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Cao Gan

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Cao Gan / Cao Liang
曹幹 / 曹良
Prince of Zhao (趙ちょう王おう)
Tenure232 – 14 September 261
Prince of Julu (鉅鹿王おう)
Tenure226–232
Prince of Lecheng (樂らく城じょう王おう)
Tenure224–226
Prince of Hejian (河間こうま王おう)
Tenure222–224
Duke of Yan (燕つばめ公こう)
Tenure221–222
Born214[a]
Died(261-09-14)14 September 261 (aged 47)[b]
Names
Family name: Cao (曹)
Given name: Gan/Liang (幹みき/良りょう)
HouseHouse of Cao
FatherCao Cao
MotherLady Chen
In this Chinese name, the family name is Cao.

Cao Gan (214 – 14 September 261),[2][3] also known as Cao Liang,[c] was an imperial prince of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Life

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Cao Gan was a son of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to prominence towards the end of the Han dynasty and laid the foundation for the Cao Wei state. His birth mother was Lady Chen (陳ひね妾わらわ), a concubine of Cao Cao,[5] but he was raised by Lady Wang (王おう夫人ふじん), another of Cao Cao's concubines, because Lady Chen died early.[4]

In 215, Cao Gan was enfeoffed as the "Marquis of Gaoping Village" (高平たかひら亭ちん侯こう) by Emperor Xian, the figurehead emperor of the Han dynasty. In 217, his title was first changed to "Marquis of Lai Village" (賴よりゆき亭ちん侯こう) and then to "Marquis of Hongnong" (弘ひろし農のう侯こう) within the same year.[6] When Cao Cao was critically ill in early 220, he told his heir apparent Cao Pi, "This boy was only three years old when his mother died. Now, he's going to lose his father too when he's just five years old. Please take good care of him." Cao Pi followed his father's dying wish and treated Cao Gan and his other half-brothers kindly. The young Cao Gan often called Cao Pi "aweng" (阿おもね翁おう; an affectionate way of addressing one's father, grandfather or an older man) but Cao Pi corrected him, "I am your elder brother." Cao Pi was often moved to tears when he saw how Cao Gan looked up to him like a father.[1][7]

In 220, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Han dynasty, and established the Cao Wei state with himself as the new emperor. A year later, he enfeoffed his half-brother Cao Gan as the Duke of Yan (燕つばめ公こう).[8] In 222, he promoted Cao Gan from a duke to a prince under the title "Prince of Hejian" (河間こうま王おう). Cao Gan's title was later changed to "Prince of Lecheng" (樂らく城じょう王おう) in 224, and then to "Prince of Julu" (鉅鹿王おう) in 226.[9]

In 232, Cao Pi's successor, Cao Rui, changed Cao Gan's title to "Prince of Zhao" (趙ちょう王おう). In 234, someone reported Cao Gan to the imperial court for violating imperial protocol by privately hosting guests without authorisation. Although Cao Rui did not punish Cao Gan for the infringement, he issued an imperial decree to reprimand Cao Gan for his conduct.[10]

Throughout the later reign of Cao Rui to the reigns of the subsequent Wei emperors (Cao Fang and Cao Huan), the number of taxable households in Cao Gan's princedom increased until it reached 5,000.[11] Cao Gan died on 14 September 261 during the reign of Cao Huan, the last Wei emperor.[3]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Weilue mentioned that Cao Gan was five years old (by East Asian age reckoning) when Cao Cao died in 220,[1] so by this account, Cao Gan's birth year was 216. However, Pei Songzhi pointed out that Cao Gan was 20 years younger (by East Asian age reckoning) than Cao Biao.[2] Since Cao Biao was born in 195, Cao Gan must be born in 214. The 214 birth year makes more sense than the 216 birth year because, according to the Sanguozhi, Cao Gan was enfeoffed as a marquis in 215, thus he could not have been born in 216.
  2. ^ The Sanguozhi stated that Cao Gan died on the wuyin (戊つちのえ寅とら) day of the 8th month in the 2nd year of the Jingyuan era (260-264) in Cao Huan's reign.[3] This date corresponds to 14 September 261 in the Gregorian calendar.
  3. ^ The Weilue recorded his name as "Cao Liang" instead of "Cao Gan".[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b (良りょう年ねん五歲而太祖疾困， ...) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  2. ^ a b (臣しん松まつ之の案あん：此傳以母貴き賤為次じ，不ふ計けい兄弟きょうだい之これ年ねん，故こ楚すわえ王おう彪ぴょう年ねん雖大，傳でん在ざい幹みき後ご。尋ひろ朱しゅ建けん平たいら傳つたえ，知ち彪あや大だい幹みき二に十じゅう歲さい。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  3. ^ a b c ([景元かげもと二に年ねん]八はち月がつ戊つちのえ寅とら，趙ちょう王おう幹みき薨。) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
  4. ^ a b (魏ぎ略りゃく曰：幹みき一いち名めい良りょう。良りょう本ほん陳ひね妾わらわ子こ，良りょう生なま而陳氏し死し，太ふとし祖そ令れい王おう夫人ふじん養やしなえ之これ。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  5. ^ (武たけ皇帝こうてい二に十じゅう五ご男なん： ... 王おう昭あきら儀ぎ生せい趙ちょう王おう幹みき， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  6. ^ (趙ちょう王おう幹みき，建けん安やす二に十じゅう年ねん封ふう高平たかひら亭ちん侯こう。二に十じゅう二に年ねん，徙封賴よりゆき亭ちん侯こう。其年改あらため封ふう弘ひろ農のう侯こう。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  7. ^ (... 遺のこ令れい語かたり太子たいし曰：「此兒三さん歲さい亡ほろび母はは，五ご歲さい失しつ父ちち，以累汝なんじ也。」太子たいし由ゆかり是ぜ親おや待まて，隆りゅう於諸弟おとうと。良りょう年ねん小しょう，常つね呼よび文ぶん帝みかど為ため阿おもね翁おう，帝みかど謂いい良りょう曰：「我わが，汝なんじ兄けい耳みみ。」文ぶん帝みかど又また愍其如是にょぜ，每まい為ため流涕りゅうてい。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  8. ^ (黃き初はつ二に年ねん，進しん爵，徙封燕つばめ公こう。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  9. ^ (三さん年ねん，為ため河間こうま王おう。五ご年ねん，改あらため封ふう樂らく城ぐすく縣けん。七なな年ねん，徙封鉅鹿。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  10. ^ (太ふとし和わ六ろく年ねん，改あらため封ふう趙ちょう王おう。 ... 青あお龍りゅう二に年ねん，私通しつう賔客，為ため有司ゆうし所しょ奏かなで，賜たまもの幹みき璽書誡誨之の，曰：「易えき稱しょう『開國かいこく承うけたまわ家いえ，小人こども勿用』， ... 稱しょう朕ちん意い焉。」) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
  11. ^ (景けい初はつ、正せい元もと、景元かげもと中ちゅう，累增るいぞう邑，并前五ご千せん戶こ。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
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