Lifan Yuan
The Lifan Yuan (Chinese:
ᡤᠣᠯᠣ
ᠪᡝ
ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠ
ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: tulergi golo be dasara jurgan; Mongolian: Гадаад Монголын төрийг засах явдлын яам,
Name
[edit]The name Lifan Yuan has various translations in English, including the Board for National Minority Affairs,[1] Court of Territorial Affairs,[2] Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions,[3] Office for Relations with Principalities,[4] Office of Barbarian Control,[5] Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs,[6] and Court of Colonial Affairs.[7][8] etc. The office was initially known as the Mongol Yamen (Chinese:
ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: monggo jurgan, lit. the Mongol department) when it was first created in 1636. In 1639 the department was renamed and expanded to "Lifan Yuan" in Chinese and "Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan" in Manchu. The Manchu name literally means the department for the administration of outlying regions.[10] During the period of the late Qing reforms (or "New Policies"), the name was changed again to Lifan Ministry (Chinese:
Function
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2021) |
Prior to the establishment of the Zongli Yamen, the Court also supervised the empire's relation with Russia under the treaties of Nerchinsk and Kyakhta.[11] Lifan Yuan was exclusively staffed with members from the Eight Banners. Lifan Yuan was the closest administrative office that the Qing dynasty had that would have been comparable with a foreign policy department.
Guests of the Lifan Yuan were housed in the Bureau of Interpreters (Chinese:
There was also a Russian Language Institute (Chinese:
The Lifan Yuan was roughly a Qing version of the Xuanzheng Yuan (Chinese:
See also
[edit]- Similar institutions
- Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Yuan dynasty)
- Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission (Republic of China)
- State Ethnic Affairs Commission (People's Republic of China)
References
[edit]- ^ The biographies of the Dalai Lamas By Hanzhang Ya, P33
- ^ Opium and the limits of empire: drug prohibition in the Chinese interior ... By David Anthony Bello, P65
- ^ Political frontiers, ethnic boundaries, and human geographies in Chinese history By Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J. Wyatt, P367
- ^ Imperial China 900-1800 By Frederick W. Mote, P868
- ^ Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History By R. K. I. Quested, P46
- ^ Traditional government in imperial China: a critical analysis By Mu Qian, Mu Ch'ien, George Oakley Totten, P135
- ^ Coleman, William M. IV (2014). Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 (PDF). p. 193-194. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-07.
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ignored (help) - ^ "China - The Qing empire". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ Pamela Kyle Crossley (15 February 2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. pp. 214–. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.
- ^ The Imperial Moment, by Kimberly Kagan, p97
- ^ Akifumi, Shiyoya (2019). "The Treaty of Ghulja reconsidered: Imperial Russian diplomacy toward Qing China in 1851". Journal of Eurasian Studies. 10 (2): 147–158. doi:10.1177/1879366519842882. S2CID 164659711.
- ^ State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest, by Xiaolin Guo, p29
Further reading
[edit]- Mayers, William Frederick. The Chinese Government: A Manual of Chinese Titles, Categorically Arranged and Explained, with an Appendix. 3rd edition revised by G.M.H. Playfair ed. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1897; reprint, Taipei: Ch'eng-Wen Pub. Co., 1966.
- Brunnert, S., V. V. Hagelstrom, and N. F. Kolesov. Present Day Political Organization of China. Translated by Andrei Terent'evich Biel'chenko and Edward Eugene Moran. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh Limited, 1912.
- March, G. Patrick, Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific, 1996.