寒
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Translingual
editHan character
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 289, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
- Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
- Unihan data for U+5BD2
Chinese
editsimp. and trad. |
||
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alternative forms | 𡫾 𡫜 𡫮 |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character | ||
---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (
Contrast
Etymology
editUnknown (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hon4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hòn
- Jin (Wiktionary): han1
- Eastern Min (BUC): hàng / gàng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ghoe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hán
- Wade–Giles: han2
- Yale: hán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
- Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хан (han, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xæ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hon4
- Yale: hòhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: hon4
- Guangdong Romanization: hon4
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn
- Hakka Romanization System: honˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: hon2
- Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: han1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng / gàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵³/, /kaŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
- gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
- Southern Min
- hân - literary;
- kôaⁿ - vernacular;
- gân - vernacular (
俗 ).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hang5 / guan5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâng / kuâⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵⁵/, /kũã⁵⁵/
- hang5 - literary;
- guan5 - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: han
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]ˤa[n]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːn/
Definitions
edit- cold; wintry; chilly
- poor; poverty-stricken
- humble; petty and low
- desolate; deserted
- dreary; miserable
- withered; limp
- (humble) my
寒 舍 ― hánshè ― (one's own) humble home
- to feel cold
- to fear; to dread
- winter
- cold weather; cold day or night
- (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
- (~
日 ) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month
Synonyms
edit- (cold):
冷 (lěng)
Compounds
edit一 寒 如此一 暴十寒 (yīpùshíhán)一 曝十寒 (yīpù-shíhán)不 寒 而慄/不 寒 而栗 (bùhán'érlì)不 寒 而栗 (bùhán'érlì)中 寒 - 乍寒乍熱/乍寒乍热
- 乍暖
還 寒 /乍暖还寒 (zhànuǎnhuánhán) 令 人心 寒 - 偷寒
送 暖 傷寒 /伤寒 (shānghán)傷寒 論 /伤寒论- 內寒/
内 寒 再 寒 暑 - 冱寒
凍 寒 /冻寒凝 寒 別後 寒 溫 /别后寒 温 北 寒帶 /北 寒 带 (Běihándài)十 年 寒 窗 十 載 寒 窗 /十 载寒窗 - 受寒 (shòuhán)
問 寒 問 暖 /问寒问暖 (wènhánwènnuǎn)單 寒 /单寒- 啼飢
號 寒 /啼饥号 寒 (tíjīháohán) - 噓寒
問 暖 /嘘 寒 问暖 (xūhánwènnuǎn) - 噤若
寒 蟬/噤若寒蝉 (jìnruòhánchán) 嚴寒 /严寒 (yánhán)大寒 (Dàhán)天 寒 天 寒 地 凍 /天 寒 地 冻 (tiānhándìdòng)- 嫩寒
- 嬌寒/娇寒
孤 寒 (gūhán)家 寒 家 道 貧寒 /家 道 贫寒寒 不 擇 衣 /寒 不 择衣寒 乞寒 事 寒 人 寒 來 暑 往/寒 来 暑 往寒 俊 寒 假 (hánjià)寒 傖/寒 伧 (hánchen)寒 傖相/寒 伧相寒 光 寒 具 寒 冬 (hándōng)寒 冬 臘月 /寒 冬 腊月 (hándōnglàyuè)寒冷 (hánlěng)寒 厥寒 噤 (hánjìn)寒 地 訓練 /寒 地 训练寒 垣 寒 塵 /寒 尘寒 士 (hánshì)寒天 (hántiān)寒 女 寒 官 寒害 寒 家 寒 山 (hánshān)寒 山子 寒山寺 寒 峭寒帶 /寒 带 (hándài)寒帶 氣候 /寒 带气候 寒 微 (hánwēi)寒 微 簡陋/寒 微 简陋寒心 (hánxīn)寒心 酸鼻 寒 怯 寒 意 (hányì)寒 慄/寒 栗 寒 慘 慘 /寒 惨 惨 寒 戰 /寒 战 (hánzhàn)寒 抖抖寒 星 寒 暑 (hánshǔ)寒 暑 推移 寒 暑 表 (hánshǔbiǎo)寒 暄 (hánxuān)寒 暄書/寒 暄书寒暖 色 寒 木 春華 /寒 木 春 华寒 林 (hánlín)寒梅 (hánméi)寒 森森 寒 武 系 寒 武紀 /寒 武 纪 (Hánwǔ Jì)寒 毛 (hánmáo)寒 毛 直 豎/寒 毛 直 竖寒 氈一 席 /寒 毡一 席 寒氣 /寒 气 (hánqì)寒氣 襲 人 /寒 气袭人 寒氣 逼人/寒 气逼人 寒 沍寒泉 之 思 寒流 (hánliú)寒 浞寒 涼 /寒 凉 (hánliáng)寒 溫 /寒 温 