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Yellow Turban Rebellion

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Not to be confused with Red Turban Rebellion.
Yellow Turban Rebellion
Part of the wars at the end of the Han dynasty

Map showing the extent of the Yellow Turban Rebellion in China in 184 CE
Datec.March 184–205 CE[1]
Location
Various locations in China
Result

Rebellion suppressed, Han victory

  • Han dynasty heavily weakened
  • Beginning of a state of turmoil in China
Belligerents
Han dynasty Yellow Turban Army
Commanders and leaders
Emperor Ling
He Jin
Huangfu Song
Lu Zhi
Zhu Jun		 Zhang Jue †
Zhang Bao †
Zhang Liang †
Strength
350,000 2,000,000 (360,000 were initially followers of Zhang Jue)[2]
Casualties and losses
Unknown[a]
Yellow Turban Rebellion
Traditional Chinese黃き巾はば之の亂みだれ
Simplified Chinese黄き巾はば之の乱みだれ
Literal meaningYellow turban conflict

The Yellow Turban Rebellion, alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in 184 CE, during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 CE, it took 21 years for full suppression of resistant areas and emerging rebellions by 205 CE.[1] The weakening of the imperial court and the rising political influence of ultra-autonomous regional military-governors, who helped suppress the rebellion, eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period.

The rebellion, which got its name from the color of the rebel headwear, marked an important point in the history of Taoism due to the rebel leaders' association with the then secret Taoist societies.[4] The revolt was also used as the opening event in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Causes[edit]

Further information: History of the Han dynasty and Society and culture of the Han dynasty

By 184 CE, the Han Dynasty's central government was weakened by court eunuchs abusing their power over the emperor to enrich themselves. Twelve of the most powerful eunuchs were referred to as the Ten Attendants with Emperor Ling once claiming that "Regular Attendant Zhang Rang is my father and Regular Attendant Zhao Zhong is my mother".[5] The government corruption was perceived as causing plagues, natural disasters, and poor agricultural yields, reflecting that the emperor had lost his Mandate of Heaven.

As flooding along the Yellow River forced farmers and military settlers south, the labor surplus incentivized exploitation. Disease outbreaks were reported in 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185 CE, with the potential cause theorized as the Antonine Plague of 165 to 180CE of smallpox or measles spreading along the Silk Road.[5]

Through claims of providing curative water and bamboo playing, the Taoist leader Zhang Jue developed his initial following to send his disciples throughout northern China in preparation for a revolt.[5] Their rapid rise was relatively unnoticed until they became too powerful to challenge.[6] Zhang Jue intended to launch an uprising throughout the Han Empire, but the plan was betrayed before he was ready. Rebel sympathizers in Luoyang were arrested and executed, forcing a premature beginning in March 184. Despite the inevitable lack of co-ordination and overall preparation, tens of thousands of men rose in rebellion. Government offices were plundered and destroyed and the imperial armies were immediately forced on the defensive.[6]

Rebels[edit]

Founders[edit]

The rebellion was led by Zhang Jue (also referred to as Zhang Jiao, known to his followers as the "General of Heaven") and his two younger brothers Zhang Bao (張ちょう寶たから) and Zhang Liang (張ちょう梁はり), who were born in Julu Commandery. The brothers had founded a Taoist religious sect in present-day Shandong, praised as healers who offered free care to impoverished patients. Recognizing how the local government abused the peasant class through harsh labor and heavy taxes, they plotted rebellion.

Taoist sect[edit]

The rebels were the first followers of the Way of Supreme Peace (太平たいへい道どう; Tàipíng Dào) and venerated the deity Huang–Lao, who according to Zhang Jue, had given him a sacred book called the Crucial Keys to the Way of Peace (太平たいへい要よう術じゅつ; Tàipíng Yàoshù) based on the Taipingjing. Zhang Jue, who was said to be a sorcerer, called himself the "Great Teacher" (大賢たいけん良りょう師し). When the rebellion was proclaimed, Zhang Jue created a 16-word slogan spread through the brothers' medical work:[7]

The Azure Sky[b] is already dead; the Yellow Sky[c] will soon rise.
When the year is jiǎzǐ,[d] there will be prosperity under Heaven!
(蒼天そうてん已やめ死し，黃き天てん當とう立だて。歲とし在ざい甲子きのえね，天下てんか大吉だいきち。)

Religious practices[edit]

Zhang Jue claimed to cure patients by having them confess sins for Taoist faith healing. The Zhang brothers believed in an impending apocalyptic change in the jiazi year, the beginning of the new sexagenary cycle, involving yellow skies marking new governance, which inspired the color of their headwear.[6] Through the sect's communal activities like trances, fasting, musical performances, chanting, incense burning, and sermons, followers united across ethnic and gender lines. Several Xiongnu leaders, such as Yufuluo, lent their support, potentially inspiring Zhang Jue to adopt their shamanistic beliefs.[8]

Despite few surviving records, the early Path of Supreme Peace was likely similar to the Way of the Celestial Masters, considering that Zhang Jue claimed to be a descendant of Zhang Daoling. Much of the Taipingjing's surviving 52 chapters, found in the Daozang, have a direct relationship to the Way of the Celestial Masters with discrepancies potentially suppressed by later Taoists.[9]

Zhang Jue's plans for rebellion[edit]

Before the rebellion started, Zhang Jue had sent Ma Yuanyi (馬うま元義もとよし) to recruit followers from Jing and Yang provinces and gather them in Ye. Since Ma Yuanyi frequently traveled to Luoyang, the Han imperial capital, he was able to persuade Feng Xu (封ふう諝) and Xu Feng (徐じょ奉たてまつ), members of the imperial court's eunuch faction, to secretly collaborate with Zhang Jue. They set 3 April 184 as the date for the rebellion, but before the plans was set in motion, the Yellow Turbans were betrayed. One of the founders of "The Way of Peace" movement, Tang Zhou (唐から周しゅう) had been excluded from later planning, so he reported Ma Yuanyi to the authorities. Ma Yuanyi was arrested and executed by dismemberment in Luoyang.[10][6]

After Emperor Ling learned that Zhang Jue was plotting a revolt, he ordered Zhou Bin (周しゅう斌あきら), Prefect of the Palace Parks (鉤かぎ盾たて令れい), to conduct an investigation and capture all the conspirators. Hundreds of people were arrested and executed during this time.[11]

Yellow Rebellion[edit]

When Zhang Jue heard that the Han government had caught wind about his plans to rebel, he quickly sent messengers to contact his allies throughout China and take action immediately. Sometime between 29 February and 29 March 184, Zhang Jue started the Yellow Turban Rebellion with roughly 360,000 followers wearing yellow headscarves or turbans.[12] He called himself the "Lord General of Heaven" (天てん公こう將軍しょうぐん), while his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang were called the "Lord General of Earth" (地ち公こう將軍しょうぐん) and "Lord General of People" (人ひと公こう將軍しょうぐん), respectively. The rebels attacked government offices, pillaged villages, and seized control of commanderies. Within 10 days, the rebellion had spread throughout China, alarming the Han imperial court in Luoyang.[13]

The rebels were mostly concentrated in the Ji, Jing, You and Yu provinces. The group led by Zhang Jue and his brothers gained their support in Ji Province, located just north of the Yellow River, near Zhang Jue's home territory of Julu Commandery (around present-day Pingxiang County, Hebei) and Wei Commandery (around present-day Handan, Hebei). A second major uprising took place in Guangyang Commandery (around present-day Beijing) and Zhuo Commandery (around present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei) in You Province. The third centre of the rebellion was in Yingchuan Commandery (around present-day Xuchang, Henan) and Runan Commandery (around present-day Xinyang, Henan) in Yu Province, and Nanyang Commandery (around present-day Nanyang, Henan) in northern Jing Province.

