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Xun You

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Not to be confused with Xun Yu or Xu You.
Xun You
荀攸
Prefect of the Masters of Writing
(尚書しょうしょ令れい)
In office
213 (213)–214 (214)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
ChancellorCao Cao
Master of Writing (尚書しょうしょ)
(under Cao Cao)
In office
196 (196)–? (?)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Personal details
Born157[1]
Diedc.September 214 (aged 57)[1]
RelationsSee Xun family of Yingchuan
Children
  • Xun Ji
  • Xun Shi
  • at least one more son
Parent
  • Xun Yi (father)
OccupationStatesman, adviser
Courtesy nameGongda (公達きんだち)
Posthumous nameMarquis Jing (敬けい侯こう)
PeerageMarquis of Lingshu Village
(陵りょう樹じゅ亭ちん侯こう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Xun.

Xun You (157–c.September 214), courtesy name Gongda, was a statesman who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China and served as an adviser to the warlord Cao Cao.[2] Born in the influential Xun family of Yingchuan Commandery (around present-day Xuchang, Henan), Xun You was recruited into the civil service by the general He Jin. When the warlord Dong Zhuo hijacked and controlled the Han central government between 189 and 192, Xun You plotted with four others to assassinate him but was discovered and imprisoned. Following his release after Dong Zhuo's death, he wanted to serve as the Administrator of Shu Commandery (around present-day Chengdu, Sichuan) but eventually settled as an official in Jing Province.

In 196, after Cao Cao received the figurehead Han sovereign, Emperor Xian, and reestablished the new imperial capital in Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan), he summoned Xun You to the capital to serve as a Master of Writing and Military Adviser. From then on, Xun You was simultaneously a Han statesman and a subordinate of Cao Cao. He accompanied Cao Cao on his military campaigns as a tactical adviser and occasional commander.[3] Between 198 and 207, he advised Cao Cao in the battles against rival warlords such as Zhang Xiu, Lü Bu, Yuan Shao and Yuan Shao's successors. In 207, on Cao Cao's recommendation, Emperor Xian made Xun You a village marquis to honour him for his contributions. In 213, after Cao Cao had been enfeoffed by Emperor Xian as the Duke of Wei, Xun You served as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing in Cao Cao's dukedom. In 214, while accompanying Cao Cao on a campaign against the southern warlord Sun Quan, Xun You died of illness along the way. Described as a highly profound and insightful thinker, Xun You was also known for keeping a very low profile and his discretion.[4][5]

Historical sources

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The authoritative historical source on Xun You's life is his official biography in book 10 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), which was written by Chen Shou in the third century.

In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal commentary. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to the Sanguozhi include: the Wei Shu (魏ぎ書しょ; Book of Wei), by Wang Shen (王おう沈), Xun Yi (荀顗) and Ruan Ji; the Xun Shi Jia Zhuan (荀氏家傳かでん; Xun Family Genealogy); the Han Ji (漢かん紀き; Annals of Han), by Zhang Fan (張ちょう璠); the Fu Zi (傅でん子こ), by Fu Xuan.

Family background and childhood

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Xun You was born in the influential Xun family, whose ancestral home was in Yingyin County (潁陰縣けん), Yingchuan Commandery (穎川えいせん郡ぐん), which is in present-day Xuchang, Henan.[Sanguozhi 1] His grandfather, Xun Tan (荀曇), whose courtesy name was Yuanzhi (元げん智さとし), served as the Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Guangling Commandery (廣陵こうりょう郡ぐん; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu).[Sanguozhi 2] Xun You's father, Xun Yi (荀彝), served as a commandery-level Assistant Officer (從事じゅうじ). Xun Yi was a second cousin of Xun Yu, hence Xun You was Xun Yu's second cousin-nephew[Sanguozhi zhu 2] even though he was six years older than Xun Yu.[Sanguozhi zhu 3]

Xun You was orphaned at a young age. He was probably raised by his uncle Xun Qu (荀衢) and his grandfather Xun Tan. When his grandfather died, a minor administrative assistant, Zhang Quan (張ちょう權けん), offered to be the tomb keeper. Xun You, who was 12 years old then, sensed that something was wrong. He told his uncle Xun Qu, "This man looks suspicious. I believe he's up to something." Upon investigation, it was revealed that Zhang Quan was actually a murderer on the run. Because of this incident, the young Xun You was seen as an extraordinary boy.[Sanguozhi 3] When Xun You was six or seven, Xun Qu once accidentally injured him while he was drunk. Since then, every time Xun You left or entered his home, he would do so at times to deliberately avoid meeting his uncle. Xun Qu was very surprised by his nephew's intelligence when he heard about it.[Sanguozhi zhu 4]

Early career

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When He Jin rose to power in 189 and became regent to his nephew, the young Emperor Shao, he recruited over 20 notable members of scholar-gentry background to join him including Xun You, who had been noted by the famed judge of talent Yin Xiu (陰かげ脩おさむ).[6] He was appointed as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門こうもん侍さむらい郎ろう), allowing him to act as a liaison to the palace,[7] in the imperial capital, Luoyang and would be the person fellow recruit Zheng Tai would complain to . However, within the same year, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuch faction he had sought to destroy. The warlord Dong Zhuo took advantage of the ensuing political turmoil to hijack and control the central government. Between 190 and 191, several regional warlords formed a coalition and launched a campaign against Dong Zhuo in the name of saving the emperor, in response Dong Zhuo ordered Luoyang to be burnt down and relocated the capital to Chang'an. In Chang'an, Xun You secretly plotted with Zheng Tai (鄭てい泰やすし), He Yong, Chong Ji (种輯) and Wu Qiong (伍ご瓊) to assassinate Dong Zhuo, who was notorious for his cruelty and tyranny. However, they were discovered and Xun You was arrested and imprisoned. While he was incarcerated, Xun You spoke and behaved normally as though nothing had happened. He was only released after Dong Zhuo was killed in 192.[Sanguozhi 4] However, the Wei Shu mentioned that Xun You was released after he sent someone to persuade and convince Dong Zhuo to free him.[Sanguozhi zhu 5]

