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Cao Hong

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Cao Hong
曹洪
A Qing dynasty illustration of Cao Hong
General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍しょうぐん)
In office
c. late 220s (c. late 220s) – 232 (232)
MonarchCao Rui
General of the Rear (後こう將軍しょうぐん)
In office
227 (227) – c. late 220s (c. late 220s)
MonarchCao Rui
General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍しょうぐん)
In office
220 (220) – c. early 220s (c. early 220s)
MonarchCao Pi
Personal details
BornUnknown
Died232[1]
Children
OccupationMilitary general
Courtesy nameZilian (子こ廉れん)
Posthumous nameMarquis Gong (恭きょう侯こう)
PeerageMarquis of Lecheng
(樂らく城じょう侯こう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Cao.

Cao Hong (died 232), courtesy name Zilian, was a Chinese military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.[1] He started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty under the warlord Cao Cao, who was his older second cousin.[2]

Early life and career

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Cao Hong's uncle, Cao Ding (曹鼎), served as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書しょうしょ令れい) in the Han central government. Because of this connection, Cao Hong gained an official appointment as the Chief (長ちょう) of Qichun County (蘄春縣けん; northwest of present-day Qichun County, Hubei).[3]

Around 190,[4] the warlord Cao Cao, an older second cousin of Cao Hong, raised an army to participate in the campaign against the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo, who controlled the Han central government. Cao Hong joined Cao Cao around this time and served as an officer in his army. Cao Cao engaged Dong Zhuo's general Xu Rong at the Battle of Xingyang, but was defeated and forced to retreat. While fleeing from the enemy, Cao Cao lost his horse so Cao Hong got off his own horse and offered it to him. When Cao Cao declined, Cao Hong said, "The world can do without (Cao) Hong, but it can't do without you." He then escorted Cao Cao on foot to the bank of the Bian River. As the river was too deep for them to wade across, Cao Hong swam around in search of a boat and finally found one. They crossed the river and returned to Cao Cao's hometown in Qiao County (譙縣; present-day Bozhou, Anhui) safely.[5]

Chen Wen (陳ちん溫あつし), the Inspector of Yang Province, was on friendly terms with Cao Hong. At the time, Cao Hong had about 1,000 men from his own militia. He asked for troops from Chen Wen, who provided him with 2,000 of his best soldiers. Cao Hong then went to Danyang Commandery (丹に楊郡) and managed to recruit about another 1,000 men with help from the commandery's Administrator, Zhou Xin. He brought along his 4,000 troops to meet Cao Cao at Longkang (龍りゅう亢; in present-day Huaiyuan County, Anhui) and became one of Cao Cao's most loyal followers since then.[6][7]

Service under Cao Cao

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Battles against Lü Bu in Yan Province

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Further information: Battle of Yan Province

In 194,[8] when Cao Cao was away on a campaign in Xu Province, his subordinates Zhang Miao and Chen Gong started a rebellion in his base, Yan Province, and defected to a rival warlord, Lü Bu. Around the time, a famine had broken out in Yan Province. Cao Hong led a vanguard force to retake Dongping (東平とうへい) and Fan (范) counties from Lü Bu and stockpile grain to feed the troops. After that, Cao Cao attacked Lü Bu at Puyang County (濮陽縣けん; west of present-day Puyang County, Henan) and defeated him. Cao Cao subsequently attacked and retook Dong'e (東ひがし阿おもね), Jiyin (濟すみ陰かげ), Shanyang (山陽さんよう), Zhongmu (中ちゅう牟), Yangwu (陽ひ武ぶ), Jing (京きょう), Mi (密ひそか) and other counties from Lü Bu. For his contributions in the Battle of Yan Province against Lü Bu, Cao Hong was first commissioned as Soaring Eagle Colonel (鷹揚おうよう校こう尉じょう) and later promoted to General of the Household Who Spreads Martial Might (揚あげ武中たけなか郎ろう將しょう).[9]

