丂

丂 U+4E02, 丂 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E02 ← 丁ちょう [U+4E01] CJK Unified Ideographs 七なな → [U+4E03]

Translingual

Han character

丂 (Kangxi radical 1, 一いち+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 一女いちじょ尸しかばね (MVS), four-corner 1020₇, composition ⿱一いち㇉)

Derived characters

• 𫢆, 𭂆, 𫩐, 巧たくみ, 𫹫, 𢩨, 汅, 𨸑, 朽くち, 㱙, 𭭿, 𦘰, 䀎, 𥝑, 𦔲, 𧢵, 𬵁, 𪋽, 𪐚, 𫨲, 𫻦, 攷, 𰀇
• 亐, 𠀅, 亏, 兮, 𠔃, 号ごう, 䒓, 𠂞, 𬔖, 𠂠, 甹, 𥀿, 𠡐, 𧖨, 𠫫, 㕺, 粤, 粵, 𦻏, 㽲, 亟, 函はこ
• 𠄃, 𠄄, 𠄊, 𠄋, 𠄚

Descendants

• ㄎ
• ㆶ

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 75, character 5
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 4, character 1
• Unihan data for U+4E02

Chinese

simp. and trad.		丂

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 丂
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)	Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts	Ming typeface
Oracle bone script j11554 j11555 Bronze inscriptions b07078 b07079 b07080 b07081 b07082 b07083 b07084 b07085 b07086 Small seal script s03499
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (丂) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
丂	*kʰluːʔ
攷	*kʰluːʔ
考こう	*kʰluːʔ
烤	*kʰluːʔ
拷	*kʰluːʔ
栲たえ	*kʰluːʔ
洘	*kʰluːʔ
銬	*kʰluːs
巧たくみ	*kʰruːʔ, *kʰruːs
朽くち	*qʰluʔ

Conflation of several characters:

1. Pictogram (象形しょうけい) - axe handle; original character of 柯 (OC *kaːl) (漢語かんご多功たこう能のう字じ庫こ). Compare 斤きん (jīn) which is a pictogram for the full axe.
2. Pictogram (象形しょうけい) - cane; original character of 杖つえ (OC *daŋʔ) (李り春桃ちゅんたお.甲かぶと骨こつ文中ぶんちゅう的てき“丂”字じ新釋しんしゃく.甲かぶと骨こつ文ぶん與あずか殷いん商しょう史し(新しん十じゅう輯),2020:253-264.)
3. Simplified from 考こう (OC *kʰluːʔ), which is ideogrammic compound with cane (see above) as a component.
4. Variant of 于 (OC *ɢʷa).

Etymology 1

This definition is how Shuowen describe the glyph origin (treated as 𠃑 and 一いち). The definition is made up, since how Shuowen described is not the true glyph origin of the character.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kǎo (kao³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄠˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haau²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kháu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǎo
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄠˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǎo
    • Wade–Giles: kʻao³
    • Yale: kǎu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kao
    • Palladius: као (kao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haau²
    • Yale: háau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haau²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hao²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːu̯³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kháu
    • Hakka Romanization System: kau^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kau³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰau̯³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: khawX

Rime
Character	丂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	溪けい (29)
Final (韻いん)	豪ごう (89)
Tone (調しらべ)	Rising (X)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	I
Fanqie	苦く浩ひろし切きり
Baxter	khawX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɑuX/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɑuX/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɑuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰawX/
Li Rong	/kʰɑuX/
Wang Li	/kʰɑuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰɑuX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǎo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hou2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤuʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	丂
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǎo
Middle Chinese	‹ khawX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰˁuʔ/ (Shuōwén; no pre-Qín exx.)
English	to sob
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	丂
Reading #	1/1
No.	7402
Phonetic component	丂
Rime group	幽かそけ
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	考こう
Old Chinese	/*kʰluːʔ/
Notes	古ふる文ぶん考こう

Definitions

丂

1. ^‡ the look of air which is to be released

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 丂 – see 于 (“to go to; at; etc.”). (This character is an ancient variant form of 于).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 丂 – see 考こう (“to examine; to check; to study; to investigate; etc.”). (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as a variant form of 考こう).

References

• (Cantonese) Jyutping Database (iso10646hk.net) - Cantonese Pronunciation List (Part 1), p. 60
• (Hakka) Academia Sinica - Hakka-English Dictionary
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育きょういく部ぶ異體いたい字じ字典じてん), C00001
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育きょういく部ぶ異體いたい字じ字典じてん), A03252-008

Japanese

Kanji

丂

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. obstruction of breath

Readings

• Go-on: こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kan-on: こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kun: さまたげられる (samatagerareru, 丂げられる)

Korean

Hanja

丂 (eumhun 공교할 교 (gonggyohal gyo))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

Readings

• âm: khảo, xảo
• nghĩa: khảo, xảo quyệt

• 巧たくみ譎 (xảo quyệt, cunning, artful)