On 1 April 184, Emperor Ling appointed his brother-in-law He Jin, the Intendant of Henan (河南かなん尹いん), as General-in-Chief (大將軍だいしょうぐん) and ordered him to supervise the imperial armies in suppressing the rebellion.[14] Emperor Ling also appointed three generals – Lu Zhi, Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun – to lead three separate armies to deal with the rebels with a total of roughly 40,000 troops.[15] Lu Zhi went for Zhang Jue's base in Ji Province, while Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun headed to Yingchuan Commandery.[16]

You Province: Guangyang and Zhuo commanderies[edit]

In You Province, the rebels killed Guo Xun (郭かく勳いさお), the provincial Inspector, and Liu Wei (劉りゅう衛まもる), the Administrator of Guangyang Commandery.[17]

Zou Jing, a colonel, led imperial forces to eliminate the rebels in You Province. Liu Bei led a group of volunteers[e] to assist him.[18]

Yu Province: Runan and Yingchuan commanderies[edit]

When the rebellion first broke out in Yu Province, the Han imperial court specially selected Wang Yun to be the inspector of the province to oversee the military operations.[19]

Zhao Qian (趙ちょう謙けん), the administrator of Runan Commandery, led his troops to attack the rebels before Zhu Jun arrived, but was defeated at Shaoling (邵陵; in present-day southeastern Henan).[20] When Chen County (陳ちん縣けん; present-day Huaiyang County, Henan) was under attack by the rebels, seven of Zhao Qian's subordinates, who were non-military personnel, armed themselves with swords and attempted to fight the rebels but were all killed. Later, after the rebellion was suppressed, Emperor Ling issued an edict to honor the seven as the "Seven Virtuous" (七なな賢けん).[21][22]

Chen State (陳ひね國こく; around present-day Zhoukou, Henan), one of the commanderies in Yu Province, avoided the Yellow Turban Rebellion's bloodshed because the rebels feared Prince Liu Chong, famous for his unit of skilled archers.[23]

The rebels in Runan Commandery, led by Bo Cai (波なみ才ざい), initially defeated Zhu Jun in battle and drove him back. The imperial court sent a cavalry commandant, led by young officer Cao Cao (曹操そうそう), as reinforcements for Zhu Jun.[24] Sometime between 28 May and 25 June, Zhu Jun, Huangfu Song, and Cao Cao joined forces to defeat Bo Cai at Changshe (長ちょう社しゃ; east of present-day Changge, Henan).[25][26] While Bo Cai attempted to flee, Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun pursued him to Yangzhai County (陽ひ翟縣; present-day Yuzhou, Henan) and defeated him again, causing the rebels to scatter.[27]

Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun then defeated the rebels in Runan Commandery, led by Peng Tuo (彭脫), at Xihua County (西にし華はな縣けん; south of present-day Xihua County, Henan).[27] The imperial court ordered them to split up: Huangfu Song would attack the rebels at Dong Commandery (東ひがし郡ぐん; around present-day Puyang County, Henan), while Zhu Jun would attack the rebels at Nanyang Commandery.[28] During this time, Wang Yun, the Inspector of Yu Province, found evidence that the rebels had been secretly maintaining contact with Zhang Rang (張ちょう讓ゆずる), the leader of the eunuch faction in Luoyang, so he reported it to Emperor Ling, who scolded Zhang Rang but did not punish him.[19]

Between 7 November and 6 December, Bao Hong (鮑あわび鴻おおとり), a colonel, led imperial forces to attack the rebels in Gebei (葛かずら陂; northwest of present-day Xincai County, Henan) and defeated them.[29]

Ji Province: Wei and Julu commanderies[edit]

In the meantime, Lu Zhi defeated Zhang Jue's rebel forces in Julu Commandery and besieged the rebel leader in Guangzong County (廣こう宗むね縣けん; southeast of present-day Guangzong County, Hebei). However, after a eunuch falsely accused Lu Zhi of treason, Emperor Ling ordered his arrest, escorted back to Luoyang as a prisoner.[30] The imperial court then sent General Dong Zhuo to take over Lu Zhi's position and attack Zhang Jue. However, Dong Zhuo failed and retreated.[31][32]

On 23 or 24 September, Huangfu Song and Fu Xie (傅でん燮), a Major under him,[33] defeated the rebels at Cangting (倉くら亭てい; north of present-day Yanggu County, Shandong), captured their leader Bu Ji (卜ぼく己おのれ), and killed over 7,000 rebels, including other minor leaders Zhang Bo (張ちょう伯はく) and Liang Zhongning (梁りょう仲なか寧やすし).[34][35] On 25 September, the imperial court ordered him to replace Dong Zhuo and lead his troops north to Guangzong County and attack Zhang Jue.[36]

Zhang Jue died of illness in October 184 while under attack by Huangfu Song in Guangzong County. Between 21 November and 20 December, Huangfu Song kept attacking Zhang Liang, who had taken over command of his brother's followers at Guangzong County. Unable to defeat Zhang Liang's skilled Yellow Turbans, Huangfu Song switched to a defensive approach, tricking the rebels into lowering their guard for a devastating nighttime strike. Zhang Liang was killed in action alongside 30,000 rebels, while another 50,000 rebels drowned while attempting to flee across a river. Huangfu Song burnt over 30,000 carts containing rebel supplies and captured most of their family members.[37] Huangfu Song then had Zhang Jue's body excavated and decapitated, sending his head to the imperial court in Luoyang.[38]

In recognition of Huangfu Song's achievements, Emperor Ling promoted him to Left General of Chariots and Cavalry (左ひだり車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん). Between 21 December 184 and 18 January 185, Huangfu Song joined forces with Guo Dian (郭かく典のり), the Administrator of Julu Commandery, to attack the remaining rebels led by Zhang Jue's other brother, Zhang Bao. They defeated the rebels at Xiaquyang County (下した曲きょく陽ひ縣けん; west of present-day Jinzhou, Hebei), killed Zhang Bao, and received the surrender of over 100,000 rebels.[39][40]

Jing Province: Nanyang Commandery[edit]

On 24 March 184, the rebels led by Zhang Mancheng (張ちょう曼成) killed Chu Gong (褚貢), the Administrator of Nanyang Commandery, and occupied the commandery's capital, Wancheng (宛あて城じょう; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan).[41] Chu Gong's successor, Qin Jie (秦はた頡), rallied local forces in Nanyang Commandery to attack Zhang Mancheng and defeated and killed him between 26 June and 25 July,[42][43] before Zhu Jun's reinforcements arrived.

After Zhang Mancheng's death, Zhao Hong (趙ちょう弘ひろし) became the new rebel leader in Wancheng. During or after October 184, Qin Jie and Zhu Jun combined forces with Xu Qiu (徐じょ璆), the Inspector of Jing Province, to attack Wancheng with an army of about 18,000. They defeated and killed Zhao Hong.[44]

Following Zhao Hong's death, Han Zhong (韓かん忠ただし) and the remaining rebels seized control of Wancheng, continuing to resist imperial forces. Zhu Jun ordered his troops to pretend to attack from the southwest, while he secretly led 5,000 elite soldiers to infiltrate Wancheng from the northeast. Han Zhong retreated into the citadel and requested to surrender. Qin Jie, Xu Qiu and Zhang Chao (張ちょう超すすむ), a Major under Zhu Jun, all urged Zhu Jun to accept Han Zhong's surrender, but he refused. Zhu Jun instead pretended to lift the siege to lure Han Zhong to come out and attack. Han Zhong fell for the ruse, lost the battle, and tried to flee north while some 10,000 of his men were slaughtered by imperial forces. In desperation, Han Zhong surrendered to Zhu Jun, but Qin Jie had him executed.[45]

On 11 January 185, Zhu Jun defeated another rebel force led by Sun Xia (孫まご夏なつ), who then fled towards Xi'e County (西にし鄂縣; north of present-day Nanyang, Henan). Zhu Jun pursued him there, defeated him and caused the remaining rebels to disperse.[46][47]

Xu and Yang provinces[edit]

In Xu Province, the provincial Inspector Tao Qian, with the aid of Zang Ba, managed to defeat the rebels to restore regional peace.[48][49]