寒 溫 序 /寒 温 序 寒 潮 (háncháo)寒 灰 寒 熱 /寒 热 (hánrè)寒 燠 寒 玉 寒 璧寒 瓜 寒 畯寒 症 寒 痹寒 瘧 /寒 疟寒 盟 寒 相 寒 砧 寒 磣/寒 碜 (hánchen)寒 禁 寒 秋 寒 窗 (hánchuāng)寒 第 寒 粟 子 寒 素 寒 羞寒 耕 暑 耘寒 耕 熱 耘/寒 耕 热耘寒 肅/寒 肃寒 腿 (hántuǐ)寒 舍 (hánshè)寒色 (hánsè)寒 花 晚節 /寒 花 晚 节寒 苦 寒 荊/寒 荆寒 著 (hòn-tó)寒 薄 寒 號 蟲 /寒 号 虫 (hánháochóng)寒 蛩寒 蜩 寒 螿/寒 螀寒 蟬/寒蝉 (hánchán)寒 蟬仗馬 /寒蝉 仗马寒 蠢寒 衣 寒 衣 節 /寒 衣 节寒 訓 /寒 训寒 證 /寒 证寒 賤/寒 贱寒 酸 (hánsuān)寒 酸 措大寒 門 /寒 门 (hánmén)寒 門 飲 恨/寒 门饮恨寒 霜 寒露 (Hánlù)寒 顫/寒 颤 (hánzhàn)寒風 /寒 风 (hánfēng)寒 風刺 骨 /寒 风刺骨 寒風 砭骨/寒 风砭骨 寒 飆/寒 飙寒 食 (hánshí)寒 食 節 /寒 食 节 (Hánshíjié)寒 鴉 /寒 鸦 (hányā)小寒 (Xiǎohán)小寒 食 屍 骨 早 寒 /尸 骨 早 寒 屍 骨 未 寒 /尸 骨 未 寒 (shīgǔwèihán)島 瘦郊寒 /岛瘦郊寒廣 寒 /广寒 (guǎnghán)廣 寒 仙子 /广寒仙子 廣 寒 宮 /广寒宫 (Guǎnghángōng)心 如寒灰 心 寒 (xīnhán)心 寒 膽 戰 /心 寒 胆 战心 寒 膽 碎/心 寒 胆 碎心 寒 膽 落/心 寒 胆 落心膽 俱寒/心胆 俱寒心 驚 膽 寒 /心 惊胆寒 惡寒 /恶寒打 寒 打 寒 噤打 寒 戰 /打 寒 战 (dǎhánzhàn)斑 疹傷寒 /斑 疹伤寒 (bānzhěn shānghán)易 水 寒 春寒 料 峭暑 來 寒 往/暑 来 寒 往暑 往寒來 /暑 往寒来 暖 寒 會 /暖 寒 会 枕 冷 衾 寒 - 歇寒 (hioh-kôaⁿ) (Min Nan)
歲 寒 /岁寒 (suìhán)歲 寒 三友 /岁寒三友 (suìhánsānyǒu)歲 寒 不 凋/岁寒不 凋歲 寒 松柏 /岁寒松柏 - 沁寒
消 寒 圖 /消 寒 图消 寒 會 /消 寒 会 清 寒 (qīnghán)清 寒 子弟 漠漠 寒 濟 寒 賑 貧 /济寒赈贫燠 寒 發 脾寒/发脾寒 白屋 寒 門 /白屋 寒 门盛暑 祁寒- 盪寒/荡寒
破 膽 寒心 /破 胆 寒心 - 祁寒
- 祁寒
暑 雨 - 祁寒溽暑
- 祛寒
- 禦寒/
御 寒 (yùhán) 秋 月寒 江 耐寒 (nàihán)- 脣亡
齒 寒 /唇 亡 齿寒 (chúnwángchǐhán) - 脾寒
腸 傷寒 /肠伤寒 膽 寒 /胆 寒 (dǎnhán)膽 戰 心 寒 /胆 战心寒 膽 破 心 寒 /胆 破 心 寒 膽 顫心寒 /胆 颤心寒 自 同 寒 蟬/自 同 寒蝉 芒 寒色 正 苦寒 (kǔhán)苦寒 行 薄 祚寒門 /薄 祚寒门號 寒 啼飢/号 寒 啼饥 (háohántíjī)衾 寒 枕 冷 貧寒 /贫寒 (pínhán)貧寒 出身 /贫寒出身 輕 寒 /轻寒送 暖 偷寒避寒 (bìhán)- 郊寒
島 瘦/郊寒岛瘦 酸 寒 酷寒 陰 勝則 寒 /阴胜则寒陰 寒 /阴寒隆 寒 - 顛寒
作 熱 /颠寒作 热 風 寒 /风寒 (fēnghán)風 寒 紗 縵/风寒纱缦飢寒 /饥寒 (jīhán)飢寒 交切/饥寒交切飢寒 交迫/饥寒交迫 (jīhánjiāopò)骨肉 未 寒 高 寒
Further reading
edit- “Entry #8312”, in
教育 部 臺灣 台 語 常用 詞 辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024. - “
寒 ”, in漢語 多功 能 字 庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1],香港 中 文 大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editShinjitai | ||
Kyūjitai [1] |
󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
editReadings
edit- Go-on: がん (gan)
- Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
- Kun: さむい (samui,
寒 い, Jōyō); いやしい (iyashii,寒 しい); さびしい (sabishii,寒 しい); まずしい (mazushii,寒 しい) - Nanori: さ (sa); さん (san)
Etymology
editKanji in this term |
---|
かん Grade: 3 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese
The basic cold sense as an affix is attested from some of the earliest texts in the 700s CE.[2] Use as an independent noun is first attested in a text from roughly 900 CE.[2]
Pronunciation
editAffix
edit- [from 700s] cold, chilly
- [from early 1800s] (by extension) poor, poverty-stricken
- [from 900s] midwinter, cold season
Derived terms
editNoun
edit- [from circa 900] cold, coldness
- [from 1275] midwinter, cold season
- a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
干 鮭 も空 也の痩 も寒 の内 - kanzake mo Kūya no yase mo kan no uchi
- Salted salmon too, also Kūya's thinning too, in the cold season
- a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
References
edit- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914)
漢和 大 辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 685 (paper), page 392 (digital) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988)
国語 大 辞典 (新装 版 ) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),
大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN - ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK
日本語 発音 アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese
Hanja
editCompounds
editReferences
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (
國際 退 溪 學會 大邱 慶 北 支部 ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子 字典 . [2]
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit
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寒 - Chinese humble terms
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