Joining Cao Cao in receiving Emperor Xian

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In February 196, acting on the advice of Xun Yu and Cheng Yu, Cao Cao sent Cao Hong west to fetch Emperor Xian[a] but was blocked by Dong Cheng and Yuan Shu's subordinate Chang Nu (萇奴).[10] In August 196,[11] Cao Cao led his forces into Luoyang and received Emperor Xian. Two months later, he relocated the emperor to his own base in Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan), where the new imperial capital was established. Emperor Xian appointed Cao Hong as a Counsellor Remonstrant (諫議大夫たいふ).[12]

Incident with Man Chong

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When Man Chong was serving as the Prefect (令れい) of Xu County (許もと縣けん; present-day Xuchang, Henan), he arrested some of Cao Hong's retainers who broke the law. When Cao Hong heard about it, he wrote to Man Chong, asking for their release, but Man Chong refused. Cao Hong then brought up the issue to Cao Cao, who summoned the official who was overall in charge to come and see him. Man Chong thought that Cao Cao wanted to pardon Cao Hong's retainers, so he immediately ordered their execution. Cao Cao was pleased and he remarked, "Isn't this what an officeholder should do?"[13]

Battles against Zhang Xiu

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In 197,[11] Cao Cao lost the Battle of Wancheng against a rival warlord Zhang Xiu and retreated to Wuyin County (舞まい陰かげ縣けん; southeast of present-day Sheqi County, Henan). After Cao Cao left Wuyin County and returned to Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan), the officials in Nanyang (南陽なんよう), Zhangling (章あきら陵りょう) and other counties who had surrendered to him earlier rebelled and defected to Zhang Xiu's side. Cao Cao sent Cao Hong to lead troops to recapture those counties but Cao Hong failed and was forced to retreat to a garrison at Ye County (葉は縣けん; southwest of present-day Ye County, Henan). The garrison came under multiple attacks by Zhang Xiu and his ally Liu Biao.[14]

Battle of Guandu

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Further information: Battle of Guandu

In the year 200,[15] Cao Hong participated in the Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and the northern warlord Yuan Shao. When both sides were locked in a stalemate around winter, Cao Cao heeded the advice of Xu You, a defector from Yuan Shao's side, and personally led 5,000 riders to raid Yuan's supply depot at Wuchao (烏がらす巢す; southeast of present-day Yanjin County, Henan), which was guarded by Chunyu Qiong. Cao Hong was ordered to remain behind to guard Cao Cao's main camp during the raid. Cao Cao succeeded in destroying Yuan Shao's supplies in the raid and killed Chunyu Qiong in battle.[16]

When Yuan Shao heard that Wuchao was under attack, he sent his generals Zhang He and Gao Lan (高覽こうらん) to attack Cao Cao's main camp in the hope of diverting Cao's attention away from Wuchao. However, Zhang He and Gao Lan, already frustrated with Yuan Shao, ended up defecting to Cao Cao's side instead.[17] They destroyed their own camps and led their men to Cao Cao's main camp to surrender. Cao Hong was initially suspicious about Zhang He and Gao Lan, but Xun You managed to convince him to accept their surrender.[18]

Battles against Liu Biao and promotions

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Cao Hong participated in the campaign against the warlord Liu Biao in Jing Province and defeated Liu's subordinates in battles at Wuyang (舞まい陽よう), Yinye (陰かげ葉は), Duyang (堵と陽ひ) and Bowang (博ひろし望もち). For his achievements, he was promoted to General of Sharp Edge (厲鋒將軍しょうぐん) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Guoming Village (國明くにあき亭ちん侯こう). Later, as he made more contributions in battles, he was further promoted to Protector-General (都みやこ護まもる將軍しょうぐん).[19]

Hanzhong Campaign

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Further information: Hanzhong Campaign

