(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Hanzhong Campaign - Wikipedia Jump to content

Hanzhong Campaign

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lei Tong)
Hanzhong Campaign
Part of the wars at the end of the Han dynasty
A drawing of a man with a long beard wearing a traditional hat. The image is in black and yellow. On the top are Chinese symbols.
A portrait of Cao Cao from Sancai Tuhui.
DateDecember 217[1] - August 219[1]
Location
Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
Result Liu Bei victory; Liu Bei takes control of Hanzhong
Belligerents
Liu Bei Cao Cao
Commanders and leaders
Liu Bei  † Xiahou Yuan until February 219
Cao Cao from February 219
Hanzhong Campaign
Traditional Chinese漢かん中之なかの戰せん
Simplified Chinese汉中之の战
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHànzhōng Zhī Zhàn

The Hanzhong Campaign was a military campaign launched by the warlord Liu Bei to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from his rival, Cao Cao. The campaign took place between December 217 and August 219 during the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period. Although Cao Cao's forces had settled in Hanzhong Commandery two years prior after the Battle of Yangping, they were worn out by an overall Fabian strategy employed by Liu Bei's forces, who used targeted attacks to capture strategic locations from the enemy. One of these attacks resulted in the death of Xiahou Yuan, one of Cao Cao's top generals, delivering a huge blow to the morale of Cao Cao's forces. Due to logistical and other issues, Cao Cao was eventually forced to abandon Hanzhong Commandery and order a retreat in June 219.[1] Liu Bei emerged victorious in the campaign and occupied Hanzhong Commandery, after which he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" in August of that year.[1]

The campaign would ultimately prove to be the final military campaign that Cao Cao participated in before his death in March of 220.

Background

[edit]
Further information: Battle of Yangping and Battle of Ba

In April 215,[2] Cao Cao attacked the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery, defeating the latter at the Battle of Yangping. In December,[2] Zhang Lu surrendered and Hanzhong Commandery came under Cao Cao's control.[3] Afterwards, Cao Cao appointed Pu Hu (朴ほお胡えびす), Du Huo (杜もり濩) and Yuan Yue (袁約) as Administrators of the three Ba commanderies. But they were defeated by Huang Quan who then seized control of Badong (巴ともえ東ひがし), Baxi (巴ともえ西にし) and Ba (巴ともえ) commanderies.[4][5][6]

On Liu Bei's side, he had also recently seized control of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from Liu Zhang in July 214,[7] and was in the midst of a dispute with his ally Sun Quan over Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) in July 215.[2] Liu Bei felt threatened when he received news that Hanzhong Commandery had fallen to Cao Cao, because Hanzhong was the northern "gateway" into Yi Province and he was now in danger of losing Yi Province to Cao Cao. Hence, Liu Bei came to a border treaty with Sun Quan, who had seized Changsha (長ちょう沙すな), Guiyang (桂かつら陽よう) and Lingling (零れい陵りょう) commanderies in southern Jing Province from him. Liu Bei demanded Lingling Commandery back. In return, he recognised Sun Quan's control over Changsha, Jiangxia (江夏えなつ) and Guiyang commanderies.[8]

Strategic difference

[edit]

In Hanzhong Commandery, Sima Yi and Liu Ye urged Cao Cao to use the opportunity to attack Yi Province, but Cao Cao rejected the idea, saying, "We should not be discontent. Now that we've already conquered Longyou (referring to present-day eastern Gansu), you're still longing about merging Shu (referring to Yi Province)!"[9] Cao Cao then left his generals Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and Xu Huang behind to defend Hanzhong Commandery, and his Chief Clerk (長ちょう史ふみ) Du Xi to oversee the commandery's military affairs.[10]

In December 217,[1] Liu Bei's adviser Fa Zheng analysed the reason Cao Cao left Xiahou Yuan to guard Hanzhong Commandery and didn't push to conquer Yi province was not because of a lack of strength or insight but because he met some internal problems and was needed back at the capital. Fa Zheng also believed that Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He's ability didn't match those of Liu Bei's commanders, so the pair could not defend Hanzhong Commandery. Hence, Fa Zheng urged Liu Bei to attack Hanzhong Commandery, stating three benefits if the commandery could be taken: ideally it could serve as a base of operations to attack Cao Cao and revive the Han dynasty; if that were not possible one could still attack Yong and Liang provinces from it (Hanzhong Commandery granted access to the two provinces) and expand his territory; and finally Hanzhong Commandery had long-lasting strategical impact on the survival of Liu Bei's regime. Liu Bei agreed with Fa Zheng's analysis and ordered him to plan for the upcoming campaign.[11]

