Yangzhou (ancient China)
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Yangzhou, Yangchow or Yang Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China mentioned in historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya and Rites of Zhou.
Name[edit]
There are four different theories regarding the origin of the name "Yangzhou":
- Yangzhou's etymological root is related to trees. The Chunqiu Yuan Ming Bao recorded, "The soil is damp and moist, poplars and willows thrive there, that is how the name originated."[1] Shen Kuo (1031–1095) wrote that "Yangzhou is suitable for poplars (楊; yang) and Jingzhou is suitable for brambles (荊; jing)."[2] Li Dou (fl. 18th century) wrote that "Yangzhou is suitable for poplars (楊; yang) and those growing on dykes are even larger. There is one (poplar tree) every five steps and two every ten steps, in pairs and threes they stand in gardens."[3] Yangzhou is also sometimes written in Chinese as 楊州 instead of
揚 州 ; 楊 means "poplar". - The origin of the name "Yangzhou" has something to do with water. The Chinese dictionary Shiming, which dates back to the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 CE), states, "There are waters everywhere on Yangzhou's borders, the waters form waves."[4] A commentary to the Classic of Poetry states, "Yang (
揚 ; lit. "rise / scatter"), like the Chinese character for it, gives people an arousing sensation."[5] - The name "Yangzhou" derives from climate and human nature. Guo Pu (276–324) mentioned that the Jiangnan region had a warm and wet climate, its vegetation was dense and there were flowing waters in rivers and lakes, which gave people a feeling that the area was full of vigour and life, therefore it was called Yangzhou.[6]
- "Yangzhou" originated from "Yue" (
越 ; a term for the area in southeastern China around modern Zhejiang province). Sun Yirang (1848–1908) wrote, "This land was inhabited by the Baiyue. "Yang" (揚 ) and "Yue" (越 ) have the same meaning, so Yangzhou could have gotten its name from "Yangyue", just as "Jingzhou" and "Jingchu" have the same meaning."[7]
Before the Sui dynasty (581–618) conquered the Chen dynasty (557–589) in 589, the Chinese terms
Geographical location[edit]
According to legend, when Yu the Great (c. 2200–2100 BCE) tamed the flood, he divided the land of China into the Nine Provinces, of which Yangzhou was one. Pre-Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya, Rites of Zhou and Lüshi Chunqiu all mention the Nine Provinces. Yangzhou appears in all these texts even though they provide different names for the Nine Provinces. However, there are three different accounts of the geographical location of Yangzhou.
Tribute of Yu account[edit]
The Tribute of Yu records that Yangzhou was located between Huai and the Sea.[8] Kong Anguo (fl. 2nd century BCE) explained in Shangshu Zhuan (
Erya account[edit]
The ancient Chinese encyclopaedia Erya states that Jiangnan was Yangzhou, with the "jiang" (lit. "river") referring to the Yangtze River.[9] Guo Pu (276–324) mentioned in his annotations to the Erya that Yangzhou was defined as the region between south of the Yangtze to the Sea. This area in modern China covers roughly parts of Jiangsu and Anhui that are located south of the Yangtze, as well as Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, and parts of Jiangxi and Guangdong. However, the modern city of Yangzhou in Jiangsu is not within these boundaries, because it is situated north of the Yangtze. Xing Bing (邢昺; 931–1010) wrote in Erya Shu (
Rites of Zhou and Lüshi Chunqiu accounts[edit]
The Rites of Zhou records, "The southeast is called Yangzhou."[10] By this saying, the ancient Yangzhou would then cover the entire southeastern China, an area larger than the Yangzhou defined in the Tribute of Yu and Erya. This definition is even more sketchy than the above two, because it is unclear whether the modern city of Yangzhou in Jiangsu could be within the ancient Yangzhou or not. The accuracy of the Rites of Zhou itself is also in question. The Lüshi Chunqiu similarly mentioned that "the southeast is Yangzhou."[11]
History[edit]
Han dynasty[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Han_provinces.jpg/220px-Han_provinces.jpg)
In 106 BCE, during the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BCE) in the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE – 9 CE), China was divided into 13 administrative divisions or provinces (excluding the capital Chang'an and seven commanderies in its vicinity), each governed by a cishi (
Initially, the 13 administrative divisions were known as cishi bu (
During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 CE), Yangzhou's provincial capital was designated in Liyang (
Towards the end of the Han dynasty, the warlord Cao Cao rose to power and took control of the central government. He moved Yangzhou's capital to Shouchun (
Three Kingdoms period[edit]
In 220, Cao Pi ended the Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). A year later, in 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor of the state of Shu Han. In 222, Sun Quan received the title of "King of Wu" and became a vassal under Cao Wei, but later declared himself emperor of Eastern Wu in 229.
