Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
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Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | |
---|---|
Chinese transcription(s) | |
• Simplified Chinese | |
• Hanyu Pinyin | Yánbiān Cháoxiǎnzú Zìzhìzhōu |
Korean transcription(s) | |
• Chosŏn'gŭl | 연변조선족자치주 |
• McCune–Reischauer | Yŏnbyŏn Chosŏnjok Chach'iju |
• Revised Romanization | Yeonbyeon Joseonjok Jachiju |
Coordinates: 43°08′N 129°11′E / 43.133°N 129.183°E | |
Country | China |
Province | Jilin |
County-level divisions | 6 county-level cities 2 counties |
Prefectural seat | Yanji |
Government | |
• CCP Secretary | Hua Jiafu |
• Congress Chairman | Zhang Taifan |
• Governor | Hong Gyeong |
• Prefectural CPPCC Chairwoman | Kang Fang |
Area | |
• Total | 43,509 km2 (16,799 sq mi) |
Population (2022) | |
• Total | 2,015,500 |
• Density | 46/km2 (120/sq mi) |
Demographics | |
• Ethnic composition | |
• Languages | Korean, Mandarin Chinese |
GDP[1] | |
• Total | CN¥ 85.9 billion US$ 13.8 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 40,119 US$ 6,441 |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Area code | +86 433 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-JL-24 |
Licence plate prefixes | |
Website | www |
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||||||
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Simplified Chinese | |||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||||||
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Chinese Korean name | |||||||||||
Chosŏn'gŭl | 연변조선족자치주 | ||||||||||
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The Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[a] is an autonomous prefecture in the east of Jilin Province, China. Yanbian is bordered to the north by Heilongjiang Province, on the west by Jilin's Baishan City and Jilin City, on the south by North Korea's North Hamgyong Province and on the east by Primorsky Krai in Russia. Yanbian is designated as a Korean autonomous prefecture due to the large number of Chaoxianzu living in the region. The prefectural capital is Yanji and the total area is 42,700 square kilometres (16,500 sq mi).
The prefecture has an important Balhae archaeological site: the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, which includes the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo.
History[edit]
In the Ming dynasty, Yanbian was governed by the Jianzhou Guard (
In the late 19th century, Korean immigrants migrated en masse from the Korean Peninsula to China. After the foundation of the Republic of China, a second wave arrived. Of the 2 million ethnic Koreans in Manchuria at the time of the communist takeover, 1.2 million remained in the region after the end of World War II. Many participated in the Chinese Civil War, most on the side of the Chinese communists. When the civil war was over, the new Chinese government gave these Koreans their own autonomous region (
Korean (Joseon) migration into Northeast China began in significant numbers in the last quarter of the 19th century and was mainly motivated by economic hardship on the Korean side of the border. After the Japanese annexed Korea in 1910, a small but significant number of migrants also came to Manchuria for political reasons.[5]
In 1952, the Korean migrants comprised some 60% of the local population, but by 2000 that was down to 32%. The Chinese authorities subsidize Korean language schools and publications, but also take measures to prevent an emergence of Korean irredentism in the area. From the late 1990s, the Chaoxianzu have assimilated into mainstream Chinese culture with increasing speed, often switching to daily use of Chinese and choosing to attend Chinese-language schools.[6]
Geography[edit]
- Geographic coordinates: 41° 59' 47" – 44° 30' 42" N, 127° 27' 43" – 131° 18' 33" E
- Total border length: 755.2 kilometres (469.3 mi)
- With North Korea: 522.5 kilometres (324.7 mi)
- With Russia: 232.7 kilometres (144.6 mi)
Mountains that are in the prefecture are:
- Changbai Mountains (central range)
- Zhangguangcai Range
- Harba Peak (哈尔
巴 岭) - Peony Peak (
牡丹 领) - Old Master Peak (
老 爷岭) - Nangang Mountain Range (
南 岗山脉)
There have been over 40 types of minerals and 50 kinds of metals – including gold, lead, zinc, copper, silver, manganese and mercury – discovered near or in the mountains.
The average land height is 500 metres above sea level.
Main rivers include:
- Songhua River
- Mudan River (Peony River)
- Tumen River
- Gaya River (branch of the Tumen)
- Hunchun River
The rivers sustain 28 running water processing facilities. They created basins, which are suitable for agricultural uses, like rice paddies and bean farms.
