迈克尔·希まれ尔弗斯坦

迈克尔·希まれ尔弗斯坦
迈克尔·希まれ尔弗斯坦
出生しゅっしょう	1945年ねん9月がつ12日にち; 美国びくに纽约布ぬの鲁克林りん
逝世	2020年ねん7月がつ17日にち（74歲さい）; 美国びくに伊い利り诺伊州しゅう芝しば加か哥
国籍こくせき	美国びくに
知名ちめい于	符号ふごう学がく(semiotics)，元もと语言学がく(Metapragmatics), 语言意い识形态(language ideology)
头衔	Charles F. Grey 杰出教授きょうじゅ
奖项	麦むぎ克かつ阿おもね瑟奖(MacArthur Fellowship)
學術がくじゅつ背景はいけい
教育きょういく程度ていど	哈佛大学だいがく (BA, Ph.D.)
博士はかせ導師どうし	Karl Teeter
其他学がく术导师	罗曼·雅みやび各かく布ぬの森もり（Roman Jakobson)
學術がくじゅつ工作こうさく
研究けんきゅう機構きこう	芝しば加か哥大学がく

迈克尔·希まれ尔弗斯坦（英語えいご：Michael Silverstein，1945年ねん9月がつ12日にち—2020年ねん7月がつ17日にち^[2]）是ぜ美国びくに语言学がく和わ人ひと类学家いえ。他た曾经是ぜ芝しば加か哥大学がく人ひと类学、语言学がく和わ心理しんり学がく查尔斯·F·格かく里さと杰出教授きょうじゅ^[3]。他た整せい个职业生涯しょうがい的てき工作こうさく对语言人じん类学、交流こうりゅう符号ふごう学がく、互动社会しゃかい学がく、语用学がく、社会しゃかい语言学がく、和かず语法理ほうり论均有原ありはら创性贡献。他た将しょう实用主ぬし义哲学てつがく家か查尔斯·桑くわ德とく斯·皮がわ尔士的てき符号ふごう学理がくり论引入にゅう语言人じん类学，并且创造“元もと语用学がく（英えい语：Metapragmatics）”（metapragmatics）和かず“语言意い识形态（英えい语：Language ideology）”（language ideology）等とう概念がいねん，是ぜ1980年代ねんだい以后语言人じん类学范式的てき最さい重要じゅうよう奠基人じん^[4]^[5]。

学がく术生涯しょうがい

希まれ尔弗斯坦在ざい哈佛大学だいがく获得本科ほんか学位がくい和わ博士はかせ学位がくい。语言学がく家か、符号ふごう学がく家か和文わぶん学がく评论家か罗曼·雅みやび各かく布ぬの森もり是ぜ他た的てき最さい重要じゅうよう的てき导师之の一いち^[1]。希まれ尔弗斯坦在ざい哈佛也师从逻辑学家か和わ哲学てつがく家か威い拉ひしげ德とく·奎因和かず语言学がく家か诺姆·乔姆斯基。1982 年ねん，他た在ざい麦むぎ克かつ阿おもね瑟奖设立的てき第だい二に年ねん获得该奖，并且是ぜ当年とうねん最さい年とし轻的获奖者しゃ（同どう一年的获奖者包括弦论物理学家爱德华·威い腾和かず后きさき来らい获得2004年ねん诺贝尔物理学りがく奖的てき弗どる兰克·维尔切きり克かつ）^[6]。基もと于语言げん学がく家か本ほん杰明·李り·沃夫和かず哲学てつがく家か查尔斯·桑くわ德とく斯·皮がわ尔士的てき工作こうさく，希まれ尔弗斯坦开创了りょう“元もと语言学がく”和かず“语言意い识形态”两个重要じゅうよう概念がいねん，并把它们发展成なり为连接せっ语言结构与社会しゃかい和文わぶん化か结构之の间的理り论桥梁はり。他た的てき工作こうさく引发了りょう人じん类学、语言学がく和わ社会しゃかい语言学がく中ちゅう一系列理论范式的转变，并且重おも新しん引发了りょう学界がっかい对“语言相しょう对论”的てき兴趣。他た的てき理り论也提供ていきょう了りょう对乔姆斯基もと语言观的新しん的てき批判ひはん ^[7]。希まれ尔弗斯坦的てき理り论还促进了りょう语言人じん类学和わ社会しゃかい语言学がく中ちゅう对社会かい语言、政治せいじ语言、语言政策せいさく、语言教育きょういく等とう方向ほうこう的てき研究けんきゅう。他た职业生涯しょうがい的てき早期そうき研究けんきゅう还涉及对澳大利おおとし亚和美び洲しゅう土ど著ちょ语言的てき田野でんや调查和わ语言学がく分析ぶんせき。

2014年ねん，他た被ひ美国びくに人じん类学协会授予该协会かい最さい负盛名めい的てき奖项，以美国人くにびと类学家か弗どる朗ろう茨いばら·博はく阿おもね斯命名めいめい的てき弗どる朗ろう茨いばら·博はく阿おもね斯奖^[8]。

