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Hotan Prefecture - Wikipedia Jump to content

Hotan Prefecture

Coordinates: 37°07′N 79°55′E / 37.11°N 79.91°E / 37.11; 79.91
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hotan Prefecture
خوتەن ۋىلايىتى (Uyghur)
和田わだ地区ちく (Chinese)
Khotan, Hetian, Gosthana
Prefecture
Hotan City
Hotan City
Hotan prefecture (red) (including Kunyu) in Xinjiang (orange)
Hotan prefecture (red) (including Kunyu) in Xinjiang (orange)
CountryPeople's Republic of China
RegionXinjiang
SeatHotan[1]
Government
 • CPC Secretary
(地ち委い书记)		Yang Fasen
(杨发森もり[2])
Area
[3][a]
 • Total248,059.54 km2 (95,776.32 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 Census)[4]
 • Total2,441,231
 • Density9.8/km2 (25/sq mi)
Ethnic groups
 • Major ethnic groupsUyghur, Han Chinese[5][6][7][8]: 178 
GDP[9]
 • TotalCN¥ 46.7 billion
US$ 7.1 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 18,235
US$ 2,827
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-XJ-32
Websitexjht.gov.cn
Hotan Prefecture
Uyghur name
Uyghurخوتەن ۋىلايىتى‎
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese和田わだ地区ちく
Traditional Chinese和田わだ地區ちく

Hotan Prefecture[10] (see also § Etymology) is located in the Tarim Basin region of southwestern Xinjiang, China, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south and Union Territory of Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan to the west. The vast majority of the Aksai Chin region which is disputed between China and India is administered as part of Hotan Prefecture. The seat of Hotan Prefecture is Hotan and its largest county by population is Karakax County. The vast majority of the residents of the prefecture are Muslim Uyghurs and live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains.

The region was the center of the ancient Iranian Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan. Later, the region was part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, followed by the Qara Khitai, Chagatai Khanate, Moghulistan and the Dzungar Khanate, which was conquered by the Qing dynasty of China. Hotan became part of Xinjiang under Qing rule.[11] In the 1930s, the Khotan Emirate declared independence from China.[citation needed] The People's Liberation Army entered Hotan in 1949.

The prefecture is known for its jade, silk and carpets.

Etymology[edit]

Hotan Prefecture is named for its seat, Hotan (or Khotan). The area was originally known as Godana in ancient Sanskrit cosmological texts.[12] The Chinese transcribed the name as 于窴, pronounced Gudana in Middle Chinese (Yutian in modern Standard Chinese); the pronunciation eventually morphed into Khotan. In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar Xuanzang attempted to remedy this lexical change. Xuanzang, who was well-versed in Sanskrit, proposed that the traditional name was in fact Kustana (गौस्तन) and asserted it meant "breast of the earth". However, this was likely borrowed from the Tibetan name for the region, Gosthana, which means "land of cows". It is therefore most likely that the original name of Hotan was Sanskritic in origin, a consequence of ancient Indian settlement in the area.[13][14]

The official Uyghur-Latin transliteration, and therefore English spelling, of the modern city's name is "Hotan" according to the Register of Chinese Geographic Places.[15] The Hanyu pinyin romanization Hetian has also been used on some maps.

History[edit]

The Hotan Prefecture region played a major part in the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877).[11]

Tunganistan was an independent administered region in the southern part of Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. The territory included the oases of the southern Tarim Basin; the centre of the region was Khotan.

On December 22, 1949, PLA forces reached Hotan. In 1950, the area was redesignated as Hotan District (和かず闐專せん區く).[16]

In 1959, the Chinese character name of Hotan was changed from '和かず阗' to the homophonous '和田わだ'.[1][16]

In 1962, events of the Sino-Indian War occurred in parts of Aksai Chin administered as part of Hotan Prefecture.