The campaign

[edit]

Initial clashes

[edit]
See also: Battle of Xiabian

In December 217,[1] Liu Bei's army advanced towards Yangping Pass (陽平ようへい關せき). At the same time, Liu Bei also sent Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Wu Lan (吳ご蘭らん), Lei Tong (雷かみなり銅どう) and Ren Kui (任にん夔) to attack Wudu Commandery (武たけ都みやこ郡ぐん), and they garrisoned at Xiabian County (下した辨べん縣けん). During this time, Leiding (雷かみなり定じょう) of the Di ethnic group led seven tribes to join Liu Bei. As for Cao Cao's side, Xiahou Yuan defended Yangping Pass, Zhang He and Xu Huang respectively guarded Guangshi (廣石ひろいし) and Mamingge (馬うま鳴な閣かく), while Cao Hong and Cao Xiu led a separate force to resist Zhang Fei.

In April 218,[1] Zhang Fei and Ma Chao's army garrisoned at Gushan (固山こやま), where they spread news that they were going to blockade the enemy's retreat route. Cao Hong wanted to attack Wu Lan at Xiabian County, but the other officers were suspicious of Zhang Fei's movements. Cao Xiu thought that if Zhang Fei was really planning to seal their retreat route, he should keep his plan covert; now that Zhang Fei had overtly revealed his intention, they should make use of the opportunity to feign retreat and perform a frontal assault. Cao Hong agreed to Cao Xiu's tactic and attacked. Lei Tong and Ren Kui were killed in battle, while Wu Lan fled to join the Di tribes, where he was subsequently killed by a Di leader, Qiangduan. After their subordinate's defeat, Zhang Fei and Ma Chao withdrew their army.[12]

On another front, Liu Bei was facing Xiahou Yuan at Yangping Pass. Between May and August (summer) 218,[1] Liu Bei sent Chen Shi to attack Mamingge, but the latter was defeated by Xu Huang, and some of the fleeing soldiers fell into the deep valleys during their escape.[13] Liu Bei personally led an assault on Zhang He at Guangshi but was unable to overcome his enemy.[14] He then sent an urgent letter to Zhuge Liang in Yi Province's capital, Chengdu, to request for reinforcements. Zhuge Liang vacillated and consulted Yang Hong (楊洪), who said, "Hanzhong is the throat of Yi Province. This is a critical point of survival and destruction. Without Hanzhong there will be no Shu (Yi Province). A disaster has befallen on the gates of our home. At this moment, the men should go to war, the women should help in transporting supplies, what's there to hesitate about sending reinforcements?"[15] Zhuge Liang accepted Yang Hong's advice and sent reinforcements to Liu Bei while Liu Bei continued his standoff against Cao Cao's forces.

Turn of the tide

[edit]
See also: Battle of Mount Dingjun

By October 218,[1] Cao Cao moved from Ye city to Chang'an near Hanzhong Commandery to direct the defence against Liu Bei, but had been held up by internal problems including a major coup d'état and some local uprisings. In the meantime, Liu Bei and Xiahou Yuan had been locked in a stalemate for a year. In February 219,[1] to break the deadlock, Liu Bei crossed the Mian River (沔水) south of Yangping Pass and advanced towards Hanzhong Commandery through the mountains. Liu Bei's army set up camp at Mount Dingjun. In response, Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He led their forces out in an attempt to take control of higher ground, and they made camp at Zouma Valley (走はし馬谷うまだに). During the night, Liu Bei followed Huang Quan's plan and set fire to the enemy camp fences. Xiahou Yuan led a force to defend the southern flank while sending Zhang He to guard the eastern side. Liu Bei launched a direct assault on Zhang He and Zhang started to falter, so Xiahou Yuan despatched half of his forces to support Zhang. At this point, Fa Zheng told Liu Bei that it was an opportune time to attack. Liu Bei ordered his men to shout loudly and beat the drums, and sent Huang Zhong to charge at the enemy. The mettlesome soldiers of Huang Zhong broke through the enemy lines and slew Xiahou Yuan and Zhao Yong, while Zhang He fled with his surviving troops to north of the Han River, where they set up a camp.[16][17][18][19]

