Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im

Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im (Taiwanese phonetic transcription system, abbr: DT; Chinese: 臺たい語ご通用つうよう拼音) is an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien based upon Tongyong Pinyin. Up to the present, DT is one kind of orthographies for the Taiwanese language in general. It is able to use the Latin alphabet to indicate the proper variation of pitch with nine diacritic symbols.^[1]

Phonology

**Consonants^[2]**
			Dental	Alveolo-palatal	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	unaspiration			b	d	g	-h/ ' ([ʔ])
	voiceless	aspiration			p	t	k
	voiced	unaspiration			bh		gh
Affricate	voiceless	unaspiration	z	zi
	voiceless	aspiration	c	ci
	voiced	unaspiration		r
Fricative	voiceless	unaspiration	s	si
Fricative	voiceless	aspiration						h
Nasal	voiced	unaspiration			m	n	ng
Lateral	voiced	unaspiration				l

**Vowels^[3]**
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		or(2)
Mid		or(1)
Open-mid			o
Open	a

DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones.

Tone number

Taiwanese is a tonal language, so the pitch (tone) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning.^[4] In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and nasal vowel.

DT tone number
1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	Neutral	Nasal
a	à	â	ā(p/t/k/h)	ă	à	ā	a(p/t/k/h)	á	å	aⁿ/ann

Tone definition

Tone marks

Tones are expressed by diacritics; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with glottal stops) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead.

a (1st tone; yinping)
à (2nd tone; yingshang)
â (3rd tone; yinqu)
ā(ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)
ă (5th tone; yangping)
ä (6th tone; yangshang)
ā (7th tone; yangqu)
a(ptkh) (8th tone; yangru)
á (9th tone; high rising)
å(aj) (neutral tone)
aⁿ(ann) (nasal vowel)

Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific contour; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "neutral tone" (Chinese: 輕けい聲こえ).

Tone sandhi

Tone sandhi or chain shift by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).^[5]^[6]

Morphology

A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows among one of the six underlying patterns:^[6]

Alphabet

The DT alphabet adopts the Latin alphabet of 19 letters, 4 digraphs, and 5 diacritics to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese:

dt capital letter	A	B	Bh	C	D	E	G	Gh	H	I	K	L	M	N	Ng	O	Or	P	R	S	T	U	Z
dt lower case	a	b	bh	c	d	e	g	gh	h	i	k	l	m	n	ng	o	or	p	r	s	t	u	z

Word structure

(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number)
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number)
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: postfix consonant))
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: rear nasal vowel))
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: postfix consonant))
(Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: rear nasal vowel))


〈Basic word structure〉
Syllable onset (prefix consonant)	Tone number
	Syllable rime
	Interface tone/vowel	postfix tone(vowel + postfix consonant) + rear nasal vowel
	Head	mid	tail

Initials

bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t

Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern English language, bh and gh are voiced and unaspirated, whereas b, g, and d are plain unvoiced. p, k, and t are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to b, g, and d in English. This choice of notation may be attributed to the European origin of the first scholars to promote romanization. It is consistent with the use of h's in the Legge romanization and the use of the diacritic ⟨ʰ⟩ in the International Phonetic Alphabet to signal consonantal aspiration.

Finals

Vowels: a, i, u, e, or, o
Diphthongs: ai, au, ia, iu, io, ui, ua, ue
Triphthongs: iau, uai
Nasals: m, n, ng

The nasals m, n, and ng can be appended to any of the vowels and some of the diphthongs. In addition, m and ng can function as independent syllables by themselves.

The stops h, g, b and d can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced as unreleased stops. (The final h in DT stands for a glottal stop.)

Delimiting symbols

All syllables in each word are normally separated by the dash (-) mark. Generally, syllables follow after the dash which must undergo tone sandhi.

