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{{Short description|Latin orthography for Taiwanese Hokkien}}
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'''Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im''' (Taiwanese phonetic transcription system, [[Abbreviation|abbr]]: DT; {{zh|c=臺たい語ご通用つうよう拼音}}) is an [[orthography]] in the [[Latin alphabet]] for [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] based upon [[Tongyong Pinyin]]. Up to the present, DT is one kind of orthographies for the Taiwanese language in general. It is able to use the [[Latin alphabet]] to indicate the proper variation of [[Tone (linguistics)|pitch]] with nine [[diacritic]] symbols.<ref>Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/dia/diacritics-revised.htm].</ref>
'''Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im''' ([[Abbreviation|abbr]]: DT; {{zh|t=臺たい語ご通用つうよう拼音|l=Taiwanese phonetic transcription system}}) is an [[orthography]] in the [[Latin alphabet]] for [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] based upon [[Tongyong Pinyin]]. It is able to use the [[Latin alphabet]] to indicate the proper variation of [[Tone (linguistics)|pitch]] with nine [[diacritic]] symbols.<ref>Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/dia/diacritics-revised.htm].</ref>


==Phonology==
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable" | border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
<caption>'''[[Consonant]]s<ref>[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/pulmonic.html IPA: Pulmonic]</ref>'''</caption>
|+[[Consonant]]s<ref>[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/pulmonic.html IPA: Pulmonic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316003917/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/pulmonic.html |date=2009-03-16 }}</ref>
|-----
|-
| colspan=2 |&nbsp;||&nbsp;|| [[Dental consonant|Dental]] || [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]] || [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan=3 |&nbsp;!! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] !! [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]] !! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
⚫
|-
|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]||[[Velar consonant|Velar]]|| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
⚫
! rowspan=3 | [[Plosive]]
|-----
! rowspan=2 | [[Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] !! [[Tenuis consonant|unaspiration]]
⚫
| rowspan=3 | [[Plosive]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] || [[Tenuis consonant|unaspiration]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || b || d || g ||-h/ ' ({{IPAblink|ʔ}})
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || b || d || g ||-h/ ' ({{IPAblink|ʔ}})
|-----
|-
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || p || t || k ||&nbsp;
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]]
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || p || t || k ||&nbsp;
|-----
|-
| [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] || unaspiration || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || bh || &nbsp; || gh ||&nbsp;
! [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] !! unaspiration
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || bh || &nbsp; || gh ||&nbsp;
|-----
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan=3 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| rowspan=2 | voiceless || unaspiration || z || zi || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
! rowspan=2 | voiceless !! unaspiration
| z || zi || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
|-----
|-
| aspiration || c || ci || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
! aspiration
| c || ci || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
|-----
|-
| voiced || unaspiration || &nbsp; || r || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
! voiced !! unaspiration
| &nbsp; || r || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
|-----
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| rowspan=2 | voiceless || unaspiration || s || si || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
! rowspan=2 | voiceless !! unaspiration
| s || si || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-----
|-
| aspiration || &nbsp; ||&nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || h
! aspiration
| &nbsp; ||&nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || h
|-----
|-
| rowspan=1 | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] || voiced || unaspiration ||&nbsp; || &nbsp; || m || n || ng ||&nbsp;
! rowspan=1 | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
! voiced !! unaspiration
|&nbsp; || &nbsp; || m || n || ng ||&nbsp;
|-----
|-
| rowspan=1 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] || voiced || unaspiration ||&nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || l || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
! rowspan=1 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! voiced !! unaspiration
|&nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || l || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" |border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
<caption>'''[[Vowel]]s<ref>[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html IPA: Vowels]</ref>'''</caption>
|+[[Vowel]]s<ref>[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html IPA: Vowels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313235947/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html |date=2009-03-13 }}</ref>
|-----
|-
| &nbsp; || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]
! &nbsp; !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-----
|-
| [[Close vowel|Close]] || i || &nbsp; || u
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| i || &nbsp; || u
|-----
|-
| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] || e || &nbsp; || or(2)
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| e || &nbsp; || or(2)
|-----
|-
| [[Mid vowel|Mid]] || &nbsp; || or(1) || &nbsp;
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| &nbsp; || or(1) || &nbsp;
|-----
|-
| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || o
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || o
|-----
|-
| [[Open vowel|Open]] || a || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| a || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
|}


DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones.
DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones.