In the winter of 217, the warlord Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Wu Lan (吳ご蘭らん) and others to garrison at Xiabian County (下した辯べん縣けん; northwest of present-day Cheng County, Gansu) in preparation for an invasion of Hanzhong Commandery, which Cao Cao had seized from the warlord Zhang Lu after the Battle of Yangping in 215.[20] Cao Cao ordered Cao Hong to lead forces to resist the enemy, with Cao Xiu serving as Cao Hong's adviser. Cao Cao had told Cao Xiu, "You may be an adviser, but you're actually the commander." When Cao Hong received the order, he delegated his command to Cao Xiu. Cao Hong heeded Cao Xiu's advice and defeated Wu Lan in the spring of 218 and killed Wu's deputy, Ren Kui (任にん夔). Wu Lan was slain by Qiangduan (強つよし端はし), a Di chieftain from Yinping (陰平かげひら). Zhang Fei was forced to retreat.[21][22]

Cao Hong then threw a party to celebrate his victory. He ordered some prostitutes to dress scantily and dance on drums to entertain everyone. Yang Fu, one of Cao Cao's advisers, openly reprimanded Cao Hong for the indecency of the performance, and then stormed out. Cao Hong immediately called off the performance and invited Yang Fu to return to his seat.[23]

Service in the state of Cao Wei

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Cao Cao died in March 220. Later that year,[24] his son and successor Cao Pi ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the emperor. Cao Pi appointed Cao Hong as General of the Guards (衞まもる將軍しょうぐん) and promoted him to General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍しょうぐん). He also made Cao Hong the Marquis of Yewang (野の王侯おうこう) and gave him an additional 1,000 taxable households for his marquisate, making it 2,100 households in total. Cao Hong's marquis title was later renamed to "Marquis of Duyang" (都と陽ひ侯こう).[25]

Cao Hong was wealthy but was also known for being stingy with his wealth. When Cao Cao was still the Minister of Works, he set an example by getting the county offices to keep records of the accounts of officials, including his. When he heard that his personal wealth was equivalent to Cao Hong's, he remarked, "How can my personal wealth be the same as Zilian's?"[26]

Fall from grace

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In the past, when Cao Pi was still a youth, he once asked Cao Hong for a loan, however, Cao Hong was naturally stingy and cherished his money, so he refused the request. Later, when Cao Pi was Cao Cao's heir apparent, he once asked Cao Hong to donate 100 rolls of silk but Cao Hong refused.[27] Cao Pi bore a grudge against Cao Hong because of this. After Cao Pi became emperor, he found an opportunity to take revenge against Cao Hong. In one incident, when Cao Hong's retainers committed crimes, Cao Pi used the incident as an excuse to accuse Cao Hong of negligence and had him imprisoned to await execution. When his ministers tried to persuade him to spare Cao Hong, Cao Pi refused to listen.[28]

Apparently, Cao Hong had previously offended Cao Zhen, another relative of Cao Cao who also served as a general in Wei. In 224, when Cao Zhen returned from a campaign, Cao Pi ordered Wu Zhi to host a banquet in his residence in Cao Zhen's honour. During the banquet, Wu Zhi instructed actors to put up a skit to make fun of Cao Zhen and Zhu Shuo (朱しゅ鑠), who were fat and thin respectively. Cao Zhen was enraged and he shouted at Wu Zhi, "Are you and your men seeking a fight with me and my men?" Cao Hong and Wang Zhong egged Wu Zhi on by saying, "If you want to make the General (Cao Zhen) admit that he is fat, you have to show that you're thin." Cao Zhen drew his sword, glared at them and said, "I'll kill whoever dares to mock me."[29] When Cao Hong got into trouble later, Cao Zhen told Cao Pi, "If Cao Hong is to be executed, he'll definitely say something nasty about me." Cao Pi replied, "I'll deal with him myself. Why do you need to worry?"[30]