DT examples

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

DT

English

Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghěn

Dê 1 diău

Lāng-lăng seⁿ-låi zû-iŭ, zāi zūn-ghiăm gāh kuăn-lī siòng it-lip bīng-dìng. In hù-iù li-sîng gāh liōng-sim, lî-ciaⁿ ìng-gai i hiānn-dī gūan-hē ē zīng-sĭn hō-siōng dùi-dāi.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Greeting of Voyager Golden Record

DT	English	Audio file: Voyager Golden Record
Tài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr.	Friends of space, how are you all! Have you eaten yet? Drop in on us if you have time.	Taiwanese(Amoy; Min nan; Formosan) sound record of voyager 1

Comparison of orthographies

The different orthographies are compared as the following table.

Vowels
IPA	a	ap	at	ak	aʔ	ã	ɔ	ɔk	ɔ̃	ə	o	e	ẽ	i	iɛn	iəŋ
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	a	ap	at	ak	ah	aⁿ	o͘	ok	oⁿ	o	o	e	eⁿ	i	ian	eng
Revised TLPA	a	ap	at	ak	ah	aN	oo	ok	ooN	o	o	e	eN	i	ian	ing
TLPA	a	ap	at	ak	ah	ann	oo	ok	oonn	o	o	e	enn	i	ian	ing
BP	a	ap	at	ak	ah	na	oo	ok	noo	o	o	e	ne	i	ian	ing
MLT	a	ab/ap	ad/at	ag/ak	aq/ah	va	o	og/ok	vo	ø	ø	e	ve	i	ien	eng
DT	a	āp/ap	āt/at	āk/ak	āh/ah	ann/aⁿ	o	ok	onn/oⁿ	or	or	e	enn/eⁿ	i	ian/en	ing
Taiwanese kana	アア	アㇷ゚	アッ	アㇰ	アァ	アア	オオ	オㇰ	オオ	オオ	ヲヲ	エエ	エエ	イイ	イェヌ	イェン
Extended bopomofo	ㄚ	ㄚㆴ	ㄚㆵ	ㄚㆶ	ㄚㆷ	ㆩ	ㆦ	ㆦㆶ	ㆧ	ㄜ	ㄛ	ㆤ	ㆥ	ㄧ	ㄧㄢ	ㄧㄥ
Tâi-lô	a	ap	at	ak	ah	ann	oo	ok	onn	o	o	e	enn	i	ian	ing
Example (traditional Chinese)	亞あ洲しま	壓あつ力ちから	警察	沃水みず	牛うし肉にく	三さん十じゅう	烏がらす色いろ	中なか國くに		澳洲しま	澳洲しま	下した晡		醫い學がく	鉛なまり筆ふで	英えい國くに
Example (simplified Chinese)	亚洲しま	压力ちから	警察	沃水みず	牛うし肉にく	三さん十じゅう	乌色いろ	中なか国くに		澳洲しま	澳洲しま	下した晡		医い学がく	铅笔	英えい国くに

Vowels
IPA	iək	ĩ	ai	aĩ	au	am	ɔm	m̩	ɔŋ	ŋ̍	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	ɨ	(i)ũ
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	ek	iⁿ	ai	aiⁿ	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	oa	oe	oai	oan	i	(i)uⁿ
Revised TLPA	ik	iN	ai	aiN	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	ir	(i)uN
TLPA	ik	inn	ai	ainn	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	ir	(i)unn
BP	ik	ni	ai	nai	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	i	n(i)u
MLT	eg/ek	vi	ai	vai	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	oa	oe	oai	oan	i	v(i)u
DT	ik	inn/iⁿ	ai	ainn/aiⁿ	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	i	(i)unn/uⁿ
Taiwanese kana	イェㇰ	イイ	アイ	アイ	アウ	アム	オム	ム	オン	ン	ウウ	ヲア	ヲエ	ヲァイ	ヲァヌ	ウウ	ウウ
Extended bopomofo	ㄧㆶ	ㆪ	ㄞ	ㆮ	ㆯ	ㆰ	ㆱ	ㆬ	ㆲ	ㆭ	ㄨ	ㄨㄚ	ㄨㆤ	ㄨㄞ	ㄨㄢ	ㆨ	ㆫ
Tâi-lô	ik	inn	ai	ainn	au	am	om	m	ong	ng	u	ua	ue	uai	uan	ir	(i)unn
Example (traditional Chinese)	翻こぼし譯わけ	病やまい院いん	愛あい情じょう		歐おう洲しま	暗くら時とき		阿おもね姆	王おう梨なし	黃き色いろ	有ゆう無む	歌うた曲きょく	講こう話はなし	奇き怪かい	人ひと員いん	豬肉にく	舀水みず
Example (simplified Chinese)	翻こぼし译	病やまい院いん	爱情じょう		欧おう洲しま	暗くら时		阿おもね姆	王おう梨なし	黄き色いろ	有ゆう无	歌うた曲きょく	讲话	奇き怪かい	人ひと员	猪いのしし肉にく	舀水みず