Xun You then resigned amidst the chaos resulting from Dong Zhuo's assassination and fled home. Appointed to be the Chancellor (相そう) of Rencheng State (任にん城じょう; southwest of present-day Zoucheng, Shandong), he rejected this appointment and asked to be the Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Shu Commandery (蜀しょく郡ぐん; around present-day Chengdu, Sichuan) because he heard that Shu Commandery was prosperous and situated in a geographically strategic location. However, he was unable to travel to Shu Commandery as the routes to Shu had been cut off in the chaos, choosing instead to stay in the relative stability of Jing Province.[Sanguozhi 5]

Service under Cao Cao

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In 196,[8] the warlord Cao Cao took control of Emperor Xian and brought him to Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan), establishing the new capital there. He wrote to Xun You: "The Empire is in chaos. It is time for intelligent people to do something. Do you not think you have spent too much time observing the changes in the Shu region?" Xun You was then appointed as the Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Runan Commandery (汝なんじ南みなみ郡ぐん; around present-day Gushi County, Henan) and later, probably in 198,[Sanguozhi 6] summoned to the capital to serve as a Master of Writing (尚書しょうしょ). Cao Cao had long heard of Xun You and was overjoyed when they finally met. He told Xun Yu and Zhong Yao: "Gongda is no ordinary person. Now that I have him to advise me, why should I worry about not being able to pacify the Empire?" He also appointed Xun You as Master of the Army (軍師ぐんし),[Sanguozhi 7] always accompanying Cao Cao on campaign[9] with Rafe De Crespigny identifying the rank as a chief of staff role,[10] becoming one of Cao Cao's chief advisers.[11] He would become close to Zhong Yao[12] and seems to have worked closely with the young Guo Jia, another chief adviser.[13] At some unknown point he helped compile a collection of administrative and penal codes for Cao Cao called the "Wei guan yi".[14]

Battles against Zhang Xiu and Lü Bu

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Further information: Battle of Xiapi and War between Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu

In 198, when Cao Cao wanted to launch another attack on a rival warlord, Zhang Xiu, Xun You advised against it, saying, "Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao share borders. Zhang Xiu and his wandering army rely on Liu Biao for supplies. Liu Biao is unable to provide for them so they will eventually fall out. Why not wait and try to induce Zhang Xiu to surrender to you? When Zhang Xiu ends up in a desperate situation, Liu Biao will definitely support him." Cao Cao ignored Xun You's advice and attacked Zhang Xiu at Rang County (穰みのる縣けん; present-day Dengzhou, Henan). Just as Xun You predicted, Liu Biao sent reinforcements to help Zhang Xiu, threatening Cao Cao's rear so putting Cao Cao's attacking forces in a disadvantageous position. Cao Cao told Xun You that he regretted not listening to his advice and was forced to retreat with mixed results against his pursuers.[Sanguozhi 8]

Despite the setback Cao Cao wanted to move to attack another rival warlord, the warrior Lü Bu in Xu Province to the east. Some warned against moving east as Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao might attack after their recent victory. However, Xun You had a different opinion: he believed that Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao had yet to recover from a heavy defeat when pursuing Cao Cao and would not make any further moves. He warned Lü Bu was a formidable warrior and had support from the claimant emperor Yuan Shu, if left unchecked he could become a considerable threat and many would support him but right now, Lü Bu's allied forces were not yet organized so could be defeated if they moved now. Lü Bu defeated Liu Bei and received help from Zang Ba but his uncoordinated army would struggle against Cao Cao.[Sanguozhi zhu 6][15]

During the Battle of Xiapi, Cao Cao defeated Lü Bu in the initial stages and forced him to retreat back to Xiapi Commandery (下しも邳郡; south of present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu). Cao Cao then laid siege to Xiapi and launched several attacks but was unable to breach the city walls. As his troops grew weary, Cao Cao considered withdrawing. However, Xun You and Guo Jia advised him, "Lü Bu is brave but foolhardy. His forces' morale is very low after suffering consecutive defeats. An army's morale depends on its commander's will to fight on. Chen Gong is intelligent but slow. Since Lü Bu's army's morale hasn't recovered yet and Chen Gong hasn't finalised his plans yet, you can eventually defeat Lü Bu if you continue attacking him." Cao Cao then ordered his troops to dig ditches and redirect the waters of the Yi and Si rivers to flood Xiapi, flooding the city from three directions.[16] The defenders became demoralized, there would be a mutiny with the city gates opened, Lü Bu surrendered and was executed.[Sanguozhi 9]

Battles against the Yuan family

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Further information: Battle of Boma, Battle of Yan Ford, Battle of Guandu, Battle of Liyang, and Battle of Nanpi

In 200 CE,[17] war broke out between Cao Cao and his former ally, the northern warlord Yuan Shao. At the Battle of Boma, Xun You suggested that Cao Cao use a diversionary tactic to eliminate Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang; faking to march across Yan Crossing at the Yellow River as if to attack Yuan Shao's rear then lead lightly armoured troops to Boma. Yuan Shao fell for the ruse and Yan Liang was caught by surprise by Cao Cao's arrival, the battle ended with victory for Cao Cao and Yan Liang's death at the hands of Guan Yu. After the victory at Boma, Cao Cao evacuated Boma with their baggage train along the south banks of the Yellow River, Cao Cao prepared an ambush with troops hidden behind the dykes. Cao Cao's subordinates were worried when Yuan Shao's cavalry, under Wen Chou and Liu Bei arrived and some of Cao Cao's officers suggested gathering the troops to defend the camp. Xun You said, "This is an opportunity to capture the enemy! Why should we retreat?" Cao Cao looked at Xun You and laughed. At the Battle of Yan Ford, when Yuan Shao's soldiers were scrambling for the baggage, Cao Cao sent his infantry and cavalry forces to attack them and scored a major victory; Yuan Shao's general Wen Chou was killed in action with two of Yuan Shao's most famous officers dead in the early skirmishes of the war. Cao Cao then retreated to Guandu (官かん渡わたり; northeast of present-day Zhongmu County, Henan); Yuan Shao laid siege to Guandu.[Sanguozhi 10]