As Cao Cao's forces had just lost their commander, Xiahou Yuan, a tempest ensued. Du Xi and Guo Huai regrouped their scattered troops and (unofficially) nominated Zhang He to replace Xiahou Yuan. Zhang He accepted and gave orders to his troops, restoring peace and order in his army. The following day, Liu Bei planned to cross the Han River and attack Zhang He, whose officers pointed out they were outnumbered, and suggested to Zhang He to set up camps along the banks of the Han River.[20] Guo Huai felt that their forces were displaying weakness to the enemy by doing so, he proposed setting up camp far away from the river to lure the enemy to cross the shallow, during which they counterattack the enemy.[21] Zhang He agreed with Guo Huai's idea and moved his camp further away from the river. Liu Bei became suspicious and did not dare to cross the river.[22] In Chang'an, when Cao Cao heard that Xiahou Yuan had been killed in action, he despatched Cao Zhen with an army to reinforce their forces at Yangping Pass. When Cao Zhen arrived, he directed Xu Huang to attack Gao Xiang, an officer under Liu Bei. Xu Huang scored a victory and temporarily restored some morale for Cao Cao's side.[23]

Last stages

[edit]
See also: Battle of Han River

In April 219,[1] Cao Cao personally led an army from Chang'an to Hanzhong Commandery via Xia Valley (斜はす谷だに). Liu Bei was not worried, as he thought, "Even if Cao Cao came, he cannot do anything. I'll definitely take control of the Han River." Hence, Liu Bei gathered his forces and put up a firm defence, refusing to engage Cao Cao's army in a major confrontation. Liu Bei focused on a war of attrition from this point forward. As the months pass by stuck in this deadlock, more and more of Cao Cao's soldiers either died or deserted.[24]

Later, when Cao Cao's forces were transporting supplies via Beishan (北山きたやま), Huang Zhong led a force to rob the enemy's supplies, but had yet to return on time. Zhao Yun led ten horsemen out of camp in search of Huang Zhong and encountered Cao Cao's army. They were surrounded but Zhao Yun fought his way out and retreated back to camp with the enemy in pursuit. Upon reaching camp, Zhao Yun ordered the gates to be opened, flags and banners to be lowered, and the beating of war drums to be stopped. Cao Cao's men feared an ambush in the camp and turned back. Just then, Zhao Yun ordered his troops to beat the drums loudly and his archers to rain arrows on the enemy. Cao Cao's soldiers were thrown into confusion and trampled on each other as they attempted to flee, while many drowned as they tried to escape across the Han River.[25]

As Cao Cao's forces had been in a standoff against Liu Bei for several months and had been facing serious logistics problems, he eventually gave an order, "chicken rib" (雞肋). No one understood what Cao Cao meant when he said "chicken rib", except his registrar, Yang Xiu. Yang Xiu explained that it was a pity to discard a piece of chicken's rib even though it may not have much meat on it. This was an analogy to the situation Cao Cao was in: Cao Cao knew that he had little chance of defeating Liu Bei, but felt that it was a pity to abandon Hanzhong Commandery. Cao Cao was not pleased with Yang Xiu's explanation and later had him executed. By June 219,[1] Cao Cao retreated back to Chang'an and gave up Hanzhong Commandery to Liu Bei.[26]

Aftermath

[edit]

In July 219, one month after the capture of Hanzhong, Liu Bei sent Meng Da to attack Fangling Commandery (房ぼう陵りょう郡ぐん) via Zigui County. Meng Da defeated and killed Fangling Commandery's Administrator, Kuai Qi (蒯祺), and took control of the area. Liu Bei later sent his adopted son, Liu Feng, to attack Shangyong Commandery (上うえ庸いさお郡ぐん) via the Mian River (沔水). Shangyong Commandery's Administrator, Shen Dan (申さる耽ふけ), surrendered to Liu Feng. In around August 219, Liu Bei declared himself "King of Hanzhong".[27]

On the other hand, after withdrawing, Cao Cao was worried that Liu Bei might attack Wudu Commandery, so he ordered Zhang Ji, the Inspector (刺史しし) of Yong Province, to relocate 50,000 Di people from Wudu Commandery to Fufeng (扶風) and Tianshui (天水てんすい) commanderies.[28]

Word of Liu Bei's victory at Hanzhong eventually reached Guan Yu, who was, at the time, stationed in southern Jing province. Seeking to take advantage of the success of the Hanzhong Campaign, Guan Yu led an army of his own to attack Cao Cao's strongholds in northern Jing province, leading to the Battle of Fancheng in July of 219.