Sun Jian, then a minor official serving in Xiapi County (下しも邳縣; south of present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu) in Xu Province, came to join Zhu Jun's army as a Major. He brought along several young men from Xiapi County and other soldiers recruited from the Huai River region.[50]

In Yang Province, the rebels attacked Shu County (舒縣; in present-day central Anhui), a county in Lujiang Commandery (廬いおり江え郡ぐん; around present-day Lu'an, Anhui), and set fire to buildings. Yang Xu (羊ひつじ續つづけ), the Administrator of Lujiang Commandery, successfully rallied thousands of able-bodied men aged 19 and above for countering the attack and firefighting.[51]

End of the rebellion[edit]

By the beginning of 185, the rebellion had mostly been suppressed following Zhu Jun's recapture of Wancheng in Nanyang Commandery and Huangfu Song's victories over the Zhang brothers in Ji Province. The remaining, scattered rebels were pursued by government forces in smaller military campaigns, and by mid-February 185, Emperor Ling issued a celebratory proclamation by changing his era name from Guanghe (光和こうわ) to Zhongping (中平なかひら; "pacification achieved").[6]

Resurgent Yellow Turban activities after early 185[edit]

Although the main Yellow Turban Rebellion ended by February 185, smaller rebellions by Yellow Turban remnants continued over the following two decades.

White Wave Bandits[edit]

Between 16 March and 13 April 188, Guo Tai (郭かく太ふとし) led some 100,000 Yellow Turban remnants to start a rebellion in Xihe Commandery (around present-day Fenyang, Shanxi). As they originated from Baibo Valley (白波しらなみ谷だに; "White Wave Valley") in Xihe Commandery, they later became known as the "White Wave Bandits" (白波しらなみ賊ぞく). They allied with the Xiongnu leader Yufuluo and attacked Taiyuan Commandery (around present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi) and Hedong Commandery (around present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi).[52][53] Between 27 October and 25 November 189, when the bandits attacked Hedong Commandery, the warlord Dong Zhuo's attempt at sending his son-in-law Niu Fu to lead attacking troops failed.[54][55]

Around mid-195, Emperor Xian fled from the imperial capital Chang'an, where he had been held hostage by Dong Zhuo's followers, led by Li Jue and Guo Si, since Dong Zhuo's death in 192. He returned to the ruins of the old imperial capital Luoyang, which Dong Zhuo burnt down in 191 while forcefully relocating its residents to Chang'an. Dong Cheng (a former subordinate of Niu Fu) and Yang Feng (a former White Wave bandit)[56] protected Emperor Xian in Luoyang when Li Jue and Guo Si tried to pursue and bring the emperor back to Chang'an. Dong Cheng and Yang Feng summoned the White Wave Bandits, led by Li Le (李り樂らく), Han Xian, Hu Cai (胡えびす才ざい) and others, to come to Emperor Xian's aid. Xiongnu forces led by Qubei also responded to the call and came to help Emperor Xian resist Li Jue and Guo Si's forces.[57] Between 195 and 196, the warlord Cao Cao led his forces into Luoyang and escorted Emperor Xian to his own base in Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan) and established the new imperial capital there.

Yi Province: Ma Xiang and Zhao Zhi[edit]

In 188, Ma Xiang (馬うま相しょう) and Zhao Zhi (趙ちょう祗) led Yellow Turban remnants to start a rebellion in Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). They killed Li Sheng (李り升ます; Prefect of Mianzhu County 緜竹縣けん), Zhao Bu (趙ちょう部ぶ; Administrator of Ba Commandery 巴ともえ郡ぐん) and Xi Jian (郗儉; Inspector of Yi Province). Ma Xiang declared himself emperor before this sect of the rebellion was suppressed by local forces led by Jia Long (賈龍), a former subordinate of Xi Jian.[58][59]

Qing Province: Zhang Rao, Guan Hai, Xu He and Sima Ju[edit]

Around 189, Zhang Rao (張ちょう饒にょう) led some 200,000 Yellow Turban remnants to ravage Qing Province. He defeated imperial forces under Kong Rong, the Han-appointed Chancellor of Beihai State (around present-day Weifang, Shandong) in Qing Province.[60] Later, Kong Rong was besieged in Duchang County (都みやこ昌あきら縣けん; present-day Changyi, Shandong) by thousands of Yellow Turban rebels led by Guan Hai (管かん亥い). Taishi Ci, then a military officer under Kong Rong, managed to break out of the siege and seek help from Liu Bei, who was then the Chancellor of the nearby Pingyuan State. Liu Bei brought along 3,000 troops to attack Guan Hai and succeeded in saving Kong Rong.[61]

In the 200s, Xu He (徐じょ和かず) and Sima Ju (司馬しば俱) led Yellow Turban remnants from Jinan Commandery (around present-day Zhangqiu, Shandong) and Le'an Commandery (around present-day Zibo, Shandong) respectively to ravage Qing Province. They were defeated and killed by Xiahou Yuan, Zang Ba and Lü Qian some time between 206 and 209.[f][62][63]

Yan Province: Cao Cao's Qingzhou Army[edit]

Around May 192, hundreds of thousands of Yellow Turban remnants from Qing Province swarmed into Yan Province and killed Zheng Sui (鄭てい遂とげ), the Chancellor of Rencheng State (任にん城じょう國こく; around present-day Zoucheng, Shandong), before moving into Dongping Commandery (東平とうへい郡ぐん; around present-day Dongping County, Shandong). Liu Dai, the Inspector of Yan Province, wanted to lead his troops to attack the rebels but the general Bao Xin advised him against it. Liu Dai ignored this advice, dying in his attack against the rebels. Bao Xin and another official, Wan Qian (萬まん潛せん), went to Dong Commandery (東ひがし郡ぐん; around present-day Puyang, Henan) to invite Cao Cao to be the new Governor of Yan Province. Bao Xin then led government forces to attack the rebels at the east of Shouzhang County (壽ことぶき張ちょう縣けん; south of present-day Dongping County, Shandong) but was killed in action.[64] Later, despite having fewer troops, Cao Cao managed to defeat the rebels in Jibei State. The rebels, numbering over 300,000, surrendered to Cao Cao along with their families. Cao Cao then recruited their best warriors and organised them to form an elite military unit, the Qingzhou[g] Army (青あお州兵しゅうへい; also translated as "Qingzhou Corps").[65][66]

Runan and Yingchuan commanderies: He Yi, Liu Pi, Gong Du and others[edit]

In Runan Commandery and Yingchuan Commandery, thousands of Yellow Turban remnants remained active under the leadership of He Yi (何なに儀ぎ), Liu Pi (劉りゅう辟), Huang Shao (黃き邵), and He Man (何なに曼). They were initially allied with the warlords Yuan Shu and Sun Jian, but became an independent force in the 190s. Between 17 March and 15 April 196, the warlord Cao Cao led his forces to attack them and killed Liu Pi, Huang Shao, and He Man. He Yi led the remaining forces in surrendering to Cao Cao.[67]

Other Yellow Turban forces in Runan Commandery were led by Wu Ba (吳ご霸) and Gong Du (龔都). Wu Ba was defeated and captured by the general Li Tong.[68] Gong Du posed a threat to Cao Cao when he allied with Cao Cao's rival, Liu Bei, and seized control of Runan Commandery in 201. Cao Cao first sent Cai Yang (蔡揚) to eliminate them, but after Cai Yang was killed, he personally led his troops to attack and defeat them. Liu Bei fled south to join Liu Biao, while Gong Du and the remaining rebels dispersed.[69]

Yang and Jiao provinces[edit]

Another Yellow Turban remnant force was active in Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) until Liu Zan killed its leader Wu Huan (吳ご桓).[70]

In the 200s, Chen Bai (陳ちん敗はい) and Wan Cheng (萬まん秉) started a rebellion in Jiuzhen Commandery (九きゅう真ま郡ぐん; present-day Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam). In 202, they were defeated and captured by Zhu Zhi, the commandery's administrator.[71]

Aftermath and impact[edit]

The Han armies were victorious, despite the destruction of major government buildings, deaths of high-ranking officials, and fragmentation of the dynasty's territory. Rebel deaths numbered in the hundreds of thousands, while many non-combatants had been left homeless or destitute by the wars[3] Heavily weakened, the Han Dynasty was unable to fully govern, distributing its powers to military commanders and local leaders until its complete collapse by 220 CE.[6]

After Emperor Ling died in 189, a power struggle between his brother-in-law He Jin and the eunuchs culminated in He Jin's assassination on 22 September 189. He Jin's chief ally, Yuan Shao, retaliated by setting the palace on fire and slaughtering the eunuchs. The warlord Dong Zhuo gained control over the underage heir, Liu Bian, to legitimize his occupation and ransacking of the capital. Dong Zhuo was murdered for his cruelty in 192, allowing the warlord Cao Cao to seize power.