Cao Pi's mother, Empress Dowager Bian, intervened and scolded her son, "If not for what Zilian did at Liang (梁はり) and Pei (沛),[b] you wouldn't have made it to where you are today." She also told Cao Pi's empress, Guo Nüwang, "If Cao Hong dies today, tomorrow I'll make the Emperor remove you from your position as Empress." The empress then tearfully pleaded with Cao Pi several times to spare Cao Hong. Cao Pi finally agreed to spare Cao Hong, but stripped him of his appointments and titles and confiscated his properties. After Empress Dowager Bian intervened again, Cao Pi reluctantly returned Cao Hong his properties but did not restore him to his former positions.[31][32] Upon learning that Cao Pi had pardoned him, Cao Hong was so overjoyed that he wrote a memorial to the emperor to express his remorse and said he would spend the rest of his life behind the walls of his home.[33]

Rehabilitation and death

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As Cao Hong was highly regarded for having made great contributions in the past, many people were upset over his demotion and fall from grace. Cao Pi died in June 226 and was succeeded by his son, Cao Rui, as the emperor of Wei.[34] Cao Rui rehabilitated Cao Hong by appointing him as General of the Rear (後こう將軍しょうぐん) and enfeoffing him as the Marquis of Lecheng (樂らく城じょう侯こう) with 1,000 taxable households as his marquisate. Later, he promoted Cao Hong to General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍しょうぐん).[35]

Cao Hong died in 232 and was given the posthumous title "Marquis Gong" (恭きょう侯こう), which means "humble(d) marquis".[c] His title, Marquis of Lecheng (樂らく城じょう侯こう), was passed on to his son, Cao Fu (曹馥). Cao Zhen (曹震), another son of Cao Hong, had already previously been enfeoffed as a marquis. Cao Yu (曹瑜), an older relative of Cao Hong, was known for being conscientious and respectful, and had served as General of the Guards (衞まもる將軍しょうぐん) and been enfeoffed as a marquis as well.[37] Cao Hong's daughter, who was known for her beautiful looks, married Xun Can, a son of Xun Yu. She died a few years after their marriage, and Xun Can was so grieved by her death that he also died a few years later.[38]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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Cao Hong appears as a minor character in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In chapter 58, Cao Hong had a rather prominent role at the Battle of Tong Pass between Cao Cao and a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Ma Chao and Han Sui. Cao Cao had instructed Cao Hong to guard Tong Pass for ten days at all costs and not leave his post. However, after hearing taunts from the enemy for nine days, Cao Hong finally gave in to his anger and led his troops out of the pass to engage the enemy. He not only lost the battle but also lost the pass as well. Cao Cao was so angry with Cao Hong that he wanted to execute him for disobeying orders, but his subordinates stopped him. Later on, Cao Hong redeemed himself by risking his life to save Cao Cao, who was fleeing from the battlefield after being defeated by Ma Chao. Cao Hong blocked Ma Chao from chasing Cao Cao and duelled with him for about 100 rounds until Ma gave up and retreated. Cao Cao pardoned Cao Hong for his earlier mistake after taking into consideration how Cao Hong saved his life.[39] There is no mention of these incidents in historical records.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Emperor Xian was held hostage in Chang'an by Li Jue, Guo Si and other former followers of Dong Zhuo. Around 195, when internal conflict broke out between Li Jue and Guo Si, Emperor Xian escaped from Chang'an and returned to the ruins of Luoyang (Luoyang was destroyed by fire in 190 when Dong Zhuo moved the capital to Chang'an). In Luoyang, he came under the protection of Dong Cheng and Yang Feng.
  2. ^ Empress Dowager Bian was probably referring to the incident after the Battle of Xingyang where Cao Hong saved Cao Cao's life.
  3. ^ According to the "Rules of assigning posthumous names" chapter in the Yizhoushu, an official could receive the posthumous name "Gong" (恭きょう) for being able to correct past mistakes.[36] In Cao Hong's case, he changed his snobbish attitude after being punished.