===Tone number===
=== Tone number ===
[[Taiwanese Minnan|Taiwanese]] is a [[tonal language]], so the [[Pitch accent|pitch]] ([[Tone (linguistics)|tone]]) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning.<ref>Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", [[Scientific American]] Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).</ref> In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and [[nasal vowel]].
[[Taiwanese Minnan|Taiwanese]] is a [[tonal language]], so the [[Pitch accent|pitch]] ([[Tone (linguistics)|tone]]) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning.<ref>Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", [[Scientific American]] Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).</ref> In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and [[nasal vowel]].


{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 1.25em; text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 1.2em; text-align: center"
|+DT [[tone number]]
⚫
|-
|colspan="13" style="text-align: center"|DT [[tone number]]
|-
|-
|1st||2nd||3rd||4th||5th||6th||7th||8th||9th||Neutral||Nasal
!1st!!2nd!!3rd!!4th!!5th!!6th!!7th!!8th!!9th!!Neutral!!Nasal
|-
|-
|a||[[à]]||[[â]]||[[ā]](p/t/k/h)||[[ă]]||à||ā||a(p/t/k/h)||[[á]]||[[å]]||aⁿ/ann
|a||[[à]]||a̱||[[ā]](p/t/k/h)||[[ă]]||à||ā||a(p/t/k/h)||[[á]]||[[å]]||aⁿ/ann
|}
|}


==Tone definition==
== Tone definition ==
[[File:Amoy tones.svg|thumb|right|210px|Schema of the [[tone sandhi]] rules in Taiwanese.]]
[[File:Taiwanese Hokkien tones.svg|thumb|right|210px|Schema of the [[tone sandhi]] rules in Taiwanese.]]


=== Tone marks===
=== Tone marks ===
Tones are expressed by [[diacritic]]s; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with [[glottal stop]]s) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead.
Tones are expressed by [[diacritic]]s; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with [[glottal stop]]s) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead.


# a (1st tone; yinping)
# a (1st tone; yinping)
# à (2nd tone; yingshang)
# à (2nd tone; yingshang)
# â (3rd tone; yinqu)
# a̠ (3rd tone; yinqu)
# ā (ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)
# ā (ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)
# ă (5th tone; yangping)
# ă (5th tone; yangping)
Line 84: Line 100:
Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific [[Tone contour|contour]]; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "neutral tone" ({{zh|c=輕けい聲こえ}}).
Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific [[Tone contour|contour]]; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "neutral tone" ({{zh|c=輕けい聲こえ}}).


===Tone sandhi===
=== Tone sandhi ===
[[Tone sandhi]] or [[chain shift]] by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).<ref name=Daiuaan-ghi>Li, Hen-zng(李り獻けんじ璋あきら),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建ふっけん語法ごほう序說じょせつ)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風みなみかぜ書しょ局きょく), [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], Dec. 1950. {{nan}}{{ja}}</ref><ref name="Daiuaan-bunhua" />
[[Tone sandhi]] or [[chain shift]] by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).<ref name=Daiuaan-ghi>Li, Hen-zng(李り獻けんじ璋あきら),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建ふっけん語法ごほう序說じょせつ)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風みなみかぜ書しょ局きょく), [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], Dec. 1950. {{in lang|nan-tw|ja}}</ref><ref name="Daiuaan-bunhua" />


==Morphology==
== Morphology ==
A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows among one of the six underlying patterns:<ref name=Daiuaan-bunhua>
A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows one of the six underlying patterns:<ref name=Daiuaan-bunhua>Dan, Hue-liong(陳ちん輝あきら龍りゅう),"Taiwanese(臺灣たいわん語法ごほう(全あきら));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附ふ臺灣たいわん語ご助數詞じょすうし)",Anonymous association publ.(無名むめい會かい出版しゅっぱん部ぶ), [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]],July 1934. {{in lang|nan-tw|ja}}</ref>
Dan, Hue-liong(陳ちん輝あきら龍りゅう),"Taiwanese(臺灣たいわん語法ごほう(全あきら));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附ふ臺灣たいわん語ご助數詞じょすうし)",Anonymous association publ.(無名むめい會かい出版しゅっぱん部ぶ), [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]],July 1934. {{nan icon}}{{ja}}</ref>