Order of battle

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ This Kuai Qi was a nephew of Kuai Yue and Kuai Liang and previously married Zhuge Liang's oldest sister.[29]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sima (1084), vol. 68.
  2. ^ a b c Sima (1084), vol. 67.
  3. ^ (會かい魯降，漢かん中平なかひら，) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  4. ^ (然しか卒そつ破やぶ杜もり濩、朴ほお胡えびす，) Sanguozhi vol. 43.
  5. ^ (九きゅう月がつ，巴ともえ七なな姓せい夷えびす王おう朴ほお胡えびす、賨邑侯こう杜もり濩舉巴ともえ夷えびす、賨民來らい附ふ，於是分ぶん巴ともえ郡ぐん，以胡為ため巴ともえ東ひがし太守たいしゅ，濩為巴ともえ西にし太守たいしゅ，皆みな封ふう列侯れっこう。天子てんし命いのち公こう承うけたまわ制せい封ふう拜はい諸侯しょこう守もり相しょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  6. ^ (權けん破やぶ公所ぐぞ署しょ三巴太守杜濩、朴ほお胡えびす、袁約等とう。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
  7. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 66.
  8. ^ (二に十じゅう年ねん，孫まご權けん以先主ぬし已やめ得え益えき州しゅう，使つかい使し報ほう欲得よくとく荊州。先さき主ぬし言げん：「須得涼りょう州しゅう，當とう以荊州しゅう相しょう與あずか。」權けん忿之，乃遣呂りょ蒙こうむ襲かさね奪だつ長ちょう沙すな、零れい陵りょう、桂かつら陽三ようぞう郡ぐん。先さき主ぬし引兵五ご萬まん下か公安こうあん，令れい關せき羽入はにゅう益えき陽ひ。是これ歲さい，曹公定こうてい漢かん中ちゅう，張ちょう魯遁走とんそう巴ともえ西にし。先さき主ぬし聞之，與あずか權けん連れん和わ，分ふん荊州、江夏えなつ、長ちょう沙すな、桂かつら陽東ようとう屬ぞく，南みなみ郡ぐん、零れい陵りょう、武たけ陵りょう西にし屬ぞく，引軍還かえ江え州しゅう。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  9. ^ (人ひと苦く無む足あし，既得きとく隴右，複ふく欲得よくとく蜀しょく！) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  10. ^ （以淵行ぎょう都みやこ護まもる將軍しょうぐん，督とく張ちょう郃、徐じょ晃あきら等とう平たいら巴ともえ郡ぐん。太ふとし祖そ還かえ鄴，留とめ淵ふち守もり漢かん中ちゅう，即そく拜はい淵ふち征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  11. ^ (二に十じゅう二に年ねん，正せい說せつ先さき主しゅ曰：「曹操そうそう一舉而降張魯，定じょう漢かん中ちゅう，不ふ因いん此勢以圖巴ともえ、蜀しょく，而留夏なつ侯ほう淵ふかし、張ちょう郃屯守もり，身み遽北還かえ，此非其智不ふ逮而力不足ちからぶそく也，必將內有憂ゆう偪故耳みみ。今いま策さく淵ふち、郃才略りゃく，不ふ勝かつ國之くにゆき將帥しょうすい，舉衆往討，則のり必可克之かつゆき，克之かつゆき日び，廣こう農のう積せき穀こく，觀かん釁伺隙すき，上うえ可か以傾覆くつがえ寇敵，尊みこと獎王室しつ，中ちゅう可か以蠶食さんしょく雍、涼りょう，廣こう拓つぶせ境さかい土ど，下した可か以固守こしゅ要害ようがい，為ため持じ乆之計けい。此蓋天てん以與我わが，時じ不可ふか失しつ也。」先さき主ぬし善ぜん其策，乃率諸しょ將しょう進しん兵へい漢かん中ちゅう，正ただし亦また從したがえ行くだり。) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