References

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  1. ^ a b de Crespigny (2007), p. 42.
  2. ^ (曹洪字じ子こ廉れん，太ふとし祖そ從弟じゅうてい也。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  3. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ曰：洪ひろし伯父おじ鼎かなえ為ため尚書しょうしょ令れい，任にん洪ひろし為ため蘄春長ちょう。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  4. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 59.
  5. ^ (太ふとし祖そ起おこり義兵ぎへい討董卓たく，至いたり熒陽，為ため卓たく將はた徐じょ榮さかえ所しょ敗はい。太ふとし祖そ失しつ馬ば，賊ぞく追つい甚急，洪ひろし下か，以馬授太祖そ，太ふとし祖そ辭じ讓ゆずる，洪ひろし曰：「天下てんか可か無む洪ひろし，不可ふか無む君くん。」遂とげ步ふ從したがえ到いた汴水，水深すいしん不ふ得とく渡わたり，洪ひろし循水得とく船せん，與太よた祖そ俱濟，還かえ奔譙。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  6. ^ (揚あげ州しゅう刺史しし陳ちん溫あつし素もと與あずか洪ひろし善ぜん，洪ひろし將家しょうか兵へい千せん餘人よにん，就溫募兵ぼへい，得とく廬いおり江上こうじょう甲かぶと二に千せん人にん，東ひがし到いた丹に楊復得とく數すう千せん人にん，與太よた祖そ會かい龍りゅう亢。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  7. ^ (太ふとし祖そ兵へい少しょう，乃與夏なつ侯ほう惇あつし等とう詣まい揚あげ州しゅう募兵ぼへい，刺史しし陳ちん溫あつし、丹に楊太守もり周しゅう昕與兵へい四よん千せん餘人よにん。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  8. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 61.
  9. ^ (太ふとし祖そ征せい徐じょ州しゅう，張ちょう邈舉兖州叛迎呂りょ布ぬの。時とき大だい饑ひだる荒あら，洪ひろし將兵しょうへい在ざい前まえ，先さき據よりどころ東平とうへい、范，聚糧穀こく以繼軍ぐん。太ふとし祖そ討邈、布ぬの於濮陽ひ，布ぬの破やぶ走はし，遂とげ據よりどころ東ひがし阿おもね，轉うたて擊げき濟ずみ陰かげ、山陽さんよう、中ちゅう牟、陽ひ武たけ、京きょう、密みつ十じゅう餘よ縣けん，皆みな拔之。以前いぜん後ご功こう拜はい鷹揚おうよう校こう尉じょう，遷揚武中たけなか郎ろう將しょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  10. ^ (太ふとし祖そ將はた迎むかい天子てんし，諸しょ將しょう或ある疑うたぐ，荀彧、程ほど昱勸之の，乃遣曹洪將兵しょうへい西にし迎むかえ，衞まもる將軍しょうぐん董ただし承うけたまわ與あずか袁術將はた萇奴拒こばめ險けわし，洪ひろし不ふ得とく進しん。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  11. ^ a b Sima (1084), vol. 62.