As both sides reached a stalemate at Guandu and Cao Cao's forces struggled for supplies, Xun You advised Cao Cao, "Yuan Shao's supplies will be reaching in one day. Han Xun (韓かん𦳣),[a] the officer leading the convoy, tends to underestimate the enemy. He can be easily defeated."[Sanguozhi 11] Xun You also recommended Cao Cao's general Xu Huang to lead the attack on Han Xun. Cao Cao sent Xu Huang and Shi Huan (史ふみ渙きよし) to raid Han Xun's depot at Gushi and they burnt the supplies, granting Cao Cao's forces an important morale boost.[18] Later, Yuan Shao's adviser Xu You defected to Cao Cao's side and urged Cao to attack Yuan's supply depot at Wuchao (烏がらす巢す; southeast of present-day Yanjin County, Henan), which was guarded by Chunyu Qiong. While Cao Cao's other subordinates were suspicious about Xu You, only Xun You and Jia Xu advised Cao to heed Xu You's suggestion. Cao Cao then ordered Xun You and Cao Hong to remain behind to guard his main camp, while he personally led his forces to attack Wuchao and succeeded in destroying Yuan Shao's supplies. During the battle, Yuan Shao sent Zhang He and Gao Lan (高覽こうらん) to attack Cao Cao's main camp at Guandu but Xu You and Cao Hong managed to hold. Seeing the tide had turned, Zhang He and Gao Lan, destroyed their own camps and sought to surrender. Cao Hong felt suspicious and was reluctant to accept their surrender but Xun You told Cao Hong, "Zhang He was angry that Yuan Shao did not listen to him so he decided to defect.[b] Sir, what's there to suspect about him?" Cao Hong then accepted their surrender.[Sanguozhi 12]

After Yuan Shao's death in June 202, Cao Cao launched a campaign against Yuan's sons Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang and fought them at the Battle of Liyang but soon the Yuan brothers were at war with each other. In the following year, Cao Cao had marched to attack Liu Biao when he received Yuan Tan's adviser Xin Pi to convey to Cao Cao his wish to surrender and seek aid from Cao in countering his brother. Cao Cao considered accepting Yuan Tan's surrender and sending troops to aid him, and then consulted his advisers. Most of them thought that Liu Biao was more powerful and that Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang posed no threat, so they urged Cao Cao to attack Liu Biao first. Xun You had a different opinion from them. He said, "The Empire has experienced so much turmoil, yet Liu Biao has holed up in the Jiang and Han regions. This shows that he has no intention of expanding his territory. The Yuans occupy four provinces and have 100,000 troops. Yuan Shao had treated his subordinates generously and hoped that his sons would cooperate harmoniously to safeguard his territories; that was why turmoil in the Empire never seemed to end. As of now, relations between the brothers have deteriorated and they seek to destroy each other. If one of them defeats and absorbs the other, he will become more powerful and more difficult to defeat. If you take advantage of their internal conflict to defeat them, you will restore stability in the Empire. You shouldn't miss this great opportunity." Cao Cao agreed, accepted Yuan Tan's surrender and led his forces to Ji and began the campaign that would destroy the Yuan brothers with Yuan Tan defeated and killed at the Battle of Nanpi in 205.[Sanguozhi 13]

Later life and death

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After pacifying Ji Province, Cao Cao wrote a memorial to Emperor Xian to recommend him to award Xun You a marquis title to honour him for his contributions, noting "Master of the Army Xún Yōu from the beginning was a great assistant and minister. No campaigns were unsuccessful and from beginning to end all enemies were conquered, all because of Yōu’s plan".[Sanguozhi 14] Xun You was thus enfeoffed as the Marquis of Lingshu Village (陵りょう樹じゅ亭ちん侯こう). In 207, while assessing his subordinates' contributions and recommending Emperor Xian to give out rewards accordingly, Cao Cao credited Xun Yu and Xun You for developing grand strategic plans for him with Xun You second only to Xun Yu. Xun You received an additional 400 taxable households in his marquisate, making it 700 households in total. He was also reassigned to serve as Central Military Adviser (中ちゅう軍師ぐんし).[Sanguozhi 15] The Wei Shu recorded that Cao Cao visited Xun You's residence when he returned from Liucheng (柳城やなしろ; southwest of present-day Chaoyang, Liaoning) after a campaign. He told Xun You, "Now that the Empire has basically been pacified, it's time for me to share the rewards with virtuous scholar-officials like you. In the past, Emperor Gaozu allowed Zhang Zifang to choose 30,000 taxable households to form his own marquisate. Today, I intend to suggest to the Emperor to let you do the same."[Sanguozhi zhu 8]

In 213,[19] Xun You was the lead name in the memorial to Emperor Xian calling for the enfeoffing of Cao Cao as the Duke of Wei (魏ぎ公こう), a promotion Xun Yu had opposed before his death. This was granted with Cao Cao granted a dukedom covering parts of present-day Hebei and Henan after Xun You and others opposed plans to only grant a dukedom covering Wei prefecture.[20] Xun You was appointed as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書しょうしょ令れい), replacing the recently deceased Xun Yu who had opposed the dukedom.[Sanguozhi 16][21] In 214,[22] Xun You accompanied Cao Cao on a campaign against the southern warlord Sun Quan but died of illness along the way. He was 58 (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died.[1] Cao Cao shed tears when he heard of Xun You's death.[Sanguozhi 17]

On 6 January 245,[23] the child Emperor Cao Fang and his regents ordered sacrifices for Xun You at Cao Cao's temple while Xun You was posthumously honoured as "Marquis Jing" (敬けい侯こう; "respected marquis"), the lateness of these rewards for such an important servant puzzling Pei Songzhi.[Sanguozhi 18][24][c]