Involved parties[edit]

Yellow Turban rebels
  • Zhang Jue, overall leader of the rebellion, stationed in Wei and Julu commanderies[7][12]
    •  † Zhang Bao (張ちょう寶たから), Zhang Jue's younger brother[39][40]
    •  † Zhang Liang (張ちょう梁はり), Zhang Jue's younger brother[13][39]
  •  (POW) Bu Ji (卜ぼく己おのれ), leader of the rebels at Cangting[35]
    •  † Zhang Bo (張ちょう伯はく)[35]
    •  † Liang Zhongning (梁りょう仲なか寧やすし)[35]
  •  † Zhang Mancheng (張ちょう曼成), leader of the rebels in Nanyang Commandery[41]
    •  † Zhao Hong (趙ちょう弘ひろし)[44]
    •  Executed Han Zhong (韓かん忠ただし)[45]
  • Sun Xia (孫まご夏なつ)[46][47]
  • Bo Cai (波なみ才ざい), leader of the rebels in Runan and Yingchuan commanderies[26]
    • Peng Tuo (彭脫)[27]
  •  Executed Ma Yuanyi (馬うま元義もとよし)[10]
  • Tang Zhou (唐から周しゅう)[10]
Han imperial forces
  • Emperor Ling
    • He Jin, General-in-Chief (大將軍だいしょうぐん)[14]
    • Lu Zhi, North General of the Household (北中きたじゅう郎ろう將しょう)[16][30]
    • Huangfu Song, Left General of the Household (左ひだり中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう)[16][15]
    • Zhu Jun, Right General of the Household (右みぎ中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう)[15][16][43][28]
      • Zhang Chao (張ちょう超すすむ), Major (司馬しば)[45]
      • Sun Jian, Major (司馬しば)[50]
    • Dong Zhuo, General of the Household (中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう)[31][32]
    • Cao Cao, Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう)[24]
    • Bao Hong (鮑あわび鴻おおとり), Colonel (校こう尉じょう)[29]
  • Guo Dian (郭かく典のり), Administrator of Julu Commandery[40]
  • Xu Qiu (徐じょ璆), Inspector of Jing Province[44][45]
    •  † Chu Gong (褚貢), Administrator of Nanyang Commandery[41][43]
    • Qin Jie (秦はた頡), Administrator of Nanyang Commandery[42][43][45]
  • Tao Qian, Inspector of Xu Province[48]
    • Zang Ba, Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう).[49]
  • Yang Xu (羊ひつじ續つづけ), Administrator of Lujiang Commandery[51]
  •  † Guo Xun (郭かく勳いさお), Inspector of You Province[17]
    •  † Liu Wei (劉りゅう衛まもる), Administrator of Guangyang Commandery[17]
  • Zou Jing, Colonel (校こう尉じょう)[18]
  • Wang Yun, Inspector of Yu Province[19]
    • Zhao Qian (趙ちょう謙けん), Administrator of Runan Commandery (汝なんじ南みなみ郡ぐん)[20]
      •  † Yuan Mi (袁祕), yisheng (議ぎ生せい; scholar)[21][22]
      •  † Feng Guan (封ふう觀かん), Officer of Merit (功こう曹)[21][22]
      •  † Chen Duan (陳ひね端はし), Registrar (主おも簿ぼ)[22]
      •  † Fan Zhongli (范仲禮れい), a menxiadu (門下もんか督とく; patrol officer)[22]
      •  † Liu Weide (劉りゅう偉えら德とく), zeicao (賊ぞく曹; law enforcement officer)[22]
      •  † Ding Zisi (丁子ちょうじ嗣), zhujishi (主しゅ記き史し; historian)[22]
      •  † Zhang Zhongran (張ちょう仲なか然しか), a jishishi (記き室しつ史し; scribe/note-taker)[22]
    • Liu Chong (劉りゅう寵ちょう), Prince of Chen[23]

Resurgent Yellow Turban rebels[edit]

  •  † Ma Xiang (馬うま相しょう), started a rebellion in Yi Province in 188[58]
    • Zhao Zhi (趙ちょう祗)[59]
  • Zhang Rao (張ちょう饒にょう), attacked and defeated Kong Rong in Qing Province around 189[60]
  • Guan Hai (管かん亥い), attacked and besieged Kong Rong in Duchang County around 189 or 190, but was defeated by Liu Bei[61]
  •  † Wu Huan (吳ご桓), active in Kuaiji Commandery[70]
  •  Surrendered He Yi (何なに儀ぎ), led rebels in the 190s in Runan Commandery[67]
  • Gong Du (共とも都と/龔都), active in Runan Commandery, allied with Liu Bei in 201[69]
  •  (POW) Wu Ba (吳ご霸), active in Runan Commandery[68]
  •  † Xu He (徐じょ和かず), led rebels in the 200s in Jinan Commandery[62][63]
  •  † Sima Ju (司馬しば俱), led rebels in the 200s in Le'an Commandery[62][63]
  •  (POW) Chen Bai (陳ひね敗はい), led rebels in the 200s in Jiuzhen Commandery[71]
    •  (POW) Wan Cheng (萬まん秉)[71]
  • White Wave Bandits
    • Guo Tai (郭かく太ふとし), started a rebellion in 188 in Xihe Commandery. This group of rebels became the White Wave Bandits[52]
    • Yang Feng, became a subordinate of Li Jue. He protected Emperor Xian from Li Jue and Guo Si in 195[56]
    • Li Le (李り樂らく), along with Han Xian, Hu Cai and others, came to Emperor Xian's defence in Luoyang in 195
    • Han Xian[57]
    • Hu Cai (胡えびす才ざい)[57]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms[edit]

The rebellion is portrayed in the opening chapters of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which portrays the Zhang brothers as sorcerers, having been provided the Taiping Jing from the "old immortal spirit from the southern lands" (sometimes identified as Zhuangzi).[72]

Many fictional Yellow Turban figures were created for the novel, including:

Though not a fictional character, Liao Hua was presented in the novel as having been a Yellow Turban rebel in his earlier days, which is historically unlikely, given his date of death and predicted lifespan.