Yangzhou was divided between Wei and Wu: Wei controlled only a small part of Yangzhou and its provincial capital was at Shouchun (
Jin dynasty, and Southern and Northern Dynasties period[edit]
In 265, Sima Yan ended the state of Cao Wei and established the Western Jin dynasty (265–316). However, even then, Yangzhou was still divided between Jin and Eastern Wu. In 280, Jin forces invaded Wu's capital Jianye and conquered Wu after the last Wu emperor, Sun Hao, surrendered to Jin. After the fall of Wu, the Jin dynasty reunified Yangzhou and set up its provincial capital at Jianye, which was renamed to "Jianye" (
When the Yongjia Rebellion broke out in 311, the Jin government moved south to Jiangnan and established the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420) there, with Jiankang as the state capital. The Eastern Jin government subsequently partitioned Yangzhou into smaller provinces and prefectures such as Jiangzhou (
Sui dynasty[edit]
In 589, during the reign of Emperor Wen (r. 581–604) in the Sui dynasty (557–589), Sui forces conquered Jiankang (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), the capital of the Chen dynasty (557–589) and unified China under Sui rule. The Sui government renamed Yangzhou to "Jiangzhou" (蔣州), and Wuzhou (
In 605, Emperor Wen's successor, Emperor Yang (r. 604–618), reduced provinces to prefectures (or commanderies). Yangzhou was renamed "Jiangdu Prefecture" (
Tang dynasty and after[edit]
In 620, during the reign of Emperor Gaozu (r. 618–626) in the Tang dynasty (618–907), the modern city of Yangzhou was renamed "Yanzhou" (兗州; not to be confused with the modern city of the same name in Shandong) while Jiangning County (
After the Xuanwu Gate Incident in 626, Emperor Taizong (r. 626–649) ascended the throne and made the following changes: Yangzhou (the original Jiangning County) was merged into Runzhou (
In 742, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–756), provinces were reduced to prefectures again, and Yangzhou was renamed "Guangling Prefecture" (
Since then, the name "Yangzhou" has been more or less fixed to that particular location. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, Yangzhou was called "Yangzhou Prefecture" (
References[edit]
- ^ (厥土
下 濕 而多生 楊柳 ,以為名 ) Chunqiu Yuan Ming Bao. - ^ (
揚 州 宜 楊,荊州宜 荊) Mengxi Bitan. - ^ (
揚 州 宜 楊,在 堤上 者 更 大 。……或 五 步 一 株 ,十 步 雙 樹 ,三 三 兩兩 ,立 園 中 ) Yangzhou Huafang Lu. - ^ (
揚 州 州 界 多 水 ,水 波 揚 也。) Shiming. - ^ (
揚 ,如字,激 揚 也) Commentary on the Shijing. - ^ (
江南 其氣躁勁,厥性輕 揚 ,故 曰楊。楊,揚 也。) Erya Zhu. - ^ (此州
地 苞 百 越 ,揚 、越 聲 轉 ,義 亦 同 ,揚 州 當 因 揚 越 得 名 ,猶 荊州之 與 荊楚義 亦 相 因 矣) Zhouli Zhengyi. - ^ (淮、
海 惟 揚 州 。) Shangshu ch. 6. - ^ (
江南 曰楊州 ) Erya ch. 9. - ^ (
東南 曰揚州 ) Zhouli ch. 4. - ^ (
東南 為 揚 州 ) Lüshi Chunqiu vol. 13.
- (Author unknown). Chunqiu Yuan Ming Bao (
春秋 元 命 苞 ). - (Author unknown). Erya.
- (Authorship uncertain). Book of Documents (Shangshu).
- (Authorship uncertain). Classic of Poetry (Shijing).
- Guo, Pu. Erya Zhu (Commentary on the Erya).
- Ji, Dan et al. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli).
- Li, Dou (
李 斗 ). Yangzhou Huafang Lu (揚 州 畫舫 錄 ). - Liu, Xi (
劉 熙). Shiming. - Lü, Buwei et al. Lüshi Chunqiu.
- Shen, Kuo. Dream Pool Essays (Mengxi Bitan).
- Sun, Yirang. Zhouli Zhengyi (
周 禮 正義 ).
External links[edit]
- Illustrated Album of Yangzhou Prefecture from 1573–1620