In 1971, Hotan was changed from a district (专区) to a prefecture (地区ちく).[16]

Between June 1991 and March 1992, there were six attacks with firearms on Han Chinese residents in Hotan Prefecture.[17]

According to a reporter for the Wen Wei Po in Ürümqi, between January and August 2005, authorities had disbanded six "illegal underground" religious schools in Hotan Prefecture and confiscated more than one hundred unauthorized religious books and periodicals as well as 972 audio and video tapes.[18][19]

In 2016, Kunyu was established within the boundaries of Hotan Prefecture.

In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, 171 Uyghur workers from Hotan Prefecture were sent to Changsha, Hunan.[20]

Geography[edit]

The vast majority of the residents live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains. To the north, the prefecture borders Aksu Prefecture, to the east Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, to the west Kashgar Prefecture, and to the south, Tibet and the areas disputed between China, India and Pakistan. Aksai Chin includes the southernmost point administered as part of Xinjiang. Most of the prefecture has a cold desert climate.

Administrative divisions[edit]

Windbreak forest in Hotan, July 1993
Melikawat

The Hotan Prefecture is divided into one county-level city and seven counties and surrounds Kunyu:[21][2]


(Outdated map: Kunyu was established within the boundaries of Hotan Prefecture in 2016)
# Name Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Population (2020) Area (km2) Density (/km2)
1 Hotan[10] (Hetian) خوتەن شەھىرى Hoten Shehiri 和田わだ市し Hétián Shì 501,028 466 1074.15
2 Hotan County[10] (Hetian) خوتەن ناھىيىسى Hoten Nahiyisi 和田わだ县 Hétián Xiàn 324,603 41,080[b] 7.90
3 Karakax County[10] (Moyu) قاراقاش ناھىيىسى Qaraqash Nahiyisi 墨ぼく玉たま县 Mòyù Xiàn 571,648 25,608 22.32
4 Pishan County[10] (Guma) گۇما ناھىيىسى Guma Nahiyisi 皮かわ山やま县 Píshān Xiàn 281,573 39,463 7.14
5 Lop County (Luopu) لوپ ناھىيىسى Lop Nahiyisi 洛らく浦うら县 Luòpǔ Xiàn 286,900 14,114 20.33
6 Qira County (Chira, Cele) چىرا ناھىيىسى Chira Nahiyisi 策さく勒县 Cèlè Xiàn 157,792 31,592 4.99
7 Keriya County (Yutian[10]) كېرىيە ناھىيىسى Kériye Nahiyisi 于田县 Yútián Xiàn 257,038 39,033 6.59
8 Niya County (Minfeng[10]) نىيە ناھىيىسى Niye Nahiyisi 民みん丰县 Mínfēng Xiàn 42,649 56,703 0.75
Musicians at Hotan Sunday Market

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20001,681,310—    
20102,014,362+1.82%
20152,324,287+2.90%
[5][22]

According to the analysis of Adrian Zenz, the population growth of Hotan declined significantly between 2015 and 2018.[23]

As of 2015, 2,248,113 (96.7%) of the 2,324,287 residents of the prefecture were Uyghur, 71,233 were Han Chinese (3.1%) and 4,941 were from other ethnic groups.[22]

In 2014, according to a local government employee in the township of Langru in Hotan County, "Islamic beliefs are very strong" in the prefecture.[7]

As of the 2000s, the population of Hotan Prefecture was more than 95% Uyghur.[5][6][7][8]: 178 

As of 1999, 96.9% of the population of Hotan (Hetian) Prefecture was Uyghur and 3.1% of the population was Han Chinese.[24]

Residents of Hotan Prefecture commonly speak Uyghur and often do not speak Mandarin Chinese.[8]: 181 [25][26][27]: 241 [better source needed]

Notable persons[edit]

Historical maps[edit]

Historical English-language maps including modern-day Hotan Prefecture area:

  • Map including ILCHÍ (1865)
    Map including ILCHÍ (1865)
  • Map of the expeditions of Sven Hedin (1906-8) including the southern part of the modern Hotan Prefecture (RGS, early 20th century)
    Map of the expeditions of Sven Hedin (1906-8) including the southern part of the modern Hotan Prefecture (RGS, early 20th century)
  • Map including Hotan (labeled as Khotan) (1917)
    Map including Hotan (labeled as Khotan) (1917)
  • Map including most of northern Hotan Prefecture area (USATC, 1971)[c]
    Map including most of northern Hotan Prefecture area (USATC, 1971)[c]
  • From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Hotan Prefecture area (DMA, 1980)[d]
    From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Hotan Prefecture area (DMA, 1980)[d]
  • Map including Hotan Prefecture area (northwest) (DMA, 1984)[e]
    Map including Hotan Prefecture area (northwest) (DMA, 1984)[e]
  • Map including Hotan Prefecture area (northeast) (DMA, 1990)[f]
    Map including Hotan Prefecture area (northeast) (DMA, 1990)[f]
  • Map including Hotan Prefecture area (southwest) with Aksai Chin (DMA, 1995)[g]
    Map including Hotan Prefecture area (southwest) with Aksai Chin (DMA, 1995)[g]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ includes areas in Aksai Chin
  2. ^ includes areas in Aksai Chin
  3. ^ From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE".
  4. ^ From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."
  5. ^ From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative"
  6. ^ From map: "The representation of boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."
  7. ^ From map: "The representation of boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ a b 夏なつ征ただし农; 陈至立りつ, eds. (September 2009). 辞じ海うみ：第だい六ろく版はん彩いろどり图本 [Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese (China)). Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. p. 0866. ISBN 978-7-5326-2859-9. 和田わだ 1市し名めい。{...}和田わだ地区ちく行ぎょう署しょ驻此。{...}清きよし设和阗直隶州，1913年ねん改あらため和わ阗县，1959年ねん改あらため和田わだ县。
  2. ^ a b 行政ぎょうせい区く划 [Administrative Divisions]. Hotan Prefecture People's Government. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2020. 和田わだ地区ちく辖和田わだ市し、和田わだ县、皮かわ山やま县、墨ぼく玉だま县、洛らく浦うら县、策さく勒县、于田县、民みん丰县7县1市し，91个乡镇，13个街道どう办事处，98个社区く，1384个行政ぎょうせい村むら，还有生せい产建设兵团十じゅう四师及所属奴尔牧场、47团场、皮かわ山やま农场及224团场。历任中ちゅう共和きょうわ田地でんち委い书记22位い，专员14位い，现任地ち委い书记杨发森もり、行くだり署しょ专员艾もぐさ则孜•木き沙すな。
  3. ^ "《和田わだ地区ちく土地とち利用りよう总体规划（2010-2020年ねん）》". 和田わだ地区ちく国土こくど资源局きょく. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ^ 国くに务院第だい七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室 (July 2022). 王おう萍萍 (ed.). 中国ちゅうごく人口じんこう普ひろし查分县资料りょう—2020. 中国ちゅうごく统计出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-5037-9772-9.
  5. ^ a b c 和田わだ地区ちく历史沿革えんかく [Hotan Prefecture Historical Evolution]. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 1 December 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2020. 2000年ねん第だい五ご次じ人口じんこう普ひろし查，和田わだ地区ちく常住じょうじゅう总人口じんこう1681310人にん。{...}2000年ねん末まつ，和田わだ地区ちく常住じょうじゅう总人口じんこう168.15万まん，其中非ひ农业人口じんこう23.67万まん人にん，占うらない总人口じんこう的てき14.08%；维吾尔族162.56万まん人にん，占うらない总人口じんこう的てき96.67%。{...}2003年ねん，和田わだ地区ちく总面积248945.29平方へいほう千せん米めーとる，{...}2010年ねん第だい六ろく次じ人口じんこう普ひろし查，和田わだ地区ちく常住じょうじゅう总人口じんこう2014362人にん，
  6. ^ a b 1997年ねん和田わだ地区ちく行政ぎょうせい区く划. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2020. 维吾尔族占うらない96.9％，汉族占うらない2.9％。
