecture|Mie]]
!9
|5
|2
|1
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi]]
!9
|6
|3
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]]
!6
|4
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]]
!13
|8
|5
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Nagasaki Prefecture|Nagasaki]]
!9
|6
|3
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
!5
|4
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]]
!15
|8
|7
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Ōita Prefecture|Ōita]]
!7
|5
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Okayama Prefecture|Okayama]]
!10
|7
|3
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]
!19
|7
|7
|3
|2
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Saga Prefecture|Saga]]
!5
|3
|1
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]]
!13
|8
|4
|1
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]]
!5
|2
|2
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]]
!5
|4
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]]
!14
|10
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]]
!10
|6
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tokushima Prefecture|Tokushima]]
!5
|4
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tokyo]]
!27
|15
|11
|1
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]]
!4
|3
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Toyama Prefecture|Toyama]]
!6
|4
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Wakayama Prefecture|Wakayama]]
!6
|4
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Yamagata Prefecture|Yamagata]]
!8
|6
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi]]
!9
|6
|2
|1
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]]
!5
|4
|1
|
|
|
|
|- class="sortbottom"
! style="text-align: left;" |Total
!467
!296
!145
!17
!3
!1
!5
|}
|}
{{bar box
|title=Vote share
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|LDP|{{Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)/meta/color}}|58.09}}
{{bar percent|JSP|{{Social Democratic Party (Japan)/meta/color}}|27.43}}
{{bar percent|DSP|{{Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)/meta/color}}|8.77}}
{{bar percent|JCP|{{Japanese Communist Party/meta/color}}|2.93}}
{{bar percent|Independents|#000000|2.42}}
{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.36}}
}}
{{bar box
|title=Parliament seats
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|LDP|{{Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)/meta/color}}|64.24}}
{{bar percent|JSP|{{Social Democratic Party (Japan)/meta/color}}|30.84}}
{{bar percent|DSP|{{Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)/meta/color}}|3.64}}
{{bar percent|JCP|{{Japanese Communist Party/meta/color}}|0.64}}
{{bar percent|Independents|#000000|0.43}}
{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.21}}
}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Japanese elections}}
{{Japanese elections}}


[[Category:1960 elections in Asia]]
[[Category:1960 elections in Asia|Japan]]
[[Category:1960 in Japan]]
[[Category:1960 elections in Japan]]
[[Category:General elections in Japan|1960]]
[[Category:General elections in Japan]]
[[Category:November 1960 events]]
[[Category:November 1960 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results]]

Latest revision as of 18:24, 24 February 2024

1960 Japanese general election
← 1958 20 November 1960 1963 →
All 467 seats in the House of Representatives of Japan
234 seats needed for a majority
Turnout73.5% (Decrease 3.5%)
  First party Second party
 
Leader Hayato Ikeda Saburō Eda
Party Liberal Democratic Socialist
Leader's seat Hiroshima–2nd Not contesting
(Councillor)
Seats won 296 145
Seat change Increase9 Decrease21
Popular vote 22,740,272 10,887,134
Percentage 57.6% 27.6%
Swing Decrease0.2pp Decrease5.4pp
  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader Suehiro Nishio Kenji Miyamoto
Party Democratic Socialist Communist
Leader's seat Osaka–2nd Did not contest
Seats won 17 3
Seat change New Increase2
Popular vote 3,464,148 1,156,723
Percentage 8.8% 2.9%
Swing New Increase0.4pp
Prime Minister before election

Hayato Ikeda
Liberal Democratic

Prime Minister after election

Hayato Ikeda
Liberal Democratic

This article is part of a series on
Politics of Japan
Constitution and Laws
The Monarchy

Naruhito

Fumihito

Executive

Fumio Kishida (LDP)

Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)
(LDP-Komeito coalition)
Legislature

Fukushiro Nukaga

  • Vice Speaker

Banri Kaieda

Hidehisa Otsuji

  • Vice President

Hiroyuki Nagahama
Judiciary

Saburo Tokura

Bank of Japan
  • Governor

Kazuo Ueda

Elections


Japanese general elections


Japanese House of Councillors elections


Unified local elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flag Japan portal

