工作こうさく记忆

工作こうさく記憶きおく（英語えいご：Working memory）是ぜ一いち種しゅ記憶きおく容量ようりょう有限ゆうげん的てき認知にんち系統けいとう，被ひ用よう以暫時じ保存ほぞん資し訊。^[1] 工作こうさく記憶きおく對たい於推理すいり以及指導しどう決けつ策さく和わ行為こうい有ゆう重要じゅうよう影響えいきょう。^[2]^[3] 工作こうさく記憶きおく通常つうじょう與あずか短期たんき記憶きおく同義どうぎ使用しよう，但ただし一些理論家認為兩種形式的記憶是不同的，假設かせつ工作こうさく記憶きおく允許いんきょ對たい存そん儲もうか的てき資し訊進行しんこう操作そうさ，而短期き記憶きおく僅指資し訊的短期たんき存そん儲もうか。^[2]^[4] 工作こうさく記憶きおく是ぜ認知にんち心理しんり學がく、神經しんけい心理しんり學がく和わ神經しんけい科學かがく的てき核心かくしん理論りろん概念がいねん。

工作こうさく記憶きおく是ぜ記憶きおく的てき一いち部分ぶぶん。它會在ざい短時間たんじかん內存儲もうか記錄きろく的てき資し訊，以便將はた此資訊包含在長期ちょうき記憶きおく中ちゅう或ある與あずか之これ進行しんこう比較ひかく。這個術語じゅつご和わ理解りかい是ぜ由よしAlan Baddeley於1968年ねん提出ていしゅつ的てき。

工作こうさく記憶きおく由よし三さん個こ子こ結構けっこう組成そせい：語かたり音おん循環じゅんかん、視覺しかく空間くうかん寫生しゃせい板ばん和わ中央ちゅうおう執行しっこう系統けいとう^[5]（參まいり見み巴ともえ德利とっくり工作こうさく記憶きおく模型もけい）。

然しか而，記憶きおく容量ようりょう被ひ限きり制せい在ざい大約たいやく七なな個こ資し訊單位い/分ぶん塊かたまり（參まいり見み米べい勒數）。

圖解ずかい

記憶きおく系統けいとう

感官かんかん記憶きおく

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工作こうさく记忆
(短期たんき記憶きおく)

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←←

長期ちょうき記憶きおく

內隱記憶きおく
(程ほど序じょ記憶きおく)

外そと顯あらわ記憶きおく
(可か述じゅつ記憶きおく)

語義ごぎ記憶きおく

情じょう節ぶし記憶きおく

參まいり見み

参考さんこう来らい源げん

^ Miyake, A.; Shah, P. (编). Models of working memory. Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-521-58325-X.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013, 64: 135–168. PMC 4084861 . PMID 23020641. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D’Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold.

WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.
^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 313–321. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. · Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.
· Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior. ...
working memory may be impaired in ADHD, the most common childhood psychiatric disorder seen in clinical settings ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.
^ Cowan, Nelson. What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?. Progress in Brain Research 169. 2008: 323–338. ISBN 978-0-444-53164-3. PMC 2657600 . PMID 18394484. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9. |journal=被ひ忽ゆるがせ略りゃく (帮助); |issue=被ひ忽ゆるがせ略りゃく (帮助)
^ Seitz, D. (2021, February 04). Arbeitsgedächtnis. In Dorsch Lexikon der Psychologie. Abgerufen auf https://dorsch.hogrefe.com/stichwort/arbeitsgedaechtnis （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）

[1] Miyake, A.; Shah, P. (编). Models of working memory. Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-521-58325-X.

[Executive_functions2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013, 64: 135–168. PMC 4084861 . PMID 23020641. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D’Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold.

WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.

[NHM-Cognitive_Control-3] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 313–321. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. · Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.
· Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior. ...
working memory may be impaired in ADHD, the most common childhood psychiatric disorder seen in clinical settings ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.

[Cowan2-4] Cowan, Nelson. What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?. Progress in Brain Research 169. 2008: 323–338. ISBN 978-0-444-53164-3. PMC 2657600 . PMID 18394484. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9. |journal=被ひ忽ゆるがせ略りゃく (帮助); |issue=被ひ忽ゆるがせ略りゃく (帮助)

[dorsch-5] Seitz, D. (2021, February 04). Arbeitsgedächtnis. In Dorsch Lexikon der Psychologie. Abgerufen auf https://dorsch.hogrefe.com/stichwort/arbeitsgedaechtnis （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）

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