  7. ^ a b c Richard Finney, Jelil Kashgari and Erkin Tarim (17 December 2014). "Uyghurs Face Seizure of Land, Personal Property Under Tough New Rules". Translated by Eset Sulaiman. Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020. Government employees at the local level frequently regret the difficulties caused by these requirements, an employee at Langru's Economy Management Office told RFA, adding, "But we have no choice, since these are the rules of our county." Hotan prefecture, in which the county lies, "is a very special region in the [Xinjiang] Autonomous Region," he said. "Most of our population here are Uyghurs, and their Islamic beliefs are very strong."
  8. ^ a b c Colin Legerton; Jacob Rawson (2009). Invisible China: A Journey Through Ethnic Borderlands. Chicago Review Press. pp. 178, 181. ISBN 978-1-55652-814-9 – via Internet Archive. While much of Xinjiang is being overpopulated by Han migration from eastern China that has more than quadrupled the desert region's population in a mere half-century, Hotan has been protected from the influx by its remote location at the southern base of the Taklimakan. It remains more than 95 percent Uyghur.{...}Even after eight years in the city, he spoke only Uyghur. His few Han clients were forced to communicate in their limited Uyghur, he explained, as he himself had never learned Chinese. In Hotan, there was no need for it.
  9. ^ "2021年ねん和田わだ地区ちく国民こくみん经济和わ社会しゃかい发展统计公こう报" (in Chinese). 19 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g The official spelling is "Hotan" according to 中国ちゅうごく地名ちめい录. Beijing: SinoMaps Press (中国ちゅうごく地ち图出版しゅっぱん社しゃ). 1997. p. 304. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
  11. ^ a b "Hotan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  12. ^ Higgins, Benjamin (November 1962). "The Philippines. Public Policy and National Economic Development. By Frank Golay. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961. Xviii, 455. Map, Tables, Index, Bibliographic Essay". The Journal of Asian Studies. 22 (1): 114–116. doi:10.2307/2049929. JSTOR 2049929.
  13. ^ Wang, Bangwei; Sen, Tansen (2011). India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi. Anthem Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780857288219.
  14. ^ Puri, Baij Nath (1987), Buddhism in Central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 52, ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5
  15. ^ (中国ちゅうごく地名ちめい录, published in Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国ちゅうごく地ち图出版しゅっぱん社しゃ 1997; ISBN 7-5031-1718-4; p. 312.)
  16. ^ a b c 历史沿革えんかく (in Simplified Chinese). Hotan Prefecture People's Government. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2020. 1949年ねん12月22日にち中国ちゅうごく人民じんみん解放かいほう军十じゅう五团抵达和阗 ，和わ阗解放かいほう。1950年ねん改称かいしょう和わ阗专区く，1959年ねん改あらため和わ阗为和田わだ，1971年ねん改あらため专区为地区ちく，1979年ねん建立こんりゅう和田わだ行政ぎょうせい公おおやけ署しょ。
  17. ^ Justin V. Hastings (December 2011). "Charting the Course of Uyghur Unrest". The China Quarterly (208): 901. JSTOR 41447781. (Sourced to the Xinjiang Public Security Gazette (新しん疆通志こころざし·公安こうあん志こころざし), pages 84)
  18. ^ [2005-08-31] 新しん疆破獲え東ひがし突分裂ぶんれつ組織そしき. Wen Wei Po (in Traditional Chinese). 31 August 2005. Archived from the original on 7 November 2005 – via Internet Archive. 據よりどころ悉，今年ことし以來いらい，該地區ちく已やめ查獲地下ちか非ひ法ほう教きょう經けい點てん6個こ，查收非ひ法ほう宗教しゅうきょう書しょ刊かん100餘よ本ほん、音像おんぞう製品せいひん972盒和帶たい有ゆう違法いほう的てき各かく類るい物品ぶっぴん1,874件けん。
  19. ^ "Uighur Separatists Arrested in Xinjiang's Hetian Prefecture". Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 7 September 2005. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020. The article also reports that since January, Hetian authorities have disbanded six "illegal underground" religious schools and confiscated unauthorized religious books, periodicals, and audio and video tapes.