In popular culture[edit]

The rebellion appears as an early stage in each iteration of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game franchise, remaining largely unchanged throughout the series. He Yi, Gong Du, and Huang Shao lead playable factions in the Yellow Turban DLC of the turn-based strategy video game Total War: Three Kingdoms, while the Mandate of Heaven DLC features Zhang Jue, Zhang Bao, and Zhang Liang.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "We do not find any statistical evidence telling us just how much destruction these raids caused, how many Chinese they either killed or displaced."[3]
  2. ^ Referring to the Han government
  3. ^ Referring to the Yellow Turban Rebellion
  4. ^ That is, at the beginning of the next cycle, i.e. 184 AD.
  5. ^ Guan Yu and Zhang Fei's biographies in the Sanguozhi did not mention their involvement in the Yellow Turban Rebellion, but it seems reasonable to assume they were, since they joined Liu Bei rather early.
  6. ^ It is not known exactly when Xu He and Sima Ju were defeated and killed. In Xiahou Yuan's biography in the Sanguozhi mentioned them between the time Yu Jin quelled a rebellion by Chang Xi (in 206) and 209 (14th year of the Jian'an era).
  7. ^ Qingzhou refers to Qing Province, where the rebels came from.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Smitha, Frank E. "DYNASTIC RULE and the CHINESE (9 of 13)". Macrohistory and World Timeline. Retrieved 19 February 2015. By the year 205 (21 years after it had begun) the Yellow Turban Rebellion was over, and rule by the Han family was shattered and at its end.
  2. ^ Ropp, Paul S (10 June 2010). China in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780199798766.
  3. ^ a b Michaud, Paul (1958). "The Yellow Turbans". Monumenta Serica. 17: 47–127. doi:10.1080/02549948.1958.11730973. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40725564.
  4. ^ Bowker, John (1997). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.
  5. ^ a b c deCrespingy, Rafe (October 27, 2016). Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD (1 ed.). Brill Publishers. pp. 388–418. ISBN 9789004325203.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Generals of the South, Rafe de Crespigny Archived 2007-09-15 at the Wayback Machine(pp. 85–92)
  7. ^ a b (初はつ，鉅鹿張はり角かく自稱じしょう「大賢たいけん良りょう師し」，奉たてまつ事こと黃き老ろう道みち，畜養弟子でし，跪拜きはい首くび過か，符ふ水すい咒說以療病びょう，病者びょうしゃ頗愈，百姓ひゃくしょう信しんじ向こう之これ。角かく因いん遣や弟子でし八はち人にん使し於四方しほう，以善道どう教化きょうか天下でんか，轉てん相しょう誑惑。十じゅう餘よ年閒ねんかん，眾徒數すう十じゅう萬まん，連結れんけつ郡ぐん國こく，自じ青あお、徐じょ、幽かそけ、冀、荊、楊、兗、豫よ八はち州しゅう之これ人にん，莫不畢應。遂とげ置おけ三さん十じゅう六ろく方ぽう。方かた猶なお將軍しょうぐん號ごう也。大方おおかた萬まん餘人よにん，小方おがた六ろく七なな千せん，各かく立たて渠みぞ帥そち。訛なまり言ごと「蒼天そうてん已やめ死し，黃き天てん當とう立だて，歲さい在ざい甲子きのえね，天下てんか大吉だいきち」。以白土しらつち書しょ京きょう城じょう寺門てらかど及州郡ぐん官かん府ふ，皆みな作さく「甲子きのえね」字じ。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  8. ^ The Scripture on Great Peace: The Taiping Jing and the Beginnings of Daoism. University of California Press. 2007. ISBN 9780520932920.
  9. ^ W.Scott Morton (1995). China: "Its History and Culture". McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-043424-7.
  10. ^ a b c (中平なかひら元年がんねん，大方おおかた馬うま元義もとよし等とう先さき收おさむ荊、楊數萬まん人にん，期き會かい發はつ於鄴。元義もとよし數すう往來おうらい京師けいし，以中常つね侍さむらい封ふう諝、徐じょ奉たてまつ等ひとし為ため內應，約やく以三さん月がつ五ご日にち內外俱起。未み及作亂みだれ，而張角かく弟子でし濟ずみ南みなみ唐から周しゅう上書うわがき告つげ之の，於是車しゃ裂きれ元義もとよし於洛陽ひ。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  11. ^ (靈れい帝みかど以周章しゅうしょう下か三公みつきみ、司つかさ隸，使つかい鉤かぎ盾たて令れい周しゅう斌あきら將しょう三さん府ふ掾じょう屬ぞく，案あん驗けん宮みや省しょう直衛なおえ及百姓ひゃくしょう有事ゆうじ角かく道者どうしゃ，誅殺ちゅうさつ千せん餘人よにん，推考すいこう冀州，逐捕角かく等とう。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  12. ^ a b (中平なかひら元年がんねん春はる二に月がつ，鉅鹿人じん張はり角かく自稱じしょう「黃き天てん」，其部師し有ゆう三さん十じゅう六ろく萬まん，皆みな著ちょ黃き巾はば，同日どうじつ反はん叛。安平あびら、甘あま陵りょう人じん各かく執と其王以應之の。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  13. ^ a b 角すみ等ひとし知事ちじ已やめ露ろ，晨夜馳はせ敕諸方かた，一時いちじ俱起。皆みな著ちょ黃き巾はば為ため摽幟，角かく稱たたえ「天てん公こう將軍しょうぐん」，角すみ弟おとうと寶たから稱しょう「地ち公こう將軍しょうぐん」，寶たから弟おとうと梁はり稱しょう「人ひと公こう將軍しょうぐん」，所在しょざい燔燒官かん府ふ，劫略ごうりゃく聚邑，州しゅう郡ぐん失しつ據よりどころ，長ちょう吏多逃亡とうぼう。