  12. ^ (備遣張ちょう飛ひ屯たむろ固山こやま，欲よく斷だん軍ぐん後ご。衆議しゅうぎ狐疑こぎ，休きゅう曰：「賊ぞく實じつ斷だん道者どうしゃ，當とう伏兵ふくへい潛行せんこう。今こん乃先張ちょう聲こえ勢ぜい，此其不能ふのう也。宜むべ及其未み集しゅう，促擊蘭らん，蘭らん破やぶ則のり飛ひ自じ走はし矣。」洪ひろし從したがえ之の，進しん兵へい擊げき蘭らん，大破たいは之の，飛ひ果はて走はし。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  13. ^ (備遣陳ひね式しき等とう十餘營絕馬鳴閣道，晃あきら別べつ征せい破やぶ之これ，賊ぞく自じ投とう山谷さんや，多た死者ししゃ。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  14. ^ (劉りゅう備屯陽平ようへい，郃屯廣石ひろいし。備以精せい卒そつ萬まん餘あまり，分ふん為ため十じゅう部ぶ，夜よる急きゅう攻おさむ郃。郃率親おや兵へい搏戰，備不能ふのう克かつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  15. ^ (漢かん中ちゅう則そく益えき州しゅう咽喉いんこう，存亡そんぼう之の機會きかい，若わか無む漢かん中ちゅう則そく無む蜀しょく矣，此家門もん之の禍わざわい也。方今ほうこん之の事こと，男子だんし當とう戰たたかえ，女子じょし當とう運うん，發はつ兵へい何なに疑うたぐ？) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  16. ^ ([建たて安やすし]二に十じゅう四よん年ねん正月しょうがつ，備夜燒しょう圍かこえ鹿角かつの。淵ふち使し張ちょう郃護東ひがし圍かこえ，自じ將しょう輕けい兵へい護まもる南みなみ圍かこえ。備挑郃戰，郃軍不利ふり。淵ふち分ぶん所しょ將兵しょうへい半はん助じょ郃，為ため備所襲かさね，淵ふち遂とげ戰死せんし。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  17. ^ (建けん安やす二に十じゅう四よん年ねん，於漢中ちゅう定じょう軍ぐん山やま擊げき夏なつ侯こう淵ふち。淵ふち衆しゅ甚精，忠ちゅう推鋒必進，勸すすむ率りつ士卒しそつ，金きむ鼓こ振ふ天てん，歡聲かんせい動どう谷だに，一いち戰せん斬き淵ふち，淵ふち軍ぐん大敗たいはい。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  18. ^ (二に十じゅう四よん年ねん，先さき主ぬし自じ陽平ようへい南みなみ渡わたり沔水，緣えん山さん稍やや前まえ，於定軍ぐん、興きょう勢ぜい作さく營。淵ふち將兵しょうへい來らい爭そう其地。正せい曰：「可か擊げき矣。」先さき主命しゅうめい黃き忠ちゅう乘じょう高だか鼓こ譟攻之の，大破たいは淵ふち軍ぐん，淵ふち等とう授首。) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
  19. ^ (二に十じゅう四よん年ねん春はる，自じ陽平ようへい南みなみ渡わたり沔水，緣えん山さん稍やや前まえ，於定軍ぐん山やま勢ぜい作さく營。淵ふち將兵しょうへい來らい爭そう其地。先さき主命しゅうめい黃き忠ちゅう乘じょう高だか鼓こ譟攻之の，大破たいは淵ふち軍ぐん，斬き淵ふち及曹公所ぐぞ署しょ益えき州しゅう刺史しし趙ちょう顒等。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  20. ^ (其明日び，备欲渡わたり汉水来らい攻おさむ。诸将仪众寡不敌，备便乘びんじょう胜，欲ほし依よ水みず为陈以拒之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  21. ^ (淮曰：“此示弱じゃく而不足ふそく挫くじけ敌，非ひ算さん也。不ふ如远水すい为陈，引而致之，半はん济而后きさき击，备可破やぶ也。”既すんで陈，备疑不渡ふわたり，淮遂坚守，示しめせ无还心しん。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  22. ^ (旣すんで陣じん，備疑不渡ふわたり，淮遂堅守けんしゅ，示しめせ無む還かえ心こころ。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  23. ^ (是ぜ時じ，夏なつ侯ほう淵ふかし沒ぼつ於陽平ひらめ，太ふとし祖そ憂う之これ。