Politics[edit]
Structure[edit]
Title | CCP Committee Secretary | People's Congress Chairman | Governor | Yanbian CPPCC Chairwoman |
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Hua Jiafu | Zhang Taifan | Hong Gyeong | Kang Fang |
Ethnicity | Han | Korean | Korean | Han |
Born | October 1967 (age 56) | November 1964 (age 59) | November 1976 (age 47) | March 1966 (age 58) |
Assumed office | June 2022 | January 2022 | November 2021 | January 2022 |
Administrative divisions[edit]
The prefecture is subdivided into eight county-level divisions: six county-level cities and two counties:
Administrative divisions of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division code | Division | Area (km2) | Total population 2020 | Seat | Postal code | ||
222400 | Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | 43,329.34 | 1,941,700 | Yanji | 133000 | ||
222401 | Yanji City | 1,722.24 | 686,136 | Xinxing Subdistrict | 133000 | ||
222402 | Tumen City | 1,140.50 | 85,248 | Xiangshang Subdistrict | 133100 | ||
222403 | Dunhua City | 11,787.76 | 392,486 | Minzhu Subdistrict | 133700 | ||
222404 | Hunchun City | 5,141.29 | 239,359 | Henan Subdistrict | 133300 | ||
222405 | Longjing City | 2,208.80 | 129,286 | Anmin Subdistrict | 133400 | ||
222406 | Helong City | 5,068.71 | 117,087 | Wenhua Subdistrict | 133500 | ||
222424 | Wangqing County | 8,825.81 | 167,911 | Dachuan Subdistrict | 133200 | ||
222426 | Antu County | 7,434.23 | 124,187 | Jiulong Subdistrict | 133600 |
Divisions in Chinese and Korean | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Chinese | Pinyin | Chinese Korean transliteration | ||
Joseongeul | Revised | McCune | |||
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture | Yánbiān Cháoxiǎnzú Zìzhìzhōu | 연변조선족자치주 | Yeonbyeon Joseonjok Jachiju | Yŏnbyŏn Chosŏnjok Chach'iju | |
Yanji City | Yánjí Shì | 연길시 | Yeongil-si | Yŏngil-si | |
Tumen City | 图们 |
Túmén Shì | 도문시 | Domun-si | Tomun-si |
Dunhua City | Dūnhuà Shì | 돈화시 | Donhwa-si | Tonhwa-si | |
Dunhua City | Dūnhuà Shì | 돈화시 | Donhwa-si | Tonhwa-si | |
Hunchun City | 珲春 |
Húnchūn Shì | 혼춘시 | Hunchun-si | Hunch’un-si |
Longjing City | 龙井 |
Lóngjǐng Shì | 룡정시 | Ryongjeong-si | Ryongjŏng-si |
Helong City | Hélóng Shì | 화룡시 | Hwaryong-si | Hwaryong-si | |
Wangqing County | Wāngqīng Xiàn | 왕청현 | Wangcheong-hyeon | Wangch’ŏng-hyŏn | |
Antu County | Āntú Xiàn | 안도현 | Ando-hyeon | Ando-hyŏn |
The above counties and cities are divided into 642 villages (边境
Transportation[edit]
Railways include:
- Chang-Tu Line (长图线)
- Mu-Tu Line (
牡 图线) - Chao-Kai Line (
朝 开线) - Yangchuan-Shantun Line (阳川
山 屯 线) - Jilin–Hunchun intercity railway (
吉 珲客运专线)
There are 1,480 km (920 mi) of public roads altogether. There are four airports.
Demographics[edit]
The total registered population in Yanbian at the end of 2022 was 2.015 million.[7] The urbanization rate was 69.6% in 2022.[7] Between 1952 and 2002, Yanbian had among the highest rates of urbanization at 55.6%, 20 percentage points greater than the provincial average (31.3%) and 25 more than the national average (26.5%).[8]
Ethnic composition[edit]
The population of Yanbian was predominantly Han as of 2022[update], who were estimated to make up 60.2%, followed by Koreans at 35.5%, and Manchus at 3.6%.[7] The ethnic composition according to the 2020 census:[9]
Ethnicity | Han | Korean | Manchu | Hui | Mongol | Miao | Tujia | Zhuang | Jingpo | Yi | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 1,222,372 | 597,426 | 54,292 | 5,530 | 4,532 | 349 | 248 | 219 | 214 | 168 | 1,350 |
% | 65.79 | 30.77 | 2.80 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
% of ethnic minorities | – | 89.93 | 8.17 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.20 |
As on the Korean peninsula, the most common surname among Yanbian Koreans is Kim (Jin [
Economy[edit]
The GDP of Yanbian was about CN¥83.887 billion (US$12.472 billion) as of 2022[update]. Its per capita for 2022 was CN¥44,007 (US$6,542).[10] Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth CN¥7.652 billion (US$1.138 billion), CN¥33.527 billion (US$4.985 billion), and CN¥42.708 billion (US$6.350 billion), respectively.[10]
Education[edit]
Colleges and universities:
- Yanbian University, which uses both Chinese and Korean as instruction mediums.[11]
- Yanbian University of Science and Technology[12]
International schools:
- Yanbian International Academy[citation needed]
- Korean International School in Yanbian[citation needed]
Culture[edit]
Both Mandarin Chinese and Chaoxianzu style Korean are used as official languages in Yanbian.
