Iroha

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For other uses, see Iroha (disambiguation).
Iroha
Firefighters' insignia organized according to the Iroha.
Original titleいろは歌うた
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese
Meteror

The Iroha (いろは) is a Japanese poem. Originally the poem was attributed to Kūkai, the founder of Shingon Buddhism, but more modern research has found the date of composition to be later in the Heian period (794–1179).[1] The first record of its existence dates from 1079. It is famous because it is a perfect pangram, containing each character of the Japanese syllabary exactly once. Because of this, it is also used as an ordering for the syllabary, in the same way as the A, B, C, D... sequence of the Latin alphabet.

Text[edit]

The first appearance of the Iroha, in Konkōmyōsaishōōkyō Ongi (金光かねみつ明あきら最さい勝かち王おう経けい音義おんぎ, 'Readings of Golden Light Sutra') was in seven lines: six with seven morae each, and one with five. It was also written in man'yōgana.

以呂波は耳みみ本部ほんぶ止とめ
千利奴流乎和加
餘多あまた連れん曽そ津つ祢那
良りょう牟有為ゆうい能のう於久
耶万計けい不ふ己おのれ衣ころも天たかし
阿佐あさ伎喩女おんな美之みゆき
恵めぐみ比毛ひけ勢ぜい須

Structurally, however, the poem follows the standard 7–5 pattern of Japanese poetry (with one hypometric line), and in modern times it is generally written that way, in contexts where line breaks are used. The text of the poem in hiragana (with archaic ゐ and ゑ but without voiced consonant marks) is:

Archaic Modern Ordering (see usage) Translation
hiragana transliteration kanji and hiragana pronunciation numbers
いろはにほへと Iro fa nifofeto 色いろは匂におえど Iro wa nioedo 1–7 Even the blossoming flowers [Colors are fragrant, but they]
ちりぬるを Tirinuru wo 散ちりぬるを Chirinuru o 8–12 Will eventually scatter
わかよたれそ Wa ka yo tare so 我わが世よ誰だれぞ Wa ga yo tare zo 13–18 Who in our world
つねならむ Tune naramu 常つねならん Tsune naran 19–23 Shall always be? (= つねなろう)
うゐのおくやま Uwi no okuyama 有為ゆういの奥山おくやま Ui no okuyama 24–30 The deep mountains of karma—
けふこえて Kefu koyete 今日きょう越こえて Kyō koete 31–35 We cross them today
あさきゆめみし Asaki yume misi 浅あさき夢見ゆめみじ Asaki yume miji 36–42 And we shall not have superficial dreams
ゑひもせす Wefi mo sesu 酔よいもせず Ei mo sezu¹
Yoi mo sezu		 43–47 Nor be deluded.

Note that:

  • Archaic, obsolete, and historical hiragana uses ゐ (historic Japanese wi, modern i) and ゑ (historic Japanese we, modern e), which are now only used in proper names and certain Okinawan orthographies. Modern writing uses voiced consonant marks (with dakuten). This is used as an indicator of sound changes in the spoken Japanese language in the Heian era.
  • The consonant /h/ in Japanese (a voiceless glottal fricative) was historically pronounced as /ɸ/ (a voiceless bilabial fricative) before the occurrence of the so-called hagyō tenko (“'H'-row (kana) sound shift”, ハ行ぎょう転てん呼よび). Due to phonological changes over history, the pangram poem no longer matches today's pronunciation of modern kana.
  • The syllable e (spelt え & 衣ころも) and ye had merged into /je/ in the 10th century,[2] slightly before the poem was written down in 1079.
  • Note 1: The verb form 酔よい ("being intoxicated; intoxication") may be read in modern kana pronunciation as either ei, the archaic pronunciation based on the original kana spelling ゑひ (wefi in Classical Japanese), or as yoi, the modern reading after sound changes caused the base verb form eu to shift to you. The difference in reading depends on the intention of the rendering: keeping closer to the original, or keeping closer to modern usage.

An English translation by Professor Ryuichi Abe[3] reads as:

Although its scent still lingers on
  the form of a flower has scattered away
For whom will the glory
  of this world remain unchanged?
Arriving today at the yonder side
  of the deep mountains of evanescent existence
We shall never allow ourselves to drift away
  intoxicated, in the world of shallow dreams.

