β -Endorphin
Names | |
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IUPAC name
L-Tyrosylglycylglycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-methionyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl-L-prolyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-threonyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-glutamine
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Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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ChEBI | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.056.646 |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
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Properties | |
C158H251N39O46S | |
Molar mass | 3465.03 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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There are multiple forms of
Function of
Formation and structure
[edit]A significant factor that differentiates
Function and effects
[edit]Opioid agonist
[edit]Voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) are important membrane proteins that mediate the depolarization of neurons, and play a major role in promoting the release of neurotransmitters. When endorphin molecules bind to opioid receptors, G proteins activate and dissociate into their constituent G
Pain management
[edit]Exercise
[edit]Sunlight
[edit]There is evidence that
Mechanism of action
[edit]History
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 7: Neuropeptides". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 184, 190, 192. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
Opioid Peptides
β -Endorphin (also a pituitary hormone) ...
Opioid peptides are encoded by three distinct genes. These precursors include POMC, from which the opioid peptideβ -endorphin and several nonopioid peptides are derived, as discussed earlier; proenkephalin, from which met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin are derived; and prodynorphin, which is the precursor of dynorphin and related peptides. Although they come from different precursors, opioid peptides share significant amino acid sequence identity. Specifically, all of the well-validated endogenous opioids contain the same four N-terminal amino acids (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe), followed by either Met or Leu ... Among endogenous opioid peptides,β -endorphin binds preferentially toμ receptors. ... Shared opioid peptide sequences. Although they vary in length from as few as five amino acids (enkephalins) to as many as 31 (β -endorphin), the endogenous opioid peptides shown here contain a shared N-terminal sequence followed by either Met or Leu. - ^ Li Y, Lefever MR, Muthu D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R (February 2012). "Opioid glycopeptide analgesics derived from endogenous enkephalins and endorphins". Future Medicinal Chemistry. 4 (2). Table 1: Endogenous opioid peptides. doi:10.4155/fmc.11.195. PMC 3306179. PMID 22300099.
- ^ Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X (December 2020). "Roles of
β -Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (1): 338. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338. PMC 7796446. PMID 33396962. - ^ DBGET
- ^ a b c Veening JG, Barendregt HP (January 2015). "The effects of beta-endorphin: state change modification". Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 12: 3. doi:10.1186/2045-8118-12-3. PMC 4429837. PMID 25879522.
- ^ a b c d e f Smyth DG (May 2016). "60 YEARS OF POMC: Lipotropin and beta-endorphin: a perspective". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 56 (4): T13-25. doi:10.1530/JME-16-0033. PMID 26903509.
- ^ a b c d e Dalayeun JF, Norès JM, Bergal S (1993). "Physiology of beta-endorphins. A close-up view and a review of the literature". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 47 (8): 311–20. doi:10.1016/0753-3322(93)90080-5. PMID 7520295.
- ^ a b Foley KM, Kourides IA, Inturrisi CE, Kaiko RF, Zaroulis CG, Posner JB, Houde RW, Li CH (October 1979). "beta-Endorphin: analgesic and hormonal effects in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 76 (10): 5377–81. Bibcode:1979PNAS...76.5377F. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.10.5377. PMC 413146. PMID 291954.
- ^ a b Borsodi A, Caló G, Chavkin C, Christie MJ, Civelli O, Cox BM, Devi LA, Evans C, Henderson G, Höllt V, Kieffer B, Kitchen I, Kreek MJ, Liu-Chen LY, Meunier JC, Portoghese PS, Shippenberg TS, Simon EJ, Toll L, Traynor JR, Ueda H, Wong YH (15 March 2017). "Opioid receptors:
μ receptor". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 26 May 2017.Principal endogenous agonists (Human)
β -endorphin (POMC, P01189), [Met]enkephalin (PENK, P01210), [Leu]enkephalin (PENK, P01210) ...
Comments:β -Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand - ^ Livingston KE, Traynor JR (2018). "Allostery at opioid receptors: modulation with small molecule ligands". British Journal of Pharmacology. 175 (14): 2846–2856. doi:10.1111/bph.13823. PMC 6016636. PMID 28419415.
- ^ Al-Hasani R, Bruchas MR (December 2011). "Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior". Anesthesiology. 115 (6): 1363–81. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318238bba6. PMC 3698859. PMID 22020140.
- ^ Yamada M, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y (December 1998). "G protein regulation of potassium ion channels". Pharmacological Reviews. 50 (4): 723–60. PMID 9860808.
- ^ Reuveny E, Slesinger PA, Inglese J, Morales JM, Iñiguez-Liuhi JA, Lefkowitz RJ, Bourne HR, Jan YN, Jan LY (July 1994). "Activation of the Cloned Muscarinic Potassium Channel by G Protein
β γ Subunits". Nature. 370 (6485): 143–146. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..143R. doi:10.1038/370143a0. PMID 8022483. S2CID 4345632. - ^ Kosten TR, George TP (July 2002). "The neurobiology of opioid dependence: implications for treatment". Science & Practice Perspectives. 1 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1151/spp021113. PMC 2851054. PMID 18567959.
- ^ a b c d Sprouse-Blum AS, Smith G, Sugai D, Parsa FD (March 2010). "Understanding endorphins and their importance in pain management". Hawaii Medical Journal. 69 (3): 70–1. PMC 3104618. PMID 20397507.
- ^ a b c d Luan YH, Wang D, Yu Q, Chai XQ (February 2017). "Action of
β -endorphin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and the possible effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs onβ -endorphin". Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 37: 123–128. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.12.016. PMID 28235500. - ^ Plein LM, Rittner HL (2018). "Opioids and the immune system – friend or foe". British Journal of Pharmacology. 175 (14): 2717–2725. doi:10.1111/bph.13750. PMC 6016673. PMID 28213891.
- ^ Loh HH, Tseng LF, Wei E, Li CH (August 1976). "beta-endorphin is a potent analgesic agent". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 73 (8): 2895–8. Bibcode:1976PNAS...73.2895L. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.8.2895. PMC 430793. PMID 8780.
- ^ a b Harber VJ, Sutton JR (March–April 1984). "Endorphins and exercise". Sports Medicine. 1 (2): 154–71. doi:10.2165/00007256-198401020-00004. PMID 6091217. S2CID 6435497.
- ^ Goldberg J (19 February 2014). "Exercise and Depression". WebMD. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ "Addicted to the Sun". hms.harvard.edu. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ Li CH, Chung D (April 1976). "Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 73 (4): 1145–8. Bibcode:1976PNAS...73.1145L. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1145. PMC 430217. PMID 1063395.
External links
[edit]- CID 16132316 from PubChem –
β -endorphin - CID 3081525 from PubChem –
β -endorphin (1-9) - CID 133304 from PubChem –
β -endorphin (2-9) β -endorphin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)