Consonants
IPA	p	b	pʰ	m	t	tʰ	n	nŋ	l	k	ɡ	kʰ	h	tɕi	ʑi	tɕʰi	ɕi	ts	dz	tsʰ	s
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	chi	ji	chhi	si	ch	j	chh	s
Revised TLPA	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	zi	ji	ci	si	z	j	c	s
TLPA	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	zi	ji	ci	si	z	j	c	s
BP	b	bb	p	bb	d	t	n	lng	l	g	gg	k	h	zi	li	ci	si	z	l	c	s
MLT	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	ci	ji	chi	si	z	j	zh	s
DT	b	bh	p	m	d	t	n	nng	l	g	gh	k	h	zi	r	ci	si	z	r	c	s
Taiwanese kana	パア	バア	パ̣ア	マア	タア	タ̣ア	ナア	ヌン	ラア	カア	ガア	カ̣ア	ハア	チイ	ジイ	チ̣イ	シイ	サア	ザア	サ̣ア	サア
Extended bopomofo	ㄅ	ㆠ	ㄆ	ㄇ	ㄉ	ㄊ	ㄋ	ㄋㆭ	ㄌ	ㄍ	ㆣ	ㄎ	ㄏ	ㄐ	ㆢ	ㄑ	ㄒ	ㄗ	ㆡ	ㄘ	ㄙ
Tâi-lô	p	b	ph	m	t	th	n	nng	l	k	g	kh	h	tsi	ji	tshi	si	ts	j	tsh	s
Example (traditional Chinese)	報ほう紙かみ	閩南みなみ	普ひろし通つう	請問とい	豬肉にく	普ひろし通つう	過か年とし	雞卵たまご	樂らく觀かん	價あたい值	牛うし奶	客きゃく廳ちょう	煩はん惱	支ささえ持もち	漢かん字じ	支ささえ持もち	是これ否いや	報ほう紙かみ	熱ねつ天てん	參まいり加か	司つかさ法ほう
Example (simplified Chinese)	报纸	闽南みなみ	普ひろし通つう	请问	猪いのしし肉にく	普ひろし通つう	过年とし	鸡卵たまご	乐观	价值	牛うし奶	客きゃく厅	烦恼	支ささえ持もち	汉字じ	支ささえ持もち	是これ否いや	报纸	热天てん	参まいり加か	司つかさ法ほう