Komatsu Hideo has revealed that the last syllable of each line of the Man'yō-gana original (止とめ加か那久なぐ天てん之の須), when put together, reveals a hidden sentence, toka [=toga] nakute shisu (咎とがめ無なくて死しす), which means "to die without wrong-doing". It is thought that this might be a eulogy in praise of Kūkai, further supporting the notion that the Iroha was written after Kūkai's death.[3]

Usage[edit]

The Iroha contains every kana only once, with the exception of ん (-n), which was not distinguished from む mu in writing until the early 20th century (see Japanese script reform). For this reason, the poem was frequently used as an ordering of the kana until the Meiji era reforms in the 19th century. Around 1890, with the publication of the Wakun no Shiori (和訓わくん栞しおり) and Genkai (言げん海うみ) dictionaries, the gojūon (五十音ごじゅうおん, literally "fifty sounds") ordering system, which is based on Sanskrit, became more common. It begins with a, i, u, e, o then ka, ki, ku... and so on for each kana used in Japanese. Although the earliest known copy of the gojūon predated the Iroha, gojūon was considered too scholarly and had not been widely used.

Even after widespread use of gojūon in education and dictionaries, the Iroha sequence was commonly used as a system of showing order, similarly to a, b, c... in English. For example, Imperial Japanese Navy submarines during the Second World War had official designations beginning with I (displacement 1,000 tonnes or more), Ro (500 to 999 tonnes), and Ha (less than 500 tonnes). Also, Japanese tanks had official designations partly using Iroha ordering, such as Chi-ha (ha meaning the third model). Other examples include subsection ordering in documents, seat numbering in theaters, and showing go moves in diagrams (kifu).

Current uses[edit]

The Iroha sequence is still used today in many areas with long traditions. Most notably, Japanese laws and regulations officially use Iroha for lower-level subsection ordering purposes, for example 第だい四よん十じゅう九きゅう条じょう第だい二に項こう第だい一いち号ごうロ (Article 49, Section 2, Subsection 1-ro). In official translation to English, i, ro, ha... are replaced by a, b, c... as in 49(2)(i)(b).

In music, the notes of an octave are named i ro ha ni ho he to, written in katakana.

Musical notes
English A B C D E F G
Japanese イ (i) ロ (ro) ハ (ha) ニ (ni) ホ (ho) ヘ (he) ト (to)

Iroha is also used in numbering the classes of the conventional train cars of Japanese National Railways (now known as JR). I is first class (no longer used), Ro is second class (now "Green car") and Ha is third class (standard carriages).

Some Japanese expressions are only understandable when one has knowledge of the Iroha. The word iroha (イロハ, often in katakana) itself can mean "the basics" in Japanese, comparable to the term "the ABCs" in English. Similarly, Iroha no i (イロハのイ) means "the most basic element of all". I no ichiban (いの一番いちばん, "number one of i") means "the very first".

Iroha karuta, a traditional card game, is still sold as an educational toy.

Irohazaka (いろは坂ざか), a one-way switchback mountain road in Nikkō, Tochigi, is named for the poem because it has 48 corners. The route was popular with Buddhist pilgrims on their way to Lake Chūzenji, which is at the top of the forested hill that this road climbs. While the narrow road has been modernized over the years, care has been taken to keep the number of curves constant.

Origin[edit]

Authorship is traditionally ascribed to the Heian era Japanese Buddhist priest and scholar Kūkai (空海くうかい) (774–835). However, this is unlikely as it is believed that in his time there were separate e sounds in the a and ya columns of the kana table. The え (e) above would have been pronounced ye, making the pangram incomplete.[4]

It is said[by whom?] that the Iroha is a transformation of these verses in the Nirvana Sutra:

諸行無常しょぎょうむじょう
是ぜ生滅しょうめつ法ほう
生滅しょうめつ滅めつ已やめ
寂滅じゃくめつ為ため楽たのし

which translates into

All acts are impermanent
That's the law of creation and destruction.
When all creation and destruction are extinguished
That ultimate stillness (nirvana) is true bliss.

The above in Japanese is read

Shogyō mujō
Zeshō meppō
Shōmetsu metsui
Jakumetsu iraku

See also[edit]

Other languages[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Abe (1999), pp. 392, 398
  2. ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke (1995). A Case Study in Diachronic Phonology: The Japanese Onbin Sound Changes. Aarhus University Press. p. 73
  3. ^ a b Abe (1999), p. 398
  4. ^ Abe (1999), p. 392

References[edit]

  • Abe, Ryuichi (1999). The Weaving of Mantra: Kûkai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11286-6.
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