阿おもね布ぬの·贝克尔·拉ひしげ齐

阿おもね布ぬの·贝克尔·拉ひしげ齐
出生しゅっしょう	854 CE 波なみ斯雷かみなり伊い
逝世	932或ある925 CE 波なみ斯雷かみなり伊い
时代	伊い斯蘭黃金おうごん時代じだい
地区ちく	伊い斯兰哲学てつがく
学派がくは	Persian science, Islamic medicine
主要しゅよう领域	化學かがく, 医学いがく, 哲学てつがく
著名ちょめい思想しそう	Discovered alcohol (ethanol) in its pure form, the first to produce 酸さん such as 硫酸りゅうさん, writing up limited or extensive notes on diseases such as 天花てんげ and 水痘すいとう, a pioneer in 眼め科学かがく, author of first book on pediatrics, making leading contributions in 无机化合かごう物ぶつ and 有ゆう机つくえ化学かがく, also the author of several philosophical works

阿おもね布ぬの·贝克尔·穆きよし罕默德とく·扎卡里さと亚·拉ひしげ齐（波なみ斯語：ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى‎，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī；865年ねん—925年ねん），波なみ斯医い师、炼金术师、化学かがく家か、哲学てつがく家か。他た博学はくがく多才たさい，为早期き医学いがく、化学かがく、音おと乐和哲学てつがく领域做出很大贡献。医学いがく方面ほうめん，他た发现天花てんげ与あずか麻疹ましん是ぜ两种不同ふどう的てき疾病しっぺい，并最早もはや阐明了りょう过敏和わ免疫めんえき的てき原理げんり。化学かがく上じょう，他た发现乙おつ醇あつし，并认为元素げんそ嬗变为金银是可能かのう的てき。他た创立了りょう完かん善ぜん的てき蒸ふけ馏和提ひっさげ取ど方法ほうほう，并通过蒸馏绿矾（油あぶら）和かず石油せきゆ，分ふん别发现硫酸りゅうさん和わ煤すす油ゆ。一生かずお著ちょ有ゆう200部ぶ书籍和かず文章ふみあき，记载了りょう他た在ざい各かく领域的てき探索たんさく。

擴展閱讀

第だい一いち手て文獻ぶんけん

拉ひしげ齊ひとし所作しょさ

• Arberry, A.J. The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes (PDF). The Wisdom of the East Series. The Liberty Fund. 1950 [2014-10-19]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档 (PDF)于2019-01-28）. 
• See C. Brockelmann for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
• Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published.
• Abdul Latif Muhammad al-Abd. Al-ṭibb al-rūḥānī li Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Miṣriyya. 1978. 

他人たにん所作しょさ

• Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
• Sa'id al-Andalusi, Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33
• Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
• J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
• Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
• Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
• Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
• Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
• Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
• Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
• Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50
• Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263
• Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).

第だい二に手て文獻ぶんけん

• G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
• Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24.
• Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
• Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
• H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by Abdurrahman Badawi in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
• E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181.
• S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
• Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
• Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
• Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
• Abdurrahman Badawi, Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
• Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101.
• E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
• M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq.
• F. Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98.
• L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
• H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
• A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
• Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
• Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.
• Browne, Edward Granville. Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books Pvt. Ltd. 2001. ISBN 81-87570-19-9. 
• M. M. Sharif, A History of Muslim Philosophy
• Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ, 61-94.(1992)
• Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi

百科全書ひゃっかぜんしょ

• Richter-Bernburg, Lutz. AL-ḤĀWI. Encyclopaedia Iranica 1. ISBN 0-933273-54-1. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-01-13）. 
• Encyclopaedie des Islams, s. v. (by Ruska).

外部がいぶ連結れんけつ

• al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker.
• Levity.com （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）
• Payvand.com （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）
• Google Books Search （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, "Doubt: A History" p. 229
• "Lives of the Physicians" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.