The Museum of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was planned in 1960, and constructed in 1982. It contains over 10,000 exhibits, including 11 first-level artifacts.[citation needed] The exhibits' labels and explanations are bilingual in Korean and Chinese and tour guides are also available in both languages.
Tourism[edit]
There are seven public parks in Yanbian's green space (18% of whole prefecture), including:
- Yanji People's Park (
延吉 人民 公 园) - Youth Lake Park (
青年 湖 公 园)
Also popular among locals during holidays and festivities.
Nature and environment[edit]
Over 70% of the prefecture is forest, so there is a rich biodiversity.[citation needed]
Sports[edit]
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is an important region for Chinese football. Over 50 years, more than 40 footballers have been selected by the China national team.
The first professional football team in this prefecture is Jilin Three Stars Football Club. From 1994 to 2000, this club had played each year in the top Chinese football league. In 2000, they were relegated from the top league. Because of poor economic conditions the club was sold to Lucheng Group in Zhejiang Province.
Yanbian Longding plays in the 30,000-seater Yanji Stadium in China League One, the second tier of the Chinese football league system.
In 2016, Yanbian Football Club was sponsored by Shenzhen Funde Group (Chinese:
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^
吉林 省 统计局 、国家 统计局 吉林 调查总队 (September 2016). 《吉林 统计年 鉴-2016》.中国 统计出版 社 . ISBN 978-7-5037-7899-5. Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2017-06-05. - ^ Lee, Robert H. G. (1970). The Manchurian frontier in Chʼing history. Internet Archive. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-674-54775-9.
- ^ Matsuzato, Kimitaka (2016-12-07). Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4985-3705-6. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- ^ Lovell, Julia (2019-09-03). Maoism: A Global History. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-525-65605-0.
Events took a horrific turn in the frontier town of Yanbian, where freight trains trundled from China into the DPRK, draped with the corpses of Koreans killed in the pitched battles of the Cultural Revolution, and daubed with threatening graffiti: 'This will be your fate also, you tiny revisionists!'
- ^ Min, Pyong Gap (1992). "A Comparison of the Korean Minorities in China and Japan". International Migration Review. 26 (1): 4–21. doi:10.2307/2546934. JSTOR 2546934. PMID 12285045.
- ^ Lankov, Andrei (2007-08-16). "The Gentle Decline of the 'Third Korea'". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c "
延 边州2022年 国民 经济和 社会 发展统计公 报 -中国 统计信 息 网" [Yanbian Prefecture's 2022 National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin]. www.tjcn.org. 16 June 2023. Retrieved 2024-01-06. - ^ Li, Yabiao
李 亚彪; Wang, Jinghe王 景 和 (2002-09-02). "Jílín Yánbiān Cháoxiǎnzú Zìzhìzhōu chéngshìhuà shuǐpíng zǒuzài quánguó qiánliè"吉林 延 边朝鲜族自治 州 城市 化 水平 走 在 全国 前列 . Xinhua (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on October 1, 2002. Retrieved 2007-07-15. - ^ "
吉林 省 人口 普 查年鉴-2020" [Jilin Province Census Yearbook-2020]. Jilin Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2024-01-06. - ^ a b "
延 边朝鲜族自治 州 2022年 国民 经济和 社会 发展统计公 报" [Statistical Bulletin on National Economic and Social Development of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in 2022]. Jilin Bureau of Statistics. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 2024-01-06. - ^ "Yanbian University". Study in China : China University Admission. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
- ^ "YUST | YUST PUST Foundation". www.yustpust.org. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
Sources[edit]
延 边朝鲜族自治 州 概 编写组编写 (June 2009).延 边朝鲜族自治 州 概 况 [Overview of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture] (in Chinese). Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. ISBN 978-7-105-08642-9.
Further reading[edit]
- Cathcart, Adam (2010). "Nationalism and Ethnic Identity in the Sino-Korean Border Region of Yanbian, 1945–1950" (PDF). Korean Studies. 34: 25–53. doi:10.1353/ks.2010.a413032. JSTOR 23720146. S2CID 161128900.
External links[edit]
- Official government website (in Chinese)
- Official government Tourism website
- Yanbian Office in Korea (in Korean)
- Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine: by the Information Office of Jilin Provincial Government
- A map labeled in Chinese written in the list in the "Administration" section Archived 2009-09-26 at the Wayback Machine