旬日じゅんじつ之の閒あいだ，天下てんか嚮應，京師けいし震動しんどう。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  14. ^ a b (三さん月がつ戊つちのえ申さる，以河南みなみ尹いん何なん進しん為ため大將軍だいしょうぐん，將兵しょうへい屯たむろ都と亭てい。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  15. ^ a b c (於是發はつ天下でんか精兵せいびょう，博はく選せん將帥しょうすい，以嵩為ため左ひだり中ちゅう郎ろう將はた，持じ節ぶし，與あずか右みぎ中ちゅう郎ろう將はた朱しゅ雋，共とも發はつ五ご校こう、三河騎士及募精勇，合ごう四よん萬まん餘人よにん，嵩かさみ、雋各統一とういつ軍ぐん，共きょう討潁川かわ黃き巾はば。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  16. ^ a b c d (遣や北中きたじゅう郎ろう將はた盧の植しょく討張角かく，左ひだり中ちゅう郎ろう將はた皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ、右みぎ中ちゅう郎ろう將はた朱しゅ雋討潁川黃き巾はば。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  17. ^ a b c (廣陽こうよう黃き巾はば殺ころせ幽かそけ州しゅう刺史しし郭かく勳いさお及太守たいしゅ劉りゅう衛まもる。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  18. ^ a b c (靈れい帝みかど末まつ，黃き巾はば起おこり，州しゅう郡ぐん各かく舉義兵へい，先さき主ぬし率りつ其屬從したがえ校こう尉じょう鄒靖討黃巾はば賊ぞく有功ゆうこう，除じょ安やす喜き尉じょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  19. ^ a b c (中平なかひら元年がんねん，黃き巾はば賊ぞく起おこり，特選とくせん拜はい豫よ州しゅう刺史しし。 ... 討擊黃き巾はば別べつ帥そち，大破たいは之の，與あずか左ひだり中ちゅう郎ろう將はた皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ、右みぎ中ちゅう郎ろう將はた朱しゅ雋等受降數すう十じゅう萬まん。於賊中ちゅう得とく中ちゅう常つね侍さむらい張ちょう讓ゆずる賓客ひんきゃく書しょ疏，與あずか黃き巾はば交通こうつう，允まこと具ぐ發はつ其姦，以狀聞。靈れい帝みかど責せめ怒いか讓ゆずる，讓ゆずる叩頭こうとう陳謝ちんしゃ，竟不能ふのう罪ざい之の。) Houhanshu vol. 66.
  20. ^ a b (汝なんじ南みなみ黃き巾はば敗はい太守たいしゅ趙ちょう謙けん於邵陵りょう。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  21. ^ a b c (忠子ただこ祕ひめ，為ため郡ぐん門下もんか議ぎ生せい。黃き巾はば起おこり，祕ひ從したがえ太守たいしゅ趙ちょう謙けん擊げき之の，軍ぐん敗はい，祕ひめ與あずか功こう曹封觀かん等とう七なな人にん以身扞刃，皆みな死し於陳，謙けん以得免めん。詔みことのり祕ひ等とう門もん閭號曰「七なな賢けん」。) Houhanshu vol. 45.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h (謝しゃ承うけたまわ書しょ曰「秘ひ字じ永えい寧やすし。封ふう觀かん與あずか主おも簿ぼ陳ひね端はし、門下もんか督とく范仲禮れい、賊ぞく曹劉偉えら德とく、主しゅ記き史し丁子ちょうじ嗣、記き室しつ史し張ちょう仲なか然しか、議ぎ生せい袁秘等とう七なな人にん擢刃突陳，與あずか戰せん並なみ死し」也。) Annotation from Xie Cheng's Houhanshu in (Fan Ye's) Houhanshu vol. 45.
  23. ^ a b (中平なかひら中ちゅう，黃き巾はば賊ぞく起おこり，郡こおり縣けん皆みな棄城走はし，寵ちょう有ゆう彊つよし弩いしゆみ數すう千せん張ちょう，出で軍ぐん都と亭てい。國人くにびと素もと聞王善ぜん射い，不ふ敢反叛，故こ陳ひね獨得どくとく完かん，百姓歸之者眾十餘萬人。) Houhanshu vol. 76.
  24. ^ a b (會かい帝みかど遣や騎き都と尉じょう曹操そうそう將兵しょうへい適てき至いたり，嵩かさみ、操みさお與あずか朱しゅ雋合兵へい更さら戰せん，大破たいは之の，斬首ざんしゅ數すう萬まん級きゅう。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  25. ^ (朱しゅ雋為黃き巾はば波は才ざい所しょ敗はい。 ... 五月ごがつ，皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ、朱しゅ雋復與あずか波なみ才ざい等とう戰せん於長社しゃ，大破たいは之の。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  26. ^ a b (雋前與あずか賊ぞく波は才ざい戰せん，戰敗せんぱい，嵩かさ因いん進しん保ほ長ちょう社しゃ。波なみ才ざい引大眾圍城じょう，嵩かさ兵へい少しょう，軍人ぐんじん皆みな恐おそれ，乃召軍ぐん吏謂曰：「兵へい有ゆう奇き變へん，不在ふざい眾寡。今こん賊ぞく依よ草くさ結ゆい營，易やす為ため風ふう火ひ。若わか因いん夜よる縱たて燒しょう，必大驚おどろき亂らん。吾われ出兵しゅっぺい擊げき之の，四面しめん俱合，田た單たん之の功こう可か成なり也。」其夕遂とげ大風おおふう，嵩かさみ乃約敕軍士し皆みな束たば苣乘城じょう，使つかい銳するど士し閒あいだ出で圍かこえ外がい，縱たて火ひ大呼たいこ，城上じょうかみ舉燎應おう之の，嵩かさ因いん鼓こ而奔其陳，賊ぞく驚おどろき亂らん奔走ほんそう。 ... ) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  27. ^ a b c (嵩かさ、雋乘勝かつ進すすむ討汝南みなみ、陳ひね國こく黃き巾はば，追つい波なみ才ざい於陽翟，擊げき彭脫於西華はな，並なみ破やぶ之これ。餘よ賊ぞく降くだ散ち，三さん郡ぐん悉平。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  28. ^ a b (皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ、朱しゅ雋大破たいは汝なんじ南みなみ黃き巾はば於西華はな。詔みことのり嵩かさ討東郡ぐん，朱しゅ雋討南陽なんよう。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  29. ^ a b ([中平なかひら五ご年ねん]冬ふゆ十じゅう月がつ， ... 徐じょ黃き巾はば復ふく起おこり，寇郡縣けん。 ... 遣や下しも軍ぐん校こう尉じょう鮑あわび鴻おおとり討葛陂黃巾はば。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  30. ^ a b (盧の植しょく破やぶ黃き巾はば，圍かこえ張ちょう角かく於廣宗むね。宦官かんがん誣奏植うえ，抵罪。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  31. ^ a b (遣や中ちゅう郎ろう將はた董ただし卓たく攻おさむ張ちょう角かく，不ふ剋。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  32. ^ a b (時じ北中きたじゅう郎ろう將はた盧の植しょく及東中ちゅう郎ろう將はた董ただし卓たく討張角かく，並無ならびな功いさお而還，乃詔嵩かさみ進すすむ兵へい討之。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  33. ^ a b (後こう為ため護まもる軍ぐん司馬しば，與あずか左ひだり中ちゅう郎ろう皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ俱討賊ぞく張はり角かく。) Houhanshu vol. 58.
  34. ^ (又また進擊しんげき東ひがし郡ぐん黃き巾はば卜ぼく己おのれ於倉亭てい，生なま禽卜己おのれ，斬首ざんしゅ七なな千せん餘あまり級きゅう。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  35. ^ a b c d e (燮軍斬き賊ぞく三さん帥そち卜ぼく巳み、張ちょう伯はく、梁りょう仲なか寧やすし等とう，功こう高だか為ため封ふう首くび。) Xu Han Shu annotation in Houhanshu vol. 58.