  12. ^ (天子あまこ都と許もと，拜はい洪ひろし諫議大夫たいふ。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  13. ^ (... 為ため許もと令れい。時とき曹洪宗室そうしつ親おや貴とうと，有ゆう賔客在ざい界かい，數すう犯はん法ほう，寵ちょう收おさむ治之はるゆき。洪ひろし書しょ報ほう寵ちょう，寵ちょう不ふ聽。洪ひろし白太しらた祖そ，太ふとし祖そ召許主ぬし者しゃ。寵ちょう知將ちしょう欲よく原げん，乃速殺ころせ之これ。太ふとし祖そ喜き曰：「當事とうじ不當ふとう耳みみ邪よこしま？」) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  14. ^ (公乃きみの引兵還かえ舞まい陰かげ，繡將騎き來らい鈔，公おおやけ擊破げきは之の。繡奔穰みのる，與あずか劉りゅう表おもて合ごう。 ... 遂とげ還かえ許もと。公おおやけ之の自じ舞まい陰かげ還かえ也，南陽なんよう、章あきら陵りょう諸縣もろかた復ふく叛為繡，公おおやけ遣や曹洪擊げき之の，不利ふり，還かえ屯たむろ葉は，數すう為ため繡、表ひょう所しょ侵おかせ。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  15. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 63.
  16. ^ (冬ふゆ十じゅう月がつ，紹遣車しゃ運うん穀こく，使つかい淳じゅん于瓊等とう五人將兵萬餘人送之，宿しゅく紹營北きた四よん十じゅう里さと。紹謀臣しん許もと攸貪財ざい，紹不能ふのう足あし，來らい奔，因いん說せつ公おおやけ擊げき瓊等。左右さゆう疑うたぐ之これ，荀攸、賈詡勸すすむ公おおやけ。公乃きみの留とめ曹洪守もり，自じ將しょう步ふ騎き五ご千せん人にん夜よる往，會かい明あかり至いたり。瓊等望見ぼうけん公こう兵へい少しょう，出陳しゅっちん門外もんがい。公おおやけ急きゅう擊げき之の，瓊退保ほ營，遂とげ攻おさむ之これ。紹遣騎き救すくい瓊。左右さゆう或ある言げん「賊ぞく騎き稍やや近ちか，請分兵へい拒こばめ之これ」。公おおやけ怒いか曰：「賊ぞく在ざい背後はいご，乃白のしら！」士卒しそつ皆みな殊こと死し戰たたかえ，大破たいは瓊等，皆みな斬き之これ。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  17. ^ (紹初聞公之の擊げき瓊，謂いい長子ちょうし譚たん曰：「就彼攻おさむ瓊等，吾われ攻おさむ拔其營，彼かれ固かた無む所ところ歸き矣！」乃使張ちょう郃、高覽こうらん攻おさむ曹洪。郃等聞瓊破やぶ，遂とげ來き降ぶ。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  18. ^ (太ふとし祖そ乃留攸及曹洪守もり。太ふとし祖そ自じ將しょう攻おさむ破やぶ之これ，盡つき斬き瓊等。紹將張ちょう郃、高覽こうらん燒しょう攻おさむ櫓ろ降くだ，紹遂棄軍走はし。郃之來らい，洪ひろし疑うたぐ不ふ敢受，攸謂洪ひろし曰：「郃計不用ふよう，怒いか而來，君きみ何なに疑うたぐ？」乃受之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  19. ^ (別べつ征せい劉りゅう表ひょう，破やぶ表ひょう別べつ將はた於舞陽ひ、陰かげ葉は、堵と陽ひ、博ひろし望もち，有功ゆうこう，遷厲鋒ほこさき將軍しょうぐん，封ふう國明くにあき亭ちん侯こう。累るい從したがえ征伐せいばつ，拜はい都と護まもる將軍しょうぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  20. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 67.
  21. ^ (劉りゅう備遣將はた吳ご蘭らん屯たむろ下か辯べん，太ふとし祖そ遣や曹洪征せい之の，以休為ため騎き都と尉じょう，參まいり洪ひろし軍事ぐんじ。太ふとし祖そ謂いい休きゅう曰：「汝なんじ雖參軍ぐん，其實帥そち也。」洪ひろし聞此令れい，亦また委ゆだね事ごと於休。備遣張ちょう飛ひ屯たむろ固山こやま，欲よく斷だん軍ぐん後ご。衆議しゅうぎ狐疑こぎ，休きゅう曰：「賊ぞく實じつ斷だん道者どうしゃ，當とう伏兵ふくへい潛行せんこう。今こん乃先張ちょう聲こえ勢ぜい，此其不能ふのう也。宜むべ及其未み集しゅう，促擊蘭らん，蘭らん破やぶ則のり飛ひ自じ走はし矣。」洪ひろし從したがえ之の，進しん兵へい擊げき蘭らん，大破たいは之の，飛ひ果はて走はし。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  22. ^ ([二に十じゅう二に年ねん冬ふゆ] ... 