Appraisal

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Xun You was known for being a highly profound and insightful thinker who hid secrets very well. Since he started accompanying Cao Cao on his military campaigns, he had often helped Cao Cao devise and develop strategic plans. Many people, including his family members and relatives, hardly knew what was on his mind or what he had said.[Sanguozhi 19] The Wei Shu recorded that Xin Tao (辛からし韜), a maternal cousin of Xun You, once asked Xun You why he urged Cao Cao to attack Ji Province. Xun You replied, "Since Zuozhi has come on behalf of Yuan Tan to surrender, it's expected that the Imperial Army will go there to pacify the area. How would I know why?" Xin Tao and others did not dare to ask Xun You again about state and military affairs after that.[Sanguozhi zhu 9]

Cao Cao often praised Xun You and once said, "Gongda is intelligent but appears foolish; he is courageous but appears cowardly; he is resilient but appears weak. He neither flaunts his talents nor brags about his achievements. You may be as intelligent as him, but you can't pretend to be foolish as well as he does. Even Master Yan and Ning Wu cannot be compared to him." When Cao Pi was still Cao Cao's heir apparent, his father told him, "Xun Gongda is a role model for people. You should treat him courteously and respectfully." When Xun You was ill, Cao Pi visited him and knelt down beside his bed; such was Cao Pi's level of respect for Xun You. Zhong Yao also once said, "Every time I plan something, I'll carefully think through it again and again until I'm certain that I can't make any more changes. However, after consulting Gongda, he always has new insights to offer." Xun You created 12 strategies for Zhong Yao. Zhong Yao died before he managed to finish writing a book about the 12 strategies, hence some of them were lost.[Sanguozhi 20] The historian Pei Songzhi thought it was a huge pity that Xun You's strategies were lost because Zhong Yao died at the age of 79 – some 16 years after Xun You's death – so he probably should have had ample time to finish writing the book.[Sanguozhi zhu 10]

The Wei Shu recorded that Cao Cao once said, "I have travelled with Xun Gongda for over 20 years. I can't find any fault with him." He also said, "Xun Gongda is truly a virtuous man; he fits the saying '(he is) benign, upright, courteous, temperate, and complaisant and thus he gets what he desires.'[d] He is exactly the man described in this quote by Confucius: 'Yan Ping Zhong knew well how to maintain friendly intercourse. The acquaintance might be long, but he showed the same respect as at first.'"[e][Sanguozhi zhu 11]

The Xun Yu Biezhuan (荀彧別傳べつでん; Unofficial Biography of Xun Yu) recorded that Cao Cao once commended Xun Yu and Xun You for their excellent judgments about people's talents "The two directors Xun grew ever more reliable in their judgement of men. As long as I live I shall never forget them."[25][Sanguozhi zhu 12]

The Fu Zi mentioned that someone, who lived around the same time as Xun You, once asked if there were any virtuous junzis in their time. He received an answer as follows: "The benevolence of Lord Prefect Xun (Yu) and the intelligence of Military Adviser Xun (You) make them worthy of being called virtuous junzis of our time. Lord Prefect Xun is benevolent and virtuous, he displays wisdom in recommending talents, his personal conduct is flawless, and he is capable of adapting his strategies to suit changes. Meng Ke once said, 'It is a rule that a true royal sovereign should arise in the course of five hundred years, and that during that time there should be men illustrious in their generation.'[f] Lord Prefect Xun is one of such men. As Taizu once said, 'Lord Prefect Xun provides advice and doesn't stop providing advice; Military Adviser Xun eliminates evil and doesn't stop eliminating evil.'"[Sanguozhi zhu 13] It would be a comparison that would later be used to praise Xun Xu.[26][27]

Xun Yu's philosopher son Xun Can considered Xun You superior to his father as someone “unconcerned with externals – a completely cautious and secluded man”.[Sanguozhi 21] Howard Goodman explains this was partly to provoke his brothers on factional lines, with Can married into the Cao family and other Xun's leaning towards the Sima family, and partly a philosophical position where Xun You seemed like a good mode for a mystery adapt, above the norms of society and politics.[28]

Chen Shou, who wrote Xun You's biography in the Sanguozhi, appraised him as follows: “Xun You and Jia Xu were very detailed in their strategising and had never miscalculated before. However, in terms of adaptability and flexibility, they were second to (Zhang) Liang and (Chen) Ping.”.[Sanguozhi 22] Chen Shou in another grouping of Cao Cao's advisers compared them as planners but felt they were of lesser character.[29] Though Pei Songzhi felt Xun You's moral character was far superior to Jia Xu and so they should not have been placed together by Chen Shou. [Sanguozhi 23]

Family

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Xun You had at least three sons.[g] The eldest, Xun Ji (荀緝), resembled his father in character but died early. The second, Xun Shi (荀適), inherited his father's title "Marquis of Lingshu Village" (陵りょう樹じゅ亭ちん侯こう) and had no son to succeed him when he died. In the early Huangchu era (220-226) of Cao Pi's reign, Xun You's grandson, Xun Biao (荀彪), inherited the title "Marquis of Lingshu Village" and received 300 taxable households to form his marquisate. His title was later changed to "Marquis of Qiuyang Village" (丘おか陽よう亭ちん侯こう).[Sanguozhi 24]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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In the classic 14th century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Xun You joins Cao Cao earlier than in history, when Cao Cao took over Yan province in 192. He is the nephew of Xun Yu, and they join at the same time as Cao Cao begins recruiting advisers but with Xun Yu more prominent. The novel uses Xun You's historical advice but adds some more.

Xun You suggests Kong Rong as a diplomat to Liu Biao which leads to Kong Rong recommending Mi Heng. When Cao Cao falls out with Mi Heng, Cao Cao lists Xun You as a hero of the time, but Mi Heng dismisses Xun You as someone fit only to watch graves, likely a nod to the Zhang Quan incident of his youth. After the burning of Wuchao, proposes spreading rumours that Cao Cao was marching on key areas to force Yuan Shao to split his forces and then attack Yuan Shao's main force. In the wars against the Yuan sons, recommends using recently surrendered Lü Kuang (呂りょ曠) and Lü Xiang (呂りょ翔しょう) to fake surrender to Gao Gan after initial struggles in 206, leading to Gao Gan's destruction.