===Alphabet===
=== Alphabet ===
The DT alphabet adopts the [[Latin alphabet]] of 19 letters, 4 [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]]s, and 6 [[diacritic]]s to express the basic sounds of [[Taiwanese Minnan|Taiwanese]]:
The DT alphabet adopts the [[Latin alphabet]] of 19 letters, 4 [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]], and 6 [[diacritic]]s to express the basic sounds of [[Taiwanese Minnan|Taiwanese]]:


{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 1.25em;"
{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 1.2em;"
|-align=center
|-align=center
!<small>dt [[capital letter]]</small>
!<small>dt [[capital letter]]</small>
Line 103: Line 118:
|}
|}


===Initials===
=== Initials ===
bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t
bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t


Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern [[English language]], ''bh'' and ''gh'' are [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and [[Aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]], whereas ''b'', ''g'', and ''d'' are plain unvoiced as in [[Hanyu Pinyin]]. ''p'', ''k'', and ''t'' are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to ''p'', ''t'', and ''k'' in English. It is inconsistent with the use of h's in the [[Legge romanization]] and the use of the diacritic in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] to signal consonantal [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]]. This choice of notation may be attributed to the European origin of the first scholars to promote [[romanization]]{{citation_needed|date=December 2013}}
Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern [[English language]], ''bh'' and ''gh'' are [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and [[Aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]], whereas ''b'', ''g'', and ''d'' are plain unvoiced as in [[Hanyu Pinyin]]. ''p'', ''k'', and ''t'' are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to ''p'', ''t'', and ''k'' in English. It is inconsistent with the use of h's in the [[Legge romanization]] and the use of the diacritic in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] to signal consonantal [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]].


===Finals===
=== Finals ===
*[[Vowel]]s: a, i, u, e, or, o
*[[Vowel]]s: a, i, u, e, or, o
*[[Diphthong]]s: ai, au, ia, iu, io, ui, ua, ue
*[[Diphthong]]s: ai, au, ia, iu, io, ui, ua, ue
Line 119: Line 134:
The stops ''h'', ''g'', ''b'' and ''d'' can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced with [[no audible release]]. (The final ''h'' in DT stands for a glottal stop.)
The stops ''h'', ''g'', ''b'' and ''d'' can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced with [[no audible release]]. (The final ''h'' in DT stands for a glottal stop.)


===Delimiting symbols===
=== Delimiting symbols ===
All syllables in each word are normally separated by the [[dash]] (-) mark. Generally, syllables before the dash which must undergo [[tone sandhi]].
All syllables in each word are normally separated by the [[dash]] (-) mark. Generally, syllables before the dash which must undergo [[tone sandhi]].


==DT examples==
== DT examples ==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
=== Universal Declaration of Human Rights ===
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
Line 129: Line 144:
! align=left | English
! align=left | English
|-
|-
| class="Unicode" | Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghěn
| class="Unicode" | Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghĕn
Dê 1 diău
Dê 1 diău


Line 140: Line 155:
|}
|}


===Greeting of Voyager Golden Record===
=== Greeting of Voyager Golden Record ===
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! align=left | DT
! align=left | DT
! align=left | English
! align=left | English
! align=left | Audio file:<br>[[Voyager Golden Record]]
! align=left | Audio file:<br />[[Voyager Golden Record]]
|-
|-
| class="Unicode" | Tài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr.
| class="Unicode" | Tài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr.
Line 152: Line 167:
|}
|}


==Notes==
== Notes ==
⚫
{{Reflist}}
<div style="height:100px; overflow:auto; background:white;">
⚫
{{Reflist|2}}
</div>


[[Category:Languages of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Languages of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Romanization of Hokkien]]
[[Category:Pinyin]]

Latest revision as of 22:50, 4 May 2024

Romanization of
Sinitic languages
Mandarin
Standard Mandarin
Sichuanese
Wu
General Wu
Wenzhounese
Yue
Cantonese
Min
Hokkien
Teochew
Fuzhounese
Northern Min
Pu-Xian Min
Hainanese
Gan
Nanchang-Duchang dialect
Hakka
Meixian dialect
Sixian dialect
Xiang
Chang–Yi dialects
Polylectal
General Chinese
See also
Other transliterations
By place

Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im (abbr: DT; Chinese: 臺たい語ご通用つうよう拼音; lit. 'Taiwanese phonetic transcription system') is an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien based upon Tongyong Pinyin. It is able to use the Latin alphabet to indicate the proper variation of pitch with nine diacritic symbols.[1]

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[2]
  Dental Alveolo-palatal Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless unaspiration     b d g -h/ ' ([ʔ])
aspiration     p t k  
voiced unaspiration     bh   gh  
Affricate voiceless unaspiration z zi        
aspiration c ci        
voiced unaspiration   r        
Fricative voiceless unaspiration s si        
aspiration           h
Nasal voiced unaspiration     m n ng  
Lateral voiced unaspiration       l    
Vowels[3]
  Front Central Back
Close i   u
Close-mid e   or(2)
Mid   or(1)  
Open-mid     o
Open a    

DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones.