  36. ^ (八はち月がつ，皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ與あずか黃き巾はば戰せん於倉亭てい，獲え其帥。乙おつ巳み，詔みことのり皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ北きた討張角かく。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  37. ^ (嵩かさ與あずか角かく弟おとうと梁はり戰せん於廣宗むね。梁はり眾精勇いさむ，嵩かさ不能ふのう剋。明日あした，乃閉營休士し，以觀其變。知ち賊ぞく意い稍やや懈たゆ，乃潛夜よる勒兵，雞鳴馳はせ赴其陳ひね，戰せん至いたり晡時，大破たいは之の，斬き梁はり，獲え首くび三さん萬まん級きゅう，赴河死者ししゃ五ご萬まん許もと人じん，焚燒車しゃ重じゅう三さん萬まん餘よ兩りょう，悉虜其婦子こ，繫獲甚眾。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  38. ^ (角かく先さき已やめ病死びょうし，乃剖棺かん戮屍，傳つて首くび京師けいし。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  39. ^ a b c (冬ふゆ十じゅう月がつ，皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ與あずか黃き巾はば賊ぞく戰せん於廣宗むね，獲え張ちょう角かく弟おとうと梁はり。角かく先さき死し，乃戮其屍。以皇甫はじめ嵩かさ為ため左ひだり車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん。十一月じゅういちがつ，皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ又また破やぶ黃き巾はば于下曲きょく陽ひ，斬き張ちょう角かく弟おとうと寶たから。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  40. ^ a b c (嵩かさみ復ふく與あずか鉅鹿太守たいしゅ馮翊郭かく典のり攻おさむ角かく弟おとうと寶たから於下おした曲きょく陽ひ，又また斬き之これ。首くび獲え十じゅう餘あまり萬まん人にん，築ちく京きょう觀かん於城南みなみ。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  41. ^ a b c (庚かのえ子こ，南陽なんよう黃き巾はば張ちょう曼成攻おさむ殺ころせ郡ぐん守もり褚貢。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  42. ^ a b (六ろく月がつ，南陽なんよう太守たいしゅ秦しん頡擊張ちょう曼成，斬き之これ。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  43. ^ a b c d (時じ南陽なんよう黃き巾はば張ちょう曼成起おこり兵へい，稱しょう「神かみ上使じょうし」，眾數萬まん，殺ころせ郡ぐん守もり褚貢，屯たむろ宛あて下か百ひゃく餘よ日にち。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  44. ^ a b c (後こう太守たいしゅ秦しん頡擊殺ころせ曼成，賊ぞく更さら以趙弘ひろ為ため帥そち，眾浸盛もり，遂とげ十じゅう餘あまり萬まん，據よりどころ宛あて城じょう。雋與荊州刺史しし徐じょ璆及秦しん頡合兵へい萬まん八はち千せん人にん圍かこえ弘ひろし，自じ六ろく月がつ至いたり八はち月がつ不拔ふばつ。有司ゆうし奏そう欲よく徵ちょう雋。 ... 雋因急きゅう擊げき弘ひろし，斬き之これ。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  45. ^ a b c d e (賊ぞく餘あまり帥そち韓かん忠ただし復ふく據よりどころ宛あて拒こばめ雋。雋兵少しょう不敵ふてき，乃張圍かこえ結ゆい壘るい，起おこり土山つちやま以臨城じょう內，因いん鳴な鼓つづみ攻おさむ其西南せいなん，賊ぞく悉眾赴之。雋自將はた精せい卒そつ五ご千せん，掩其東北とうほく，乘じょう城じょう而入。忠ちゅう乃退保ほ小城おぎ，惶懼乞降。司馬しば張ちょう超ちょう及徐璆、秦はた頡皆欲よく聽之。 ... 因いん急きゅう攻おさむ，連戰れんせん不ふ剋。雋登土山つちやま望のぞむ之の， ... 既すんで而解圍かこえ，忠ちゅう果はて出で戰せん，雋因擊げき，大破たいは之の。乘じょう勝かち逐北數すう十じゅう里り，斬首ざんしゅ萬まん餘あまり級きゅう。忠ちゅう等とう遂とげ降ぶ。而秦頡積忿忠，遂とげ殺ころせ之これ。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  46. ^ a b (癸巳きし，朱しゅ雋拔宛あて城じょう，斬き黃き巾はば別べつ帥そち孫まご夏なつ。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  47. ^ a b (餘よ眾懼不ふ自じ安やす，復ふく以孫夏なつ為ため帥そち，還かえ屯たむろ宛あて中ちゅう。雋急攻おさむ之これ。夏なつ走はし，追つい至いたり西にし鄂精山さん，又また破やぶ之これ。復ふく斬き萬まん餘よ級きゅう，賊ぞく遂とげ解散かいさん。) Houhanshu vol. 71.
  48. ^ a b (會かい徐じょ州しゅう黃き巾はば起おこり，以謙為ため徐じょ州しゅう刺史しし，擊げき黃き巾はば，大破たいは走はし之これ，境さかい內晏然しか。) Houhanshu vol. 73.
  49. ^ a b (黃き巾はば起おこり，霸從陶とう謙けん擊破げきは之の，拜はい騎き都と尉じょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  50. ^ a b (中平なかひら元年がんねん，黃き巾はば賊ぞく帥そち張はり角かく起おこり於魏郡ぐん，託たく有ゆう神靈しんれい，遣や八使以善道教化天下，而潛相しょう連結れんけつ，自稱じしょう黃き天てん泰平たいへい。三月さんがつ甲子きのえね，三さん十じゅう六ろく萬まん一旦いったん俱發，天下てんか響ひびき應おう，燔燒郡こおり縣けん，殺害さつがい長ちょう吏。漢かん遣や車くるま騎き將軍しょうぐん皇すめらぎ甫はじめ嵩かさ、中ちゅう郎ろう將はた朱しゅ儁將兵へい討擊之の。儁表請堅為ため佐さ軍ぐん司馬しば，鄉里きょうり少年しょうねん隨したがえ在ざい下した邳者皆みな願ねがい從したがえ。堅けん又また募つの諸しょ商しょう旅たび及淮、泗精兵へい，合ごう千せん許もと人じん，與あずか儁并力りょく奮擊，所しょ向むかい無む前まえ。汝なんじ、潁賊困こま迫さこ，走はし保ほ宛あて城じょう。堅けん身み當とう一いち面めん，登城とじょう先入せんにゅう，衆しゅう乃蟻附ふ，遂とげ大破たいは之の。儁具以狀聞上，拜はい堅けん別べつ部ぶ司馬しば。) Sanguozhi vol. 46.
  51. ^ a b (... 四遷為廬江太守。後こう揚あげ州しゅう黃き巾はば賊ぞく攻おさむ舒，焚燒城郭じょうかく，續發ぞくはつ縣けん中ちゅう男子だんし二に十じゅう以上いじょう，皆みな持じ兵へい勒陳，其小弱者じゃくしゃ，悉使負まけ水すい灌火，會かい集しゅう數すう萬まん人にん，并埶力戰りきせん，大破たいは之の，郡ぐん界かい平たいら。) Houhanshu vol. 31.
  52. ^ a b ([中平なかひら五ご年ねん二に月がつ， ...]黃き巾はば餘あまり賊ぞく郭かく太ふとし等とう起おこり於西河かわ白波しらなみ谷だに，寇太原ばら、河東かわとう。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  53. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ曰：於夫羅ら者しゃ，南みなみ單たん于子也。中平なかひら中ちゅう，發はつ匈奴きょうど兵へい，於夫羅ら率りつ以助漢かん。會かい本國ほんごく反はん，殺ころせ南みなみ單たん于，於夫羅ら遂とげ將はた其衆留とめ中國ちゅうごく。因いん天下でんか撓たわわ亂みだれ，與あずか西河にしがわ白波しらなみ賊ぞく合あい，破やぶ太ふと原はら、河かわ內，抄しょう略りゃく諸しょ郡ぐん為ため寇。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  54. ^ (白波しらなみ賊ぞく寇河東ひがし，董ただし卓たく遣や其將牛うし輔擊之の。) Houhanshu vol. 9.
  55. ^ (初はつ，靈れい帝みかど末まつ，黃き巾はば餘あまり黨とう郭かく太ふとし等とう復ふく起おこり西河にしがわ白波しらなみ谷だに，轉てん寇太原ばら，遂とげ破やぶ河東かわとう，百姓ひゃくしょう流轉るてん三さん輔，號ごう為ため「白波しらなみ賊ぞく」，眾十餘あまり萬まん。卓たく遣や中ちゅう郎ろう將はた牛うし輔擊之の，不能ふのう卻。) Houhanshu vol. 72.