劉りゅう備遣張ちょう飛ひ、馬うま超ちょう、吳ご蘭らん等とう屯たむろ下か辯べん；遣や曹洪拒こばめ之これ。 ... [二に十じゅう三さん年ねん春はる] ... 曹洪破やぶ吳ご蘭らん，斬き其將任にん夔等。三月さんがつ，張ちょう飛ひ、馬うま超ちょう走はし漢かん中ちゅう，陰平かげひら氐強端はし斬き吳ご蘭らん，傳つて其首。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  23. ^ (洪ひろし置おけ酒しゅ大會たいかい，令れい女おんな倡著羅ら縠之衣ころも，蹋鼓，一いち坐すわ皆みな笑わらい。阜厲聲ごえ責せめ洪ひろし曰：「男女だんじょ之の別べつ，國之くにゆき大だい節ふし，何なに有ゆう於廣坐すわ之これ中ちゅう裸はだか女人にょにん形體けいたい！雖桀、紂之亂みだれ，不ふ甚於此。」遂とげ奮衣辭じ出で。洪ひろし立たて罷やめ女じょ樂らく，請阜還かえ坐すわ，肅然しゅくぜん憚はばか焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 25.
  24. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 69.
  25. ^ (文ぶん帝みかど即位そくい，為ため衞まもる將軍しょうぐん，遷驃騎き將軍しょうぐん，進しん封ふう野の王侯おうこう，益えき邑千せん戶こ，并前二に千せん一いち百ひゃく戶こ，位い特進とくしん；後ご徙封都と陽ひ侯こう。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  26. ^ (初はつ，太ふとし祖そ為ため司し空そら時じ，以己率りつ下か，每歲まいさい發はつ調しらべ，使つかい本縣ほんけん平ひら貲。于時譙令平たいら洪ひろし貲財與あずか公家くげ等とう，太ふとし祖そ曰：「我家わがや貲郍得とく如子廉かど邪よこしま！」) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  27. ^ (文ぶん帝みかど在ざい東宮とうぐう，嘗從洪ひろし貸かし絹きぬ百ひゃく匹ひき，洪ひろし不ふ稱しょう意い。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  28. ^ (始はじめ，洪ひろし家富いえとみ而性吝嗇りんしょく，文ぶん帝みかど少時しょうじ假かり求もとめ不ふ稱たたえ，常つね恨之，遂とげ以舍客きゃく犯はん法ほう，下獄げごく當とう死し。羣臣並なみ救すくい莫能得とく。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  29. ^ (質しつ別傳べつでん曰： ... 質しつ黃き初はつ五ご年ねん朝あさ京師けいし，詔みことのり上じょう將軍しょうぐん及特進とくしん以下いか皆みな會かい質しつ所しょ，大だい官給かんきゅう供きょう具ぐ。酒さけ酣たけなわ，質しつ欲よく盡つき歡。時どき上じょう將はた軍曹ぐんそう真性しんせい肥こえ，中ちゅう領りょう軍ぐん朱しゅ鑠性瘦，質しつ召優，使つかい說せつ肥こえ瘦。真ま負まけ貴とうと，恥はじ見み戲おどけ，怒いか謂いい質しつ曰：「卿きょう欲よく以部曲きょく將はた遇ぐう我わが邪よこしま？」驃騎將軍しょうぐん曹洪、輕けい車くるま將軍しょうぐん王おう忠言ちゅうげん：「將軍しょうぐん必欲使し上じょう將軍しょうぐん服ふく肥こえ，即そく自じ宜よろし為ため瘦。」真しん愈いよいよ恚，拔刀ばっとう瞋目，言げん：「俳敢輕けい脫だっ，吾われ斬き爾しか。」遂とげ罵ののし坐すわ。質しつ案あん劒曰：「曹子丹に，汝なんじ非ひ屠ほふ机上きじょう肉にく，吳ご質ただし吞爾不ふ搖ゆら喉のど，咀爾不ふ搖ゆら牙きば，何なに敢恃勢いきおい驕おご邪よこしま？」鑠因起おこり曰：「陛下へいか使し吾われ等とう來らい樂らく卿きょう耳みみ，乃至ないし此邪！」質しつ顧叱之の曰：「朱しゅ鑠，敢壞坐！」諸しょ將軍しょうぐん皆みな還かえ坐すわ。鑠性急せいきゅう，愈いよいよ恚，還かえ拔劒斬地ち。遂とげ便びん罷やめ也。) Wu Zhi Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 21.
