Regular script

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Regular script
Script type	Logographic
Time period	c. 2nd century – present
Related scripts
Parent systems	Oracle bone script Small seal script Clerical script Regular script
Child systems	Ming typefaces Fangsong
Unicode
Unicode range	U+4E00–U+9FFF CJK Unified Ideographs (most common) (full list)

Regular script
"Kaishu" written in traditional (left) and simplified (right) forms
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	楷書かいしょ
Simplified Chinese	楷书
Literal meaning	model script
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin kǎishū Wade–Giles kʻai3-shu1 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization kaái syū Jyutping kaai2 syu1 Canton Romanization kai2 xu1
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	真書しんしょ
Simplified Chinese	真ま书
Literal meaning	real script
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin zhēnshū Wade–Giles chên1-shu1 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization jān syū Jyutping zan1 syu1 Canton Romanization zen1 xu1
Second alternative Chinese name
Chinese	正せい楷
Literal meaning	correct model
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin zhèngkǎi Wade–Giles chêng4-k'ai3 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization jing kaái Jyutping zing3 kaai2 Canton Romanization jing3 kai2
Third alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	楷體
Simplified Chinese	楷体
Literal meaning	model form
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin kǎitǐ Wade–Giles k'ai3-t'i3 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization kaái tái Jyutping kaai2 tai2 Canton Romanization kai2 tei2
Fourth alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	正せい書しょ
Simplified Chinese	正せい书
Literal meaning	correct script
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin zhèngshū Wade–Giles chêng4-shu1 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization jing syū Jyutping zing3 syu1 Canton Romanization jing3 xu1
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	khải thư chữ khải
Hán-Nôm	楷書かいしょ 𡨸楷
Japanese name
Kanji	楷書かいしょ
Hiragana	かいしょ
Transcriptions Romanization Kaisho

The regular script is the newest of the major Chinese script styles, emerging during the Three Kingdoms period c. 230 CE, and stylistically mature by the 7th century. It is the most common style used in modern text. In its traditional form it is the third-most common in publishing after the Ming and Gothic types used exclusively in print.

History

The Xuanhe Calligraphy Manual (宣せん和書わしょ譜ふ) credits Wang Cizhong with creating the regular script, based on the clerical script of the early Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE). It became popular during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms periods, with Zhong Yao (c. 151 – 230 CE), a calligrapher in the state of Cao Wei (220–266), being credited as its first master, known as the father of regular script. His famous works include the Xuanshi biao (宣せん示しめせ表ひょう), Jianjizhi biao (薦こも季き直じき表ひょう), and Liming biao (力ちから命いのち表ひょう). Palaeographer Qiu Xigui describes the script in Xuanshi biao as:

...clearly emerging from the womb of early period semi-cursive script. If one were to write the tidily written variety of early period semi-cursive script in a more dignified fashion and were to use consistently the pause technique [(頓ひたすら; dùn)], used to reinforce the beginning or ending of a stroke when ending horizontal strokes, a practice which already appears in early period semi-cursive script, and further were to make use of right-falling strokes with thick feet, the result would be a style of calligraphy like that in the "Xuān shì biǎo".

However, very few wrote in this script at the time other than a few literati; most continued writing in the neo-clerical script, or a hybrid form of semi-cursive and neo-clerical. The regular script did not become dominant until the 5th century during the early Northern and Southern period (420–589); there was a variety of the regular script which emerged from neo-clerical as well as regular scripts known as 'Wei regular' (魏ぎ楷; Wèikǎi) or 'Wei stele' (魏ぎ碑ひ; Wèibēi). Thus, the regular script is descended both from the early semi-cursive style as well as from the neo-clerical script.

The script is considered to have become stylistically mature during the Tang dynasty (618–907), with the most famous and oft-imitated calligraphers of that period being the early Tang's Four Great Calligraphers (初はつ唐とう四よん大家たいか): Ouyang Xun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang, and Xue Ji, as well as the tandem of Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan.

During the Northern Song (960–1127), Emperor Huizong created an iconic style known as 'slender gold' (瘦金體たい; shòujīntǐ). During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) also became known for his own calligraphic style for the regular script, called Zhaoti (趙ちょう體からだ).

92 rules governing the fundamental structure of regular script were established during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912); the calligrapher Huang Ziyuan wrote a guidebook illustrating these rules, with four characters provided as an example for each.

Characteristics

The Eight Principles of Yong encapsulate varieties of most strokes that appear in the regular script. Regular script characters with dimensions larger than 5 cm (2 in) are usually classified as 'large' (大だい楷; dàkǎi); those smaller than 2 cm (0.8 in) are usually classified as 'small' (小しょう楷; xiǎokǎi), and those in between are 'medium' (中ちゅう楷; zhōngkǎi).

Notable works written in regular script include the Northern and Southern-era Records of Yao Boduo Sculpturing (姚伯多た造みやつこ像ぞう記き) and Tablet of General Guangwu (廣こう武將ぶしょう軍ぐん碑ひ), the Sui-era Tablet of Longzang Temple (龍藏寺りゅうぞうじ碑ひ), Tombstone Record of Sui Xiaoci (蘇そ孝たかし慈墓誌し), and Tombstone Record of Beauty Tong (董ただし美人びじん墓誌ぼし), and the Tang-era Sweet Spring at Jiucheng Palace (九成宮醴泉銘).

Derivative styles

• Fangsong typefaces are based on a printed style which developed during the Song dynasty (970–1279)
• The most common printed typeface styles, Ming and sans-serif, are based on Fangsong
• Japanese textbook typefaces (教科書きょうかしょ体たい; kyōkashotai) are based on regular script, but modified so that they appear to be written with a pencil or pen. They also follow the jōyō kanji character forms.
• The bopomofo semi-syllabograms are nearly always written using regular script strokes.

Computer typefaces

Further information: List of CJK fonts § Regular script

Gallery

• 
  Xuanshi Biao by Zhong Yao, written during the early transition from clerical script to regular script
• 
  Sheng Jiao Xu by Chu Suiliang, an example of regular script

References

Sources

• Gao, James Zheng (2009), Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949), Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, ISBN 978-0-810-84930-3
• Li, Wendan (2009), Chinese Writing and Calligraphy, Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3364-0
• Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭けい) (2000) [1988], Chinese Writing, translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, ISBN 978-1-55729-071-7