General elections were held in Japan on 20 November 1960.[1] The result was a victory for the Liberal Democratic Party, which won 296 of the 467 seats. Voter turnout was 73.5%, the lowest since the 1947 general elections.[2]

Background[edit]

The elections came near the end of a turbulent year marked by violent labour disputes at Mitsui Miike Coal Mine, the "May 19th Incident" in which Nobusuke Kishi and LDP lawmakers in the Diet forced the revised US-Japan Security Treaty through parliament (causing an upsurge in the Anpo protests), and the assassination of Japan Socialist Party (JSP) leader Inejirō Asanuma by wakizashi-wielding right-wing youth named Otoya Yamaguchi. Prior to the elections there were a number of left-wing street protests and right-wing vigilante actions.

Campaign[edit]

As public antipathy was largely towards Kishi and his cabinet, rather than flagship LDP policies, the election was not a setback for the party. Kishi's successor, Hayato Ikeda, was popular for his moderate attitude and public image as a practical finance minister, and LDP candidates focused heavily on issues such as maintaining already-strong economic growth. Ikeda made a splash with his promise to double the national income in ten years, known as the "Income Doubling Plan," which also promised economic benefits such as tax cuts to small businesses, farmers, and consumers.

The LDP also benefitted from factionalism in the JSP, as the more moderate and anti-communist Democratic Socialist Party seceded from the JSP at the beginning of the year, leading to a spoiler effect.[2]

Results[edit]

Although the LDP saw a small reduction in its vote share compared to the 1958 elections and the JSP and DSP collectively received around 1.3 million more votes than the united JSP did in the 1958 elections, the LDP gained nine seats, while the JSP and DSP lost a net four seats.

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Liberal Democratic Party22,740,27257.56296+9
Japan Socialist Party10,887,13427.56145–21
Democratic Socialist Party3,464,1488.7717New
Japanese Communist Party1,156,7232.933+2
Other parties141,9410.361–
Independents1,118,9052.835–7
Total39,509,123100.004670
Valid votes39,509,12398.97
Invalid/blank votes410,9961.03
Total votes39,920,119100.00
Registered voters/turnout54,312,99373.50
Source: Baerwald, Mackie

By prefecture[edit]

Prefecture Total
seats 		Seats won
LDP JSP DSP JCP Others Ind.
Aichi 19 12 6 1
Akita 8 5 3
Aomori 7 6 1
Chiba 13 10 3
Ehime 9 7 2
Fukui 4 3 1
Fukuoka 19 10 7 2
Fukushima 12 7 4 1
Gifu 9 5 3 1
Gunma 10 6 4
Hiroshima 12 8 3 1
Hokkaido 22 12 10
Hyōgo 18 10 6 1 1
Ibaraki 12 9 3
Ishikawa 6 5 1
Iwate 8 6 2
Kagawa 6 4 1 1
Kagoshima 11 9 2
Kanagawa 13 8 3 2
Kōchi 5 4 1
Kumamoto 10 7 3
Kyoto 10 4 3 2 1
Mie 9 5 2 1 1
Miyagi 9 6 3
Miyazaki 6 4 2
Nagano 13 8 5
Nagasaki 9 6 3
Nara 5 4 1
Niigata 15 8 7
Ōita 7 5 2
Okayama 10 7 3
Osaka 19 7 7 3 2
Saga 5 3 1 1
Saitama 13 8 4 1
Shiga 5 2 2 1
Shimane 5 4 1
Shizuoka 14 10 4
Tochigi 10 6 4
Tokushima 5 4 1
Tokyo 27 15 11 1
Tottori 4 3 1
Toyama 6 4 2
Wakayama 6 4 2
Yamagata 8 6 2
Yamaguchi 9 6 2 1
Yamanashi 5 4 1
Total 467 296 145 17 3 1 5

References[edit]

  1. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p363 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
  2. ^ a b Douglas H. Mendel, Jr. (1961). "Behind the 1960 Japanese Diet Election". Asian Survey. 1 (1): 3–12. doi:10.2307/3023661. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 3023661.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960_Japanese_general_election&oldid=1210039445"