Helps Cao Cao discover a bronze board and sees it as a good omen for a war southwards but persuades Cao Cao to rest his troops rather than immediately attack Liu Biao. When Jing collapses to Cao Cao in 208 after the delay, Xun You is not happy with the surrendered Cai Mao and Zhang Yun (張ちょう允まこと) getting such high ranks, urges Cao Cao to seize Jiangling before Liu Bei can take it. In the build up to the Battle of Red Cliffs, recommends proposing to Sun Quan that they hunt Liu Bei and that Sun Quan would be too scared to oppose, Sun Quan refused. During the campaign itself, suggests sending the relatives of the recently Cai Mao as spies via a false defection, but the Sun commander Zhou Yu sees through this and uses them to feed Cao Cao false information. Agrees with Cheng Yu that fire is a risk but persuaded by Cao Cao the weather would mean a fire-attack is impossible on his fleet. The fleet would be burnt via the false defection of Huang Gai and the incorrect information provided by Xun You's recommended spies.

In 211 as the Liang warlords led by Ma Chao fight to avenge Ma Teng's assassination by Cao Cao, Xun You tries to hastily construct a fort to secure Cao Cao's position using soil, but it keeps collapsing. In 214, he opposes the idea of Cao Cao becoming King of Wei as no further promotion from Duke is justifiable, an angry Cao Cao notes comparison with Xun Yu's objection and death, an angry Xun You falls ill dies soon after. He is buried with full honours, while Cao Cao drops the idea of being King for a short time. Xun You does not get a poem as many major characters do in the novel.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ This officer's name is recorded as "Han Meng" (韓かん猛たけし) and "Han Ruo" (韓かん若わか) in other sources. It is not clear which is the correct one.[Sanguozhi zhu 7]
  2. ^ See Zhang He#Defection to Cao Cao.
  3. ^ While Xun You's biography in SGZ does not give a precise date for being awarded a marquis, Cao Fang's biography does for Xun being honoured at Cao Cao's temple. Thus, it would seem reasonable that both honours were bestowed at the same time.
  4. ^ This line is quoted from the first book, "Xue Er" (學がく而), in Confucius's Analects. See James Legge's translation at http://ctext.org/analects/xue-er
  5. ^ This line is quoted from the fifth book, "Gongye Chang" (公おおやけ冶長), in Confucius's Analects. See James Legge's translation at http://ctext.org/analects/gong-ye-chang
  6. ^ This line is quoted from Mencius. See James Legge's translation at http://ctext.org/mengzi/gong-sun-chou-ii
  7. ^ The name of Xun Biao's father was not recorded in history. He was most probably not Xun Ji's son because Xun Ji died before Xun You. Otherwise he, as Xun You's eldest son, should have inherited Xun You's marquis title instead of Xun You's second son Xun Shi. Since Xun Shi had no son, then Xun Biao's father was probably another son of Xun You. Therefore, Xun You had at least three sons.