Tones
Tone name	Yin level 陰平かげひら(1)	Yin rising 陰かげ上じょう(2)	Yin departing 陰かげ去さ(3)	Yin entering 陰かげ入いれ(4)	Yang level 陽平ようへい(5)	Yang rising 陽ひ上じょう(6)	Yang departing 陽ひ去さ(7)	Yang entering 陽ひ入いれ(8)	High rising (9)	Neutral tone (0)
IPA	a˥	a˥˧	a˨˩	ap˩ at˩ ak˩ aʔ˩	a˧˥		a˧	ap˥ at˥ ak˥ aʔ˥	a˥˥	a˨
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	a	á	à	ap at ak ah	â		ā	a̍p a̍t a̍k a̍h		--a
TLPA (and Revised TLPA)	a1	a2	a3	ap4 at4 ak4 ah4	a5	a6	a7	ap8 at8 ak8 ah8	a9	a0
BP	ā	ǎ	à	āp āt āk āh	á		â	áp át ák áh
MLT	af	ar	ax	ab ad ag aq	aa	aar	a	ap at ak ah		~a
DT	a	à	â	āp āt āk āh	ǎ		ā	ap at ak ah	á	å
Taiwanese kana (normal vowels)	アア	アア	アア	アㇷ゚アッアㇰアァ	アア		アア	アㇷ゚アッアㇰアァ
Taiwanese kana (nasal vowels)	アア	アア	アア	アㇷ゚アッアㇰアァ	アア		アア	アㇷ゚アッアㇰアァ
Extended bopomofo	ㄚ	ㄚˋ	ㄚ˪	ㄚㆴ ㄚㆵ ㄚㆶ ㄚㆷ	ㄚˊ		ㄚ˫	ㄚㆴ˙ ㄚㆵ˙ ㄚㆶ˙ ㄚㆷ˙
Tâi-lô	a	á	à	ah	â	ǎ	ā	a̍h	a̋	--ah
Example (traditional Chinese)	公おおやけ司つかさ	報ほう紙かみ	興きょう趣おもむき	血ち壓あつ警察中なか國くに牛うし肉にく	人ひと員いん		草くさ地ち	配はい合ごう法ほう律りつ文ぶん學がく歇熱ねつ	昨さく昏	入いれ去さ
Example (simplified Chinese)	公おおやけ司つかさ	报纸	兴趣おもむき	血ち压警察中なか国くに牛うし肉にく	人ひと员		草くさ地ち	配はい合ごう法ほう律りつ文ぶん学がく歇热	昨さく昏	入いれ去さ

Note: The bopomofo extended characters in the zhuyin row require a UTF-8 font capable of displaying Unicode values 31A0–31B7 (ex. Code2000 true type font).

Notes

^ Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[1].
^ IPA: Pulmonic
^ IPA: Vowels
^ Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", Scientific American Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).
^ Li, Hen-zng(李り獻けんじ璋あきら),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建ふっけん語法ごほう序說じょせつ)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風みなみかぜ書しょ局きょく), Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 1950. data-sort-value="No" style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-no2" | Template:Ja
^ ^a ^b Dan, Hue-liong(陳ちん輝あきら龍りゅう),"Taiwanese(臺灣たいわん語法ごほう(全あきら));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附ふ臺灣たいわん語ご助數詞じょすうし)",Anonymous association publ.(無名むめい會かい出版しゅっぱん部ぶ), Taipei, Taiwan,July 1934. Template:Nan icon Template:Ja

[1] Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[1].

[2] IPA: Pulmonic

[3] IPA: Vowels

[4] Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", Scientific American Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).

[Daiuaan-ghi-5] Li, Hen-zng(李り獻けんじ璋あきら),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建ふっけん語法ごほう序說じょせつ)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風みなみかぜ書しょ局きょく), Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 1950. data-sort-value="No" style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-no2" | Template:Ja

[Daiuaan-bunhua-6] Dan, Hue-liong(陳ちん輝あきら龍りゅう),"Taiwanese(臺灣たいわん語法ごほう(全あきら));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附ふ臺灣たいわん語ご助數詞じょすうし)",Anonymous association publ.(無名むめい會かい出版しゅっぱん部ぶ), Taipei, Taiwan,July 1934. Template:Nan icon Template:Ja

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Phonology

Tone number

Tone definition

Tone marks

Tone sandhi

Morphology

Alphabet

Word structure

Initials

Finals

Delimiting symbols

DT examples

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Greeting of Voyager Golden Record

Comparison of orthographies

See also

Notes