  56. ^ a b (傕將楊奉本ほん白波しらなみ賊ぞく帥そち， ...) Houhanshu vol. 72.
  57. ^ a b c (李り傕、郭かく汜既悔令天子てんし東ひがし，乃來救すくい段だん煨，因いん欲よく劫こう帝みかど而西， ... 而張濟ずみ與あずか楊奉、董ただし承うけたまわ不ふ相あい平ひらめ，乃反合あい傕、汜，共きょう追おい乘じょう輿こし，大戰たいせん於弘農のう東ひがし澗。承うけたまわ、奉たてまつ軍ぐん敗はい，百官士卒死者不可勝數，皆みな棄其婦女ふじょ輜重しちょう，御物ぎょもつ符ふ策さく典籍てんせき，略りゃく無む所しょ遺のこ。 ... 天子てんし遂とげ露ろ次じ曹陽。承うけたまわ、奉たてまつ乃譎傕等與あずか連れん和わ，而密遣や閒あいだ使し至いたり河東かとう，招故白波しらなみ帥そち李り樂らく、韓かん暹、胡えびす才ざい及南匈奴きょうど右みぎ賢けん王おう去さ卑，並なみ率りつ其眾數すう千せん騎き來らい，與あずか承うけたまわ、奉たてまつ共きょう擊げき傕等，大破たいは之の，斬首ざんしゅ數すう千せん級きゅう，乘じょう輿こし乃得進しん。董ただし承うけたまわ、李り樂らく擁よう衛まもる左右さゆう，胡えびす才ざい、楊奉、韓かん暹、去さ卑為後ご距。傕等復ふく來らい戰たたかえ，奉たてまつ等とう大敗たいはい，死者ししゃ甚於東ひがし澗。) Houhanshu vol. 72.
  58. ^ a b ([中平なかひら五ご年ねん六ろく月がつ， ...]益えき州しゅう黃き巾はば馬ば相しょう攻おさむ殺ころせ刺史しし郗儉，自稱じしょう天子てんし，又また寇巴郡ぐん，殺ころせ郡こおり守まもる趙ちょう部ぶ，益えき州しゅう從事じゅうじ賈龍擊げき相しょう，斬き之これ。) Houhanshu vol. 8.
  59. ^ a b (是ぜ時じ梁やな州しゅう逆賊ぎゃくぞく馬ば相しょう、趙ちょう祗等於緜竹ちく縣けん自じ號ごう黃き巾はば，合ごう聚疲役やく之の民みん，一いち二に日にち中ちゅう得とく數すう千せん人にん，先さき殺ころせ緜竹令れい李り升ます，吏民翕集合しゅうごう萬まん餘人よにん，便びん前まえ破やぶ雒縣，攻おさむ益えき州しゅう殺ころせ儉，又また到いた蜀しょく郡ぐん、犍為，旬月じゅんげつ之の間あいだ，破壞はかい三さん郡ぐん。相あい自稱じしょう天子てんし，衆しゅう以萬數すう。州しゅう從事じゅうじ賈龍素もと領りょう兵へい數すう百ひゃく人にん在ざい犍為東ひがし界かい，攝と斂吏民みん，得とく千せん餘人よにん，攻おさむ相等そうとう，數日すうじつ破やぶ走はし，州しゅう界かい清きよし靜せい。) Sanguozhi vol. 31.
  60. ^ a b (時とき黃き巾はば寇數州しゅう，而北海ほっかい最さい為ため賊ぞく衝，卓たく乃諷三府同舉融為北海相。融とおる到いた郡ぐん，收おさむ合ごう士民しみん，起おこり兵へい講こう武たけ，馳はせ檄げき飛ひ翰，引謀州しゅう郡ぐん。賊ぞく張ちょう饒にょう等とう群ぐん輩やから二に十じゅう萬眾從冀州還，融とおる逆ぎゃく擊げき，為ため饒にょう所しょ敗はい，乃收散ち兵へい保ほ朱しゅ虛きょ縣けん。) Houhanshu vol. 70.
  61. ^ a b (時とき黃き巾はば復ふく來らい侵おかせ暴，融とおる乃出屯たむろ都と昌あきら，為ため賊ぞく管かん亥い所しょ圍かこえ。融とおる逼急，乃遣東ひがし萊太史し慈求救すくい於平原へいげん相しょう劉りゅう備。備驚曰：「孔あな北海ほっかい乃復知ち天下でんか有ゆう劉りゅう備邪？」即そく遣や兵へい三さん千せん救すくい之の，賊ぞく乃散走はし。) Houhanshu vol. 70.
  62. ^ a b c (濟すみ南みなみ、樂らく安やす黃き巾はば徐じょ和かず、司馬しば俱等攻おさむ城じょう，殺ころせ長ちょう吏，淵ふち將はた泰山たいざん、齊ひとし、平原ひらばら郡ぐん兵へい擊げき，大破たいは之の，斬き和わ，平ひらた諸しょ縣けん，收おさむ其糧穀こく以給軍ぐん士し。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  63. ^ a b c (又また與あずか于禁討昌豨，與あずか夏なつ侯こう淵ふち討黃巾はば餘あまり賊ぞく徐じょ和かず等とう，有功ゆうこう，遷徐州しゅう刺史しし。 ... 濟すみ南みなみ黃き巾はば徐じょ和かず等とう，所在しょざい劫こう長ちょう吏，攻おさむ城じょう邑。虔けん引兵與あずか夏なつ侯こう淵ふち會かい擊げき之の，前後ぜんご數すう十じゅう戰せん，斬首ざんしゅ獲え生せい數すう千せん人にん。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  64. ^ ([初はつ平たいら三さん年ねん夏なつ四よん月がつ]青あお州しゅう黃き巾はば衆しゅ百ひゃく萬まん入にゅう兖州，殺ころせ任にん城じょう相しょう鄭てい遂とげ，轉入てんにゅう東平とうへい。劉りゅう岱欲擊げき之の，鮑あわび信しん諫曰：「今こん賊ぞく衆しゅ百ひゃく萬まん，百姓ひゃくしょう皆みな震ふるえ恐おそれ，士卒しそつ無む鬬志，不可ふか敵てき也。觀かん賊ぞく衆しゅ羣輩相しょう隨したがえ，軍ぐん無む輜重しちょう，唯ただ以鈔略りゃく為ため資し，今こん不ふ若わか畜士衆しゅ之の力ちから，先さき為ため固守こしゅ。彼かれ欲よく戰せん不ふ得え，攻おさむ又また不能ふのう，其勢必離散りさん，後ご選せん精銳せいえい，據よりどころ其要害ようがい，擊げき之の可か破やぶ也。」岱不從したがえ，遂とげ與あずか戰たたかえ，果はて為所しどころ殺ころせ。信しん乃與州しゅう吏萬潛等至東郡迎太祖領兖州牧。遂とげ進すすむ兵へい擊げき黃き巾はば於壽張ちょう東ひがし。信しん力戰りきせん鬬死，僅而破之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  65. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ曰：太ふとし祖そ將はた步ふ騎き千せん餘人よにん，行ぎょう視し戰地せんち，卒そつ抵賊營，戰せん不利ふり，死者ししゃ數すう百ひゃく人にん，引還。賊ぞく尋ひろ前進ぜんしん。黃き巾はば為ため賊ぞく久ひさし，數すう乘じょう勝かち，兵へい皆みな精悍せいかん。太ふとし祖そ舊きゅう兵へい少しょう，新兵しんぺい不ふ習練しゅうれん，舉軍皆みな懼。太ふとし祖そ被ひ甲かぶと嬰冑，親おや巡じゅん將士しょうし，明あかり勸賞かんしょう罰ばつ，衆しゅう乃復奮，承うけたまわ間あいだ討擊，賊ぞく稍やや折おり退すさ。賊ぞく乃移書しょ太ふとし祖そ曰：「昔むかし在ざい濟すみ南みなみ，毀壞神しん壇だん，其道乃與中ちゅう黃き太ふとし一同いちどう，似に若わか知道ともみち，今更いまさら迷惑めいわく。漢かん行ぎょう已やめ盡つき，黃き家か當とう立だて。天てん之の大運だいうん，非ひ君きみ才力さいりょく所しょ能のう存そん也。」太ふとし祖そ見み檄げき書しょ，呵しか之これ罪ざい，數すう開示かいじ降くだ路みち；遂とげ設しつらえ奇き伏ふく，晝夜ちゅうや會戰かいせん，戰せん輙禽獲え，賊ぞく乃退走はし。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  66. ^ (追つい黃き巾はば至いたり濟ずみ北きた。乞降。冬ふゆ，受降卒そつ三さん十じゅう餘あまり萬まん，男女だんじょ百ひゃく餘あまり萬まん口くち，收おさむ其精銳せいえい者しゃ，號ごう為ため青あお州兵しゅうへい。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  67. ^ a b c d e (汝なんじ南みなみ、潁川黃き巾はば何なん儀ぎ、劉りゅう辟、黃き邵、何なに曼等，衆しゅう各かく數すう萬まん，初はつ應おう袁術，又また附ふ孫まご堅けん。[建けん安やす元年がんねん]二に月がつ，太ふとし祖そ進軍しんぐん討破之の，斬き辟、邵等，儀ぎ及其衆しゅ皆みな降くだ。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  68. ^ a b 又また生なま禽黃巾はば大だい帥そち吳くれ霸而降其屬。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  69. ^ a b ([建けん安やす六ろく年ねん]九きゅう月がつ，公おおやけ還かえ許もと。紹之未み破やぶ也，使つかい劉りゅう備略汝なんじ南みなみ，汝なんじ南みなみ賊ぞく共ども都と等とう應おう之の。遣や蔡揚擊げき都と，不利ふり，為ため都と所しょ破やぶ。公おおやけ南みなみ征せい備。備聞公こう自じ行くだり，走はし奔劉表ひょう，都と等とう皆みな散ち。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  70. ^ a b (吳くれ書しょ曰：留とめ贊さん字じ正明まさあき，會かい稽長山人さんじん。少しょう為ため郡ぐん吏，與あずか黃き巾はば賊ぞく帥そち吳くれ桓戰，手て斬き得う桓。贊さん一足ひとあし被ひ創そう，遂とげ屈こごめ不ふ伸しん。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 64.
  71. ^ a b c (建けん安やす七なな年ねん，權けん表ひょう治ち為ため九きゅう真ま