References

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Citations from the Sanguozhi
  1. ^ (荀彧字じ文ぶん若わか，潁川潁陰人じん也。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  2. ^ (荀攸字じ公達きんだち，彧從子こ也。祖父そふ曇くもり，廣陵こうりょう太守たいしゅ。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  3. ^ (攸少孤こ。及曇卒そつ，故こ吏張權けん求もとめ守もり曇くもり墓ぼ。攸年十じゅう三さん，疑うたぐ之これ，謂いい叔父おじ衢曰：「此吏有ゆう非常ひじょう之の色いろ，殆將有ゆう姦かん！」衢寤，乃推問とえ，果はて殺人さつじん亡命ぼうめい。由よし是ぜ異い之これ。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  4. ^ (何なん進しん秉政，徵しるし海うみ內名士し攸等二に十じゅう餘人よにん。攸到，拜はい黃門こうもん侍さむらい郎ろう。董ただし卓たく之の亂みだれ，關東かんとう兵へい起おこり，卓たく徙都長安ながやす。攸與議ぎ郎ろう鄭てい泰やすし、何なに顒、侍さむらい中ちゅう种輯、越こし騎き校こう尉じょう伍ご瓊等謀はかりごと曰：「董ただし卓たく無道むどう，甚於桀紂，天下てんか皆みな怨之，雖資彊つよし兵へい，實じつ一いち匹夫ひっぷ耳みみ。今こん直ちょく刺殺しさつ之の以謝百姓ひゃくしょう，然しか後こう據よりどころ殽、函はこ，輔王命いのち，以號令ごうれい天下でんか，此桓文ぶん之の舉也。」事こと垂たれ就而覺さとし，收おさむ顒、攸繫獄ごく，顒憂懼自殺じさつ，攸言語ご飲食いんしょく自若じじゃく，會かい卓たく死し得う免めん。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  5. ^ (棄官歸き，復辟ふくへき公こう府ふ，舉高第だい，遷任城じょう相しょう，不ふ行くだり。攸以蜀しょく漢かん險けん固かた，人民じんみん殷盛いんせい，乃求為ため蜀しょく郡ぐん太守たいしゅ，道みち絕ぜっ不ふ得とく至いたり，駐ちゅう荊州。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  6. ^ Sanguozhi vol.1. When Cao Cao installed the rank of Master of the Army
  7. ^ (太ふとし祖そ迎むかえ天子あまこ都と許もと，遺のこ攸書曰：「方今ほうこん天下てんか大亂たいらん，智さとし士し勞ろう心こころ之これ時じ也，而顧觀かん變へん蜀しょく漢かん，不ふ已やめ乆乎！」於是徵ちょう攸為汝なんじ南みなみ太守たいしゅ，入にゅう為ため尚書しょうしょ。太ふとし祖そ素もと聞攸名めい，與語よご大だい恱，謂いい荀彧，鍾繇曰：「公達きんだち，非常ひじょう人じん也，吾われ得え與あずか之これ計けい事こと，天下てんか當とう何なん憂ゆう哉！」以為軍師ぐんし。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  8. ^ (建けん安やす三さん年ねん，從したがえ征せい張ちょう繡。攸言於太祖そ曰：「繡與劉りゅう表ひょう相しょう恃為彊つよし，然しか繡以遊ゆう軍ぐん仰おおせ食しょく於表，表おもて不能ふのう供きょう也，勢いきおい必離。不ふ如緩軍ぐん以待之の，可か誘さそえ而致也；若わか急きゅう之の，其勢必相救すくい。」太ふとし祖そ不ふ從したがえ，遂とげ進軍しんぐん之の穰みのる，與あずか戰せん。繡急，表おもて果はて救すくい之の。軍ぐん不利ふり。太ふとし祖そ謂いい攸曰：「不用ふよう君くん言ごと至いたり是ぜ。」乃設奇き兵へい復ふく戰せん，大破たいは之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  9. ^ (是これ歲さい，太ふとし祖そ自じ宛あて征せい呂りょ布ぬの，至いたり下か邳，布ぬの敗退はいたい固守こしゅ，攻おさむ之の不拔ふばつ，連戰れんせん，士卒しそつ疲つかれ，太ふとし祖そ欲ほし還かえ。攸與郭かく嘉よしみ說せつ曰：「呂りょ布ぬの勇いさむ而無謀むぼう，今いま三さん戰せん皆みな北きた，其銳氣き衰おとろえ矣。三軍さんぐん以將為ため主ぬし，主しゅ衰おとろえ則のり軍ぐん無む奮意。夫おっと陳ひね宮みや有ゆう智さとし而遲，今こん及布氣き之の未み復ふく，宮みや謀はかりごと之の未定みてい，進しん急きゅう攻おさむ之の，布ぬの可か拔也。」乃引沂、泗灌城じょう，城しろ潰つぶせ，生なま禽布。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  10. ^ (後ご從したがえ救すくい劉りゅう延のべ於白馬ば，攸畫策かくさく斬き顏かお良りょう。語かたり在ざい武紀たけのり。太ふとし祖そ拔白馬ば還かえ，遣や輜重しちょう循河而西。袁紹渡河とか追おい，卒そつ與太よた祖そ遇ぐう。諸しょ將しょう皆みな恐おそれ，說せつ太ふとし祖そ還かえ保ほ營，攸曰：「此所以禽敵てき，柰何去さ之これ！」太ふとし祖そ目め攸而笑わらい。遂とげ以輜重しちょう餌えさ賊ぞく，賊ぞく競きおい奔之，陣じん亂らん。乃縱步ふ騎き擊げき，大破たいは之の，斬き其騎將文まさふみ醜みにく，太ふとし祖そ遂とげ與あずか紹相拒こばめ於官渡わたり。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  11. ^ (軍ぐん食しょく方かた盡つき，攸言於太祖そ曰：「紹運車しゃ旦暮たんぼ至いたり，其將韓かん𦳣銳するど而輕敵てき，擊げき可か破やぶ也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  12. ^ (太ふとし祖そ曰：「誰だれ可か使つかい？」攸曰：「徐じょ晃あきら可か。」乃遣晃あきら及史渙きよし邀擊ようげき破やぶ走はし之これ，燒しょう其輜重しちょう。會かい許もと攸來降くだ，言げん紹遣淳じゅん于瓊等とう將はた萬まん餘あまり兵へい迎むかえ運うん糧かて，將はた驕おご卒そつ惰，可か要擊ようげき也。衆しゅう皆みな疑うたぐ。唯ただ攸與賈詡勸すすむ太ふとし祖そ。太ふとし祖そ乃留攸及曹洪守もり。太ふとし祖そ自じ將しょう攻おさむ破やぶ之これ，盡つき斬き瓊等。紹將張ちょう郃、高覽こうらん燒しょう攻おさむ櫓ろ降くだ，紹遂棄軍走はし。郃之來らい，洪ひろし疑うたぐ不ふ敢受，攸謂洪ひろし曰：「郃計不用ふよう，怒いか而來，君きみ何なに疑うたぐ？」乃受之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  13. ^ (七なな年ねん，從したがえ討袁譚たん、尚なお於黎陽ひ。明年みょうねん，太ふとし祖そ方かた征せい劉りゅう表ひょう，譚たん、尚なお爭そう兾州。譚たん遣や辛からし毗乞降請救，太ふとし祖そ將はた許もと之の，以問羣下。羣下多た以為表ひょう彊つよし，宜むべ先さき平之ひらの，譚たん、尚なお不足ふそく憂う也。攸曰：「天下てんか方かた有事ゆうじ，而劉表ひょう坐すわ保ほ江こう、漢かん之の閒あいだ，其無四方しほう志こころざし可知かち矣。袁氏據よりどころ四よん州しゅう之の地ち，帶おび甲かぶと十じゅう萬まん，紹以寬厚かんこう得とく衆しゅ，借か使つかい二子和睦以守其成業，則のり天下でんか之の難なん未み息いき也。今こん兄弟きょうだい遘惡，其勢不ふ兩全りょうぜん。若わか有ゆう所しょ并則力りょく專せん，力ちから專せん則そく難なん圖ず也。及其亂らん而取之の，天下てんか定てい矣，此時不可ふか失しつ也。」太ふとし祖そ曰：「善ぜん。」乃許譚たん和親わしん，遂とげ還かえ擊破げきは尚ひさし。其後譚たん叛，從したがえ斬き譚たん於南皮がわ。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  14. ^ 「軍師ぐんし荀攸，自じ初はつ佐さ臣しん，無む征せい不ふ從したがえ，前後ぜんご克かつ敵てき，皆みな攸之謀はかりごと也 Sanguozhi vol.10.