Tone number[edit]

Taiwanese is a tonal language, so the pitch (tone) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning.[4] In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and nasal vowel.

DT tone number
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Neutral Nasal
a à a̱ ā(p/t/k/h) ă à ā a(p/t/k/h) á å aⁿ/ann

Tone definition[edit]

Schema of the tone sandhi rules in Taiwanese.

Tone marks[edit]

Tones are expressed by diacritics; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with glottal stops) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead.

  1. a (1st tone; yinping)
  2. à (2nd tone; yingshang)
  3. a̠ (3rd tone; yinqu)
  4. ā (ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)
  5. ă (5th tone; yangping)
  6. ä (6th tone; yangshang)
  7. ā (7th tone; yangqu)
  8. a (ptkh) (8th tone; yangru)
  9. á (9th tone; high rising)
  10. å (neutral tone)
  11. aⁿ (ann) (nasal vowel)

Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific contour; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "neutral tone" (Chinese: 輕けい聲こえ).

Tone sandhi[edit]

Tone sandhi or chain shift by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).[5][6]

Morphology[edit]

A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows one of the six underlying patterns:[6]

Alphabet[edit]

The DT alphabet adopts the Latin alphabet of 19 letters, 4 digraphs, and 6 diacritics to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese:

dt capital letter A B Bh C D E G Gh H I K L M N Ng O Or P R S T U Z
dt lower case a b bh c d e g gh h i k l m n ng o or p r s t u z

Initials[edit]

bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t

Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern English language, bh and gh are voiced and unaspirated, whereas b, g, and d are plain unvoiced as in Hanyu Pinyin. p, k, and t are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to p, t, and k in English. It is inconsistent with the use of h's in the Legge romanization and the use of the diacritic in the International Phonetic Alphabet to signal consonantal aspiration.

Finals[edit]

The nasals m, n, and ng can be appended to any of the vowels and some of the diphthongs. In addition, m and ng can function as independent syllables by themselves.

The stops h, g, b and d can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced with no audible release. (The final h in DT stands for a glottal stop.)

Delimiting symbols[edit]

All syllables in each word are normally separated by the dash (-) mark. Generally, syllables before the dash which must undergo tone sandhi.

DT examples[edit]

Universal Declaration of Human Rights[edit]

DT English
Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghĕn

Dê 1 diău

Lāng-lăng seⁿ-låi zû-iŭ, zāi zūn-ghiăm gāh kuăn-lī siòng it-lip bīng-dìng. In hù-iù li-sîng gāh liōng-sim, lî-ciaⁿ ìng-gai i hiānn-dī gūan-hē ē zīng-sĭn hō-siōng dùi-dāi.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Greeting of Voyager Golden Record[edit]

DT English Audio file:
Voyager Golden Record
Tài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr. Friends of space, how are you all! Have you eaten yet? Drop in on us if you have time. Taiwanese(Amoy; Min nan; Formosan) sound record of voyager 1

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[1].
  2. ^ IPA: Pulmonic Archived 2009-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ IPA: Vowels Archived 2009-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", Scientific American Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).
  5. ^ Li, Hen-zng(李り獻けんじ璋あきら),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建ふっけん語法ごほう序說じょせつ)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風みなみかぜ書しょ局きょく), Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 1950. (in Taiwanese Hokkien and Japanese)
  6. ^ a b Dan, Hue-liong(陳ちん輝あきら龍りゅう),"Taiwanese(臺灣たいわん語法ごほう(全あきら));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附ふ臺灣たいわん語ご助數詞じょすうし)",Anonymous association publ.(無名むめい會かい出版しゅっぱん部ぶ), Taipei, Taiwan,July 1934. (in Taiwanese Hokkien and Japanese)
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