以真為ため征せい蜀しょく護まもる軍ぐん，督とく徐じょ晃あきら等とう破やぶ劉りゅう備別將しょう高だか詳しょう於陽平たいら。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  24. ^ (及曹公こう至いたり，先さき主ぬし斂眾拒こばめ險けわし，終おわり不ふ交鋒，積せき月がつ不拔ふばつ，亡者もうじゃ日び多た。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  25. ^ (夏なつ侯ほう淵ふかし敗はい，曹公爭そう漢かん中地なかじ，運うん米まい北きた山下やました，數すう千せん萬まん囊。黃き忠ちゅう以為可か取と，雲くも兵へい隨ずい忠ちゅう取と米まい。忠ただし過か期き不ふ還かえ，雲くも將しょう數すう十じゅう騎き輕けい行ぎょう出で圍かこえ，迎むかい視し忠ちゅう等とう。值曹公こう揚あげ兵へい大出おおいで，雲くも為ため公こう前ぜん鋒ほこさき所しょ擊げき，方ぽう戰せん，其大衆たいしゅう至いたり，勢いきおい逼，遂とげ前ぜん突其陣じん，且鬬且却。公おおやけ軍ぐん散ち，已やめ復ふく合あい，雲くも陷おちい敵てき，還かえ趣おもむき圍かこえ。將はた張ちょう著ちょ被ひ創そう，雲くも復ふく馳はせ馬ば還かえ營迎著ちょ。公おおやけ軍ぐん追つい至いたり圍かこえ，此時沔陽長ちょう張ちょう翼つばさ在ざい雲くも圍かこえ內，翼つばさ欲よく閉門へいもん拒こばめ守もり，而雲入營にゅうえい，更さら大だい開門かいもん，偃旗息いき鼓こ。公おおやけ軍ぐん疑うたぐ雲くも有ゆう伏兵ふくへい，引去ひきさ。雲くも雷かみなり鼓こ震ふるえ天てん，惟おもんみ以戎弩いしゆみ於後射しゃ公おおやけ軍ぐん，公おおやけ軍ぐん驚おどろき駭，自じ相あい蹂踐，墮漢水中すいちゅう死者ししゃ甚多。) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  26. ^ 《九州きゅうしゅう春秋しゅんじゅう》：時どき王おう欲ほっ還かえ，出で令れい曰‘雞肋’，官かん屬ぞく不知ふち所謂いわゆる。主おも簿ぼ楊修便びん自じ嚴いむ裝そう，人ひと驚おどろき問とい修おさむ：‘何なに以知之の?’修おさむ曰：‘夫おっと雞肋，棄之如可惜，食しょく之の無む所得しょとく，以比漢かん中ちゅう，知ち王おう欲ほっ還かえ也。
  27. ^ (建けん安やす二に十じゅう四よん年ねん，命いのち達たち從したがえ秭歸北きた攻おさむ房ぼう陵りょう，房ぼう陵りょう太守たいしゅ蒯祺為ため達たち兵へい所しょ害がい。達たち將はた進攻しんこう上じょう庸いさお，先さき主ぬし陰かげ恐おそれ達たち難なん獨どく任にん，乃遣封ふう自じ漢かん中ちゅう乘じょう沔水下か統すべ達たち軍ぐん，與あずか達たち會かい上じょう庸いさお。上うえ庸いさお太守たいしゅ申さる耽ふけ舉衆降くだ，) Sanguozhi vol. 40.
  28. ^ (太ふとし祖そ將はた拔漢中ちゅう守もり，恐こわ劉りゅう備北取と武たけ都と氐以逼關中ちゅう，問もん既すんで。既すんで曰：「可か勸すすむ使し北出きたいで就穀以避賊ぞく，前ぜん至いたり者しゃ厚あつ其寵賞しょう，則のり先さき者しゃ知ち利り，後ご必慕之の。」太ふとし祖そ從したがえ其策，乃自到いた漢かん中ちゅう引出諸しょ軍ぐん，令れい既すんで之の武たけ都と，徙氐五萬餘落出居扶風、天水てんすい界かい。) Sanguozhi vol. 15.
  29. ^ (钦从祖そ祺妇, 即そく诸葛孔明こうめい之の大だい姊也。) Xiangyang Ji
  • Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
  • Chang Qu (4th century). Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi).
  • Fang, Xuanling. Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
  • Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang (1084), Zizhi Tongjian.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanzhong_Campaign&oldid=1244265387"