  15. ^ (兾州平ひらめ，太ふとし祖そ表ひょう封ふう攸曰：「軍師ぐんし荀攸，自じ初はつ佐さ臣しん，無む征せい不ふ從したがえ，前後ぜんご克かつ敵てき，皆みな攸之謀はかりごと也。」於是封ふう陵りょう樹じゅ亭ちん侯こう。十じゅう二に年ねん，下した令れい大だい論功ろんこう行ぎょう封ふうじ，太ふとし祖そ曰：「忠正ただまさ密謀みつぼう，撫なで寧やすし內外，文ぶん若わか是也これや。公達きんだち其次也。」增ぞう邑四百ひゃく，并前七なな百ひゃく戶こ，轉うたて為ため中ちゅう軍師ぐんし。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  16. ^ (魏ぎ國こく初はつ建けん，為ため尚書しょうしょ令れい。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  17. ^ (攸從征せい孫まご權けん，道みち薨。太ふとし祖そ言げん則そく流涕りゅうてい。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  18. ^ (正せい始はじめ中ちゅう，追つい謚攸曰敬侯こう。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  19. ^ (攸深密みつ有ゆう智さとし防ぼう，自じ從したがえ太ぶと祖そ征伐せいばつ，常つね謀はかりごと謩帷幄いあく，時人じじん及子弟してい莫知其所言ごと。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  20. ^ (太ふとし祖そ每ごと稱しょう曰：「公達きんだち外がい愚ぐ內智，外そと怯おびえ內勇，外そと弱じゃく內彊，不ふ伐き善ぜん，無む施ほどこせ勞ろう，智さとし可か及，愚ぐ不可ふか及，雖顏子こ、寗武不能ふのう過か也。」文ぶん帝みかど在ざい東宮とうぐう，太ふとし祖そ謂いい曰：「荀公達たち，人にん之の師表しひょう也，汝なんじ當とう盡つき禮れい敬之たかゆき。」攸曾病びょう，世子せいし問とい病びょう，獨どく拜はい牀ゆか下か，其見尊とうと異い如此。攸與鍾繇善ぜん，繇言：「我わが每まい有ゆう所行しょぎょう，反覆はんぷく思惟しい，自じ謂いい無む以易；以咨公達きんだち，輒復過か人ひと意い。」公達きんだち前後ぜんこう凡畫奇策きさく十じゅう二に，唯ただ繇知之の。繇撰集しゅう未み就，會かい薨，故こ世よ不ふ得とく盡つき聞也。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  21. ^ 又また論ろん父ちち彧不如從兄けい攸。彧立德とく高だか整せい，軌儀以訓物ぶつ，而攸不治ふち外形がいけい，慎まき密ひそか自じ居きょ而已。粲つばら以此言げん善ぜん攸，諸兄しょけい怒いか而不能ふのう迴也。 Xun Can Zhuan annotation from Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  22. ^ (評ひょう曰： ... 荀攸、賈詡，庶乎筭無遺のこ策さく，經けい達たち權けん變へん，其良、平之ひらの亞あ與あずか！) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  23. ^ 且攸、詡之為ため人じん，其猶夜光やこう之の與あずか蒸ふけ燭しょく乎！其照雖均，質しつ則そく異い焉。今こん荀、賈之評ひょう，共同きょうどう一いち稱しょう，尤ゆう失しつ區別くべつ之の宜むべ也 Sanguozhi vol.10.
  24. ^ (長子ちょうし緝，有ゆう攸風，早はや沒ぼつ。次子じし適てき嗣，無む子こ，絕ぜっ。黃き初はつ中ちゅう，紹封攸孫彪あや為ため陵りょう樹じゅ亭ちん侯こう，邑三さん百ひゃく戶こ，後ご轉うたて封ふうじ丘おか陽よう亭ちん侯こう。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu
  1. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ曰：時とき建けん安やす十じゅう九きゅう年ねん，攸年五ご十じゅう八はち。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  2. ^ (荀氏家傳かでん曰：曇くもり字じ元もと智さとし。兄あに昱，字じ伯はく脩おさむ。張ちょう璠漢紀き稱しょう昱、曇くもり並なみ傑すぐる俊しゅん有ゆう殊こと才ざい。昱與李り膺、王おう暢とおる、杜もり密みつ等號とうごう為ため八はち俊しゅん，位くらい至いたり沛相。攸父彝つね，州しゅう從事じゅうじ。彝つね於彧為ため從したがえ祖そ兄弟きょうだい。) Xun Shi Jia Zhuan and Han Ji annotations in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  3. ^ (計けい其年大だい彧六ろく歲さい。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  4. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ曰：攸年七なな八はち歲さい，衢曾醉よい，誤あやま傷きず攸耳；而攸出入でいり遊戲ゆうぎ，常つね避護不ふ欲よく令れい衢見。衢後聞之，乃驚其夙智さとし如此。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  5. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ云うん攸使人じん說せつ卓たく得とく免まぬかれ，與あずか此不同ふどう。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  6. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ曰：議ぎ者しゃ云うん表ひょう、繡在後ご而還襲かさね呂りょ布ぬの，其危必也。攸以為ため表ひょう、繡新破やぶ，勢いきおい不ふ敢動。布ぬの驍猛，又また恃袁術じゅつ，若わか從したがえ橫よこ淮、泗間，豪傑ごうけつ必應之の。今いま乘じょう其初叛，衆しゅう心こころ未み一いち，往可破やぶ也。太ふとし祖そ曰：「善ぜん。」比ひ行ゆき，布ぬの以敗劉りゅう備，而臧霸等應おう之の。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  7. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の案あん諸もろ書しょ，韓かん𦳣或ある作さく韓かん猛たけし，或ある云うん韓かん若わか，未み詳しょう孰是。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  8. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ曰：太ふとし祖そ自じ柳城やなしろ還かえ，過か攸舍，稱しょう述じゅつ攸前後ご謀はかりごと謨勞勳くん，曰：「今こん天下てんか事ごと略りゃく已やめ定てい矣，孤こ願ねがい與あずか賢けん士し大夫たいふ共ども饗きょう其勞。昔むかし高祖こうそ使し張ちょう子房しぼう自じ擇よ邑三さん萬まん戶こ，今こん孤こ亦また欲よく君くん自じ擇よ所ところ封ふう焉。」) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  9. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ曰：攸姑子こ辛からし韜曾問とい攸說太ふとし祖そ取と兾州時事じじ。攸曰：「佐治さじ為ため袁譚乞降，王師おうし自じ往平之の，吾われ何なん知ち焉？」自じ是ぜ韜及內外莫敢復ふく問とい軍ぐん國事こくじ也。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  10. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の案あん：攸亡後ご十じゅう六ろく年ねん，鍾繇乃卒，撰せん攸奇策さく，亦また有ゆう何なん難なん？而年造づくり八はち十じゅう，猶なお云うん未み就，遂とげ使し攸從征せい機き策さく之の謀はかりごと不ふ傳つて於世，惜哉！) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  11. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ載の太ふと祖そ令れい曰：「孤こ與あずか荀公達たち周遊しゅうゆう二に十じゅう餘よ年ねん，無む毫毛可か非ひ者しゃ。」又また曰：「荀公達たち真ま賢人けんじん也，所謂いわゆる『溫良おんりょう恭儉きょうけん讓ゆずる以得之の』。孔子こうし稱しょう『晏平仲なか善よし與あずか人ひと交，乆而敬之たかゆき』，公達きんだち即そく其人也。」) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  12. ^ (太ふとし祖そ曰：「二に荀令之の論ろん人じん，乆而益えき信しんじ，吾われ沒ぼつ世よ不ふ忘。」) Xun Yu Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
