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寒 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Wiktionary

寒さむ

寒さむ U+5BD2, 寒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BD2
← 寑
[U+5BD1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 寓ぐう →
[U+5BD3]
See also: 寨

Translingual

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Han character

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寒さむ (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十じゅう廿にじゅう金きん卜ぼく (JTCY), four-corner 30303, composition ⿱𡨄⺀(GTJV) or ⿱𡨄冫(K))

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 289, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
  • Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5BD2

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 寒さむ
alternative forms 𡫾
𡫜
𡫮

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 寒さむ
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
     
Characters in the same phonetic series (寒さむ) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寒さむ *ɡaːn
蹇あしなえ *kranʔ, *kanʔ
謇 *kranʔ
搴 *kranʔ, *kʰran
藆 *kranʔ
騫 *kʰran
褰 *kʰran
攐 *kʰran
鑳 *ɡranʔ
寋 *ɡanʔ
鶱 *qʰan

Ideogrammic compound (會意かいい／会意かいい) : 宀 (“house”) + 人ひと (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二に is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二に is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.

Contrast 宿やど.

Etymology

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Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
  • gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
Note:
  • hân - literary;
  • kôaⁿ - vernacular;
  • gân - vernacular (俗ぞく).
Note:
  • hang5 - literary;
  • guan5 - vernacular.
Rime
Character 寒さむ
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲こえ) 匣くしげ (33)
Final (韻いん) 寒さむ (61)
Tone (調しらべ) Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open
Division (等ひとし) I
Fanqie 胡えびす安やす切きり
Baxter han
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦan/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɑn/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hon4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 寒さむ
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ han ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Cə.[ɡ]ˁa[n]/
English cold

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 寒さむ
Reading # 1/1
No. 4870
Phonetic
component 		寒さむ
Rime
group 		元もと
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		寒さむ
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡaːn/

Definitions

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寒さむ

  1. cold; wintry; chilly
  2. poor; poverty-stricken
  3. humble; petty and low
  4. desolate; deserted
  5. dreary; miserable
  6. withered; limp
  7. (humble) my
    寒さむ舍しゃ  ―  hánshè  ―  (one's own) humble home
  8. to feel cold
  9. to fear; to dread
  10. winter
  11. cold weather; cold day or night
  12. (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
  13. (～日び) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 冷ひや (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷ひや, 寒冷かんれい weather
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冷ひや
Taiwan 冷ひや
Singapore 冷ひや
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 冷ひや
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 冷ひや
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冷ひや
Wanrong 冷ひや
Xi'an 冷ひや
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冷ひや
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冷ひや, 凊 very cold
Wuhan 冷ひや, 冷ひや凊 weather
Guilin 冷ひや
Liuzhou 冷ひや, 凊
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 冷ひや
Hefei 冷ひや
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍こお, 冷ひや
Hong Kong 凍こお, 冷ひや weather
Taishan 冷ひや
Yangjiang 凍こお, 冷ひや weather
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍こお
Singapore (Guangfu) 凍こお
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 凍こお
Gan Nanchang 冷ひや
Lichuan 冷ひや
Hakka Meixian 冷ひや
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷ひや, 寒さむ
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷ひや, 寒かん人じん
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷ひや
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷ひや, 寒さむ
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷ひや, 寒さむ
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷ひや, 寒さむ
Huizhou Jixi 冷ひや, 凍こお
Jin Taiyuan 冷ひや
Northern Min Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min Fuzhou 凊, 凍こお
Southern Min Xiamen 冷ひや, 凊, 寒さむ weather
Quanzhou 冷ひや, 凊, 寒さむ
Shishi 寒さむ
Zhangzhou 冷ひや, 凊, 寒さむ
Zhao'an 寒さむ
Dongshan 寒さむ
Taipei 冷ひや, 凊, 寒さむ
Penang (Hokkien) 冷ひや, 寒さむ weather, 凊
Singapore (Hokkien) 冷ひや, 寒さむ weather
Manila (Hokkien) 冷ひや, 寒さむ, 凊
Chaozhou 凝しこり, 寒さむ weather, 凊
Shantou 凝しこり, 寒さむ, 凊, 冷ひや
Shantou (Chenghai) 凝しこり, 凊
Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝しこり
Jieyang 凝しこり, 凊
Singapore (Teochew) 凝しこり
Wenchang 寒さむ
Qionghai 寒さむ
Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒さむ weather
Wu Shanghai 冷ひや
Shanghai (Chongming) 冷ひや
Suzhou 冷ひや, 凍こお weather
Danyang 冷ひや
Hangzhou 冷ひや
Ningbo 冷ひや
Wenzhou 冷ひや, 凍こお
Lishui 冷ひや
Jinhua 冷ひや
Yushan 凊
Xiang Changsha 冷ひや, 凊 very cold
Shuangfeng 冷ひや, 凊 very cold

Compounds

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Further reading

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Japanese

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FWOTD – 21 December 2020
Shinjitai 寒さむ
Kyūjitai
[1]
寒かん󠄁
寒さむ+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1) 		 
寒かん󠄃
寒さむ+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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寒さむ

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. cold

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
寒さむ
かん
Grade: 3
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 寒さむ (MC han).

The basic cold sense as an affix is attested from some of the earliest texts in the 700s CE.[2] Use as an independent noun is first attested in a text from roughly 900 CE.[2]

Pronunciation

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Affix

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寒さむ(かん) • (kan) 

  1. [from 700s] cold, chilly
  2. [from early 1800s] (by extension) poor, poverty-stricken
  3. [from 900s] midwinter, cold season

Derived terms

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Derived terms

Noun

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寒さむ(かん) • (kan) 

  1. [from circa 900] cold, coldness
  2. [from 1275] midwinter, cold season
    • a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
      干ひ(かん)鮭さけ(ざけ)も　空そら(くう)也(や)の痩やせ(やせ)も　寒さむ(かん)の内うち(うち)
      kanzake mo Kūya no yase mo kan no uchi
      Salted salmon too, also Kūya's thinning too, in the cold season

References

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  1. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和かんわ大だい辞書じしょ [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 685 (paper), page 392 (digital)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語こくご大だい辞典じてん（新装しんそう版ばん） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林だいじりん [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語にほんご発音はつおんアクセント辞典じてん [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 寒さむ (MC han). Recorded as Middle Korean 한 (han) (Yale: han) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙くんもう字じ會かい / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

寒さむ (eumhun 찰 한 (chal han))

  1. hanja form? of 한 (“cold; chilly”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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寒さむ: Hán Việt readings: hàn (河かわ(hà)干ひ(can)切きり(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
寒さむ: Nôm readings: hàn[1][2][4][6]

  1. chữ Hán form of hàn (“coldness”).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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