希まれ尔弗斯坦因いん胶质母はは细胞瘤こぶ恶化于2020年ねん7月がつ17日にち在ざい芝しば加か哥过世よ，享年きょうねん74岁^[9]。

主要しゅよう著作ちょさく

1976a. "Hierarchy of features and ergativity （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）." In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages （R.M.W. Dixon, ed.）, 112–171.
1976b. "Shifters, linguistic categories and cultural description."
1977. "Cultural prerequisites to grammatical analysis." In Linguistics and Anthropology （M. Saville-Troike, ed.）, 139-51. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
1979. "Language structure and linguistic ideology." In The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels （R. Cline, W. Hanks, and C. Hofbauer, eds.）, 193-247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
1981. "Case marking and the nature of language." Australian Journal of Linguistics, 227-244.
1985a. "Language and the culture of gender: at the intersection of structure, usage, and ideology." In Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives （E. Mertz and R. Parmentier, eds.）, 219-259. Orlando: Academic Press.
1985b. "The functional stratification of language and ontogenesis."
1987a. "The three faces of function: preliminaries to a psychology of language."
1987b. "Cognitive implications of a referential hierarchy."
1987c. "Monoglot 'Standard' in America: standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony."
1992. "The indeterminacy of contextualization: when is enough enough?" In The Contextualization of Language （Auer, Peter & Aldo Di Luzio, eds.）, 55-76.
1992. "Of nominatives and datives: universal grammar from the bottom up."
1993. "Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function." In Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics （J. Lucy, ed.）, 33-58.
1996. Natural Histories of Discourse （editor, with Greg Urban）. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-8223-3474-7.
- Includes chapter, "The Secret Life of Texts," 81-105.
1997a. "Encountering languages and languages of encounter in North American ethnohistory."
1997b. "The Improvisational Performance of Culture in Realtime Discursive Practice". In Creativity in Performance （R. K. Sawyer, ed.）. Greenwich, CT: Ablex Publishing Corp., 265-312.
1998. "Contemporary transformations of local linguistic communities." Annual Review of Anthropology.
2000. "Whorfianism and the linguistic imagination of nationality." In Regimes of Language.
2003a. "Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life."
2003b. "The Whens and Wheres—as well as Hows—of Ethnolinguistic Recognition."
2003c. Talking Politics: The substance of style from Abe to "W". Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. ISBN 0-9717575-5-0.
2004a. "'Cultural' Concepts and the Language-Culture Nexus （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）". Current Anthropology 45（5）, 621-652.
2004b. "Boasian cosmographic anthropology and the sociocentric component of mind." In Significant Others: Interpersonal and Professional Commitments in Anthropology" （Richard Handler, ed.）, 131-157.
2005a. "Axes of Evals: Token versus Type Interdiscursivity." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15.1:6-22.
2005b. "Languages/Cultures are Dead! Long Live the Linguistic-Cultural!" In D. Segal & S. Yanagisako, eds., Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology. Durham: Duke University Press, 99-125. ISBN 0-8223-3474-7.
2005c. "The Poetics of Politics: 'Theirs' and 'Ours'."
2006a. "How we look from where we stand" （review article）.
2006b. "Old wine, new ethnographic lexicography." Annual Review of Anthropology.

引用いんよう文献ぶんけん

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Stephen O. Murray. 1998. American Sociolinguistics: Theorists and Theory Groups. John Benjamins, pp. 236–37.
^ Michael Silverstein, groundbreaking anthropologist and linguist, 1945-2020. University of Chicago News. 2020-07-20 [2021-11-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-11-03）.
^ Michael Silverstein. University of Chicago Department of Linguistics. [2021-11-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2015-07-08）.
^ Jonathan Yovel and Elizabeth E. Mertz. "Metalinguistic Awareness" HANDBOOK OF PRAGMATICS HIGHLIGHTS. Ed. an-Ola Östman, Jef Verschueren, Jan Blommaert, Chris Bulcaen,. 2010. p. 252-3
^ Blount, Ben G. 1995. Language, Culture, and Society: A book of Readings. Waveland Press. Inc. pp. 106-7
^ Michael Silverstein. Macfound.org. 1982-08-01 [2021-11-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-01-25）.
^ Woolard, Kathryn A. 1998. Introduction: Language Ideology as A Field of Inquiry. in Language Ideology: Practice and Theory. Schiffelin, Bambi B., Kathryn Woolard and Paul V. Kroskrity (eds.) Oxford University Press.
^ Archived copy (PDF). [2021-11-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)存そん档于2015-02-05）.
^ Faculty Member Michael Silverstein Has Passed Away. [2021-11-02]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-11-04）.

外部がいぶ链接

[#1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Stephen O. Murray. 1998. American Sociolinguistics: Theorists and Theory Groups. John Benjamins, pp. 236–37.

[2] Michael Silverstein, groundbreaking anthropologist and linguist, 1945-2020. University of Chicago News. 2020-07-20 [2021-11-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-11-03）.

[Linguistics_Department_Profile-3] Michael Silverstein. University of Chicago Department of Linguistics. [2021-11-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2015-07-08）.

[4] Jonathan Yovel and Elizabeth E. Mertz. "Metalinguistic Awareness" HANDBOOK OF PRAGMATICS HIGHLIGHTS. Ed. an-Ola Östman, Jef Verschueren, Jan Blommaert, Chris Bulcaen,. 2010. p. 252-3

[5] Blount, Ben G. 1995. Language, Culture, and Society: A book of Readings. Waveland Press. Inc. pp. 106-7

[6] Michael Silverstein. Macfound.org. 1982-08-01 [2021-11-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-01-25）.

[7] Woolard, Kathryn A. 1998. Introduction: Language Ideology as A Field of Inquiry. in Language Ideology: Practice and Theory. Schiffelin, Bambi B., Kathryn Woolard and Paul V. Kroskrity (eds.) Oxford University Press.

[8] Archived copy (PDF). [2021-11-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)存そん档于2015-02-05）.

[9] Faculty Member Michael Silverstein Has Passed Away. [2021-11-02]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-11-04）.

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