  30. ^ (魏ぎ略りゃく曰：文ぶん帝みかど收おさむ洪ひろし，時じ曹真在ざい左右さゆう，請之曰：「今こん誅洪，洪ひろし必以真ま為ため譖也。」帝みかど曰：「我わが自治じち之の，卿きょう何なん豫よ也？」) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  31. ^ (卞太后きさき謂いい郭かく后きさき曰：「令れい曹洪今日きょう死し，吾われ明日あした勑帝廢はい后きさき矣。」於是泣涕屢請，乃得免官めんかん削そぎ爵土。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  32. ^ (會かい卞太后きさき責せめ怒いか帝みかど，言げん「梁りょう、沛之間あいだ，非ひ子こ廉れん無む有ゆう今日きょう」。詔みことのり乃釋之の。猶なお尚なお沒入ぼつにゅう其財產さん。太ふとし后きさき又また以為言げん，後ご乃還之の。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  33. ^ (及洪犯はん法ほう，自分じぶん必死ひっし，旣得きとく原ばら，喜き，上書うわがき謝しゃ曰：「臣しん少しょう不ふ由よし道どう，過か在ざい人倫じんりん，長ちょう竊非任にん，遂とげ蒙こうむ含貸。性せい無む檢けん度ど知足ちそく之これ分ぶん，而有犲狼無む厭いや之の質しつ，老ろう惛倍貪むさぼ，觸さわ突國網もう，罪つみ迫せり三さん千せん，不在ふざい赦宥，當とう就辜誅，棄諸市し朝あさ，猶なお蒙こうむ天恩てんおん，骨肉こつにく更生こうせい。臣しん仰視ぎょうし天日てんじつ，愧負靈神れいじん，俯惟愆闕，慙愧ざんき怖こわ悸，不能ふのう雉經以自裁割たちわ，謹塗顏がお闕門，拜はい章しょう陳情ちんじょう。」) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  34. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 70.
  35. ^ (洪ひろし先帝せんてい功臣こうしん，時人じじん多おお為ため觖望。明あかり帝みかど即位そくい，拜はい後ご將軍しょうぐん，更さら封ふう樂らく城じょう侯こう，邑千せん戶こ，位い特進とくしん，復ふく拜はい驃騎將軍しょうぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  36. ^ (敬けい事ごと尊みこと上じょう曰恭。尊みこと賢けん貴義たかよし曰恭。尊みこと賢けん敬讓けいじょう曰恭。既すんで過か能のう改あらため曰恭。執事しつじ堅固けんご曰恭。愛あい民みん長ちょう弟おとうと曰恭。執と禮れい御ご賓まろうど曰恭。芘親之の闕曰恭きょう。尊みこと賢けん讓ゆずる善ぜん曰恭。) Yizhoushu vol. 6.
  37. ^ (太ふとし和わ六ろく年ねん薨，謚曰恭きょう侯こう。子こ馥，嗣侯。初はつ，太ふとし祖そ分ぶん洪ひろし戶と封ふう子こ震ふるえ列侯れっこう。洪ひろし族ぞく父ちち瑜，脩おさむ慎まき篤あつし敬けい，官かん至いたり衞まもる將軍しょうぐん，封ふう列侯れっこう。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  38. ^ (驃騎將軍しょうぐん曹洪女おんな有美ゆみ色しょく，粲つばら於是娉焉，容よう服ふく帷とばり帳ちょう甚麗，專せん房ぼう歡宴。歷年れきねん後ご，婦ふ病びょう亡ほろび， ...) Xun Can Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  39. ^ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 58.
  • Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
  • de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
  • Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
  • Yi Zhou Shu.
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