  13. ^ (傅でん子こ曰：或ある問とい近世きんせい大賢たいけん君子くんし，荅曰：「荀令君くん之の仁ひとし，荀軍師し之の智さとし，斯可謂いい近世きんせい大賢たいけん君子くんし矣。荀令君くん仁じん以立德とく，明あきら以舉賢けん，行ぎょう無む諂黷，謀はかりごと能のう應おう機き。孟はじめ軻稱『五ご百ひゃく年ねん而有王者おうじゃ興きょう，其間必有命いのち世よ者しゃ』，其荀令れい君くん乎！太ふとし祖そ稱しょう『荀令君くん之の進すすむ善ぜん，不ふ進すすむ不休ふきゅう，荀軍師し之の去さ惡あく，不ふ去さ不ふ止とめ』也。」) Fu Zi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 10.
Other citations
  1. ^ a b c The Wei Shu recorded that Xun You died at the age of 58 (by East Asian age reckoning) in the 19th year of the Jian'an era (196-220) in the reign of Emperor Xian.[Sanguozhi zhu 1] By calculation, Xun You's birth year should be around 157.
  2. ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 928.
  3. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2002). "A Question of Loyalty: Xun Yu, Cao Cao and Sima Guang". In Wang, Gungwu; de Crespigny, Rafe; de Rachewiltz, Igor (eds.). Sino-Asiatica: Papers dedicated to Professor Liu Ts'un-yan on the occasion of the eighty-fifth birthday. Canberra. p. 38.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Sanguozhi vol.10.
  5. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 928. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
  6. ^ 南陽なんよう陰かげ脩おさむ為ため潁川太守たいしゅ，以旌賢けん擢俊為ため務つとむ，舉五官掾張仲方正，察功曹鍾繇、主おも簿ぼ荀彧、主おも記き掾じょう張ちょう禮あや、賊ぞく曹掾杜もり祐ゆう、孝こう廉れん荀攸、計けい吏郭圖ず為ため吏，以光國こく朝あさ Xie Cheng annotation in Sanguozhi vol.13.
  7. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1996). To Establish Peace Being the Chronicle of Later Han for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang (2020 ed.). Australian National University. p. 4. ISBN 0-7315-2526-4.
  8. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 62.
  9. ^ 自じ從したがえ太ぶと祖そ征伐せいばつ，常つね謀はかりごと謨帷幄いあく Sanguozhi vol.10.
  10. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2010). Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 114. ISBN 9789004185227.
  11. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2010). Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 188. ISBN 9789004185227.
  12. ^ 初はつ，潁川荀攸、鍾繇相しょう與あずか親善しんぜん。攸先亡ほろび，子こ幼よう。繇經紀き其門戶もんこ，欲よく嫁よめ其妾 Sanguozhi vol.29.
  13. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 285. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
  14. ^ Goodman, Howard L. (2010). Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China. Leiden: Brill. p. 71. ISBN 978-90-04-18337-7.
  15. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 625. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
  16. ^ Leban, Carl (1971). T'sao T'sao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. p. 304.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 63.
  18. ^ Leban, Carl. T'sao T'sao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. p. 366.
  19. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 66.
  20. ^ Weishu in Sanguozhi vol.1.
  21. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2002). "A Question of Loyalty: Xun Yu, Cao Cao and Sima Guang". Sino-Asiatica: 14.
  22. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 67. Cao Cao's biography in Sanguozhi dates this event to the 7th month of that year, which corresponds to 21 Aug to 21 Sep 214 in the Julian calendar.
  23. ^ gui'mao day of the 11th month of the 5th year of the Zheng'shi era
  24. ^ Sanguozhi vol.4.
  25. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe. A Question of Loyalty: Xun Yu, Cao Cao and Sima Guang. p. 11.
  26. ^ Goodman, Howard L. (2010). Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China. Leiden: Brill. p. 368. ISBN 978-90-04-18337-7.
  27. ^ Jinshu vol.39.
  28. ^ Goodman, Howard L. (2010). Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China. Leiden: Brill. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-90-04-18337-7.
  29. ^ 程ほど昱、郭かく嘉よしみ、董ただし昭あきら、劉りゅう曄、蔣濟才ざい策謀さくぼう略りゃく，世せい之の奇士きし，雖清治ち德とく業ぎょう，殊こと於荀攸，而籌畫が所しょ料りょう，是ぜ其倫也 Sanguozhi vol.14.
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