  20. ^ Mamatjan Juma; Alim Seytoff; Joshua Lipes (27 February 2020). "Xinjiang Authorities Sending Uyghurs to Work in China's Factories, Despite Coronavirus Risks". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Mamatjan Juma; Alim Seytoff. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Recent reports by the official Xinjiang Daily and Chinanews.com said that from Feb. 22-23, "400 youths were transferred to the provinces of Hunan, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi." Of those, 114 from Awat (in Chinese, Awati) county, in the XUAR's Aksu (Akesu) prefecture, were sent to Jiangxi's Jiujiang city on Feb. 23, 100 from Aksu city were sent to Jiujiang on Feb. 22, and 171 from Hotan (Hetian) prefecture were sent to Changsha city in Hunan province, the reports said, without providing a date for the last transfer.
  21. ^ 2018年ねん统计用よう区く划代码和城じょう乡划分ぶん代だい码：和田わだ地区ちく [2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Hotan Prefecture] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2020. 统计用よう区く划代码 名称めいしょう 653201000000 和田わだ市し 653221000000 和田わだ县 653222000000 墨すみ玉だま县 653223000000 皮かわ山やま县 653224000000 洛らく浦うら县 653225000000 策さく勒县 653226000000 于田县 653227000000 民みん丰县
  22. ^ a b 3-7 各地かくち、州しゅう、市し、县(市し)分ぶん民族みんぞく人口じんこう数すう (in Simplified Chinese). Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
  23. ^ Adrian Zenz (24 November 2019). "China Didn't Want Us to Know. Now Its Own Files Are Doing the Talking". New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Official statistics show that the combined net population growth rates of Hotan and Kashgar, two of the largest Uighur regions, dropped by about 84 percent between 2015 and 2018.
  24. ^ Morris Rossabi, ed. (2004). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers (PDF). University of Washington Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-295-98390-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  25. ^ Peter Neville-Hadley (1997). China the Silk Routes. Cadogan Guides. Globe Pequot Press. p. 304. ISBN 1-86011-052-5 – via Internet Archive. Travelling east from Khotan{...}Many Uighurs speak no Chinese at all, and most hotels are even less likely to have English speakers than those elsewhere in China.
  26. ^ David Eimer (2014). The Emperor Far Away: Travels at the Edge of China. Bloomsbury USA. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-62040-363-1 – via Internet Archive. Far fewer people understood Mandarin in Hotan than anywhere else I'd been in Xinjiang. It made getting around difficult, as not only did the taxi drivers fail to understand what I was saying, but they couldn't read an address either. Most ignored or didn't know the Chinese names given to the streets anyway.
  27. ^ 王おう炜, ed. (2004). Xin jiang 新しん疆 [Xinjiang] (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. pp. 235, 241. ISBN 7-5000-6883-2 – via Internet Archive. 和田わだ地区ちく{...}安全あんぜん 因いん为与当地とうち人じん语言交流こうりゅう可能かのう有ゆう障碍しょうがい，注意ちゅうい礼れい貌和当地とうち习俗是非ぜひ常つね必要ひつよう，以免发生不ふ必要ひつよう的てき争そう执。

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hotan Prefecture.
Look up Hotan, Khotan, Hetian, or Ho-t'ien in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

37°07′N 79°55′E / 37.11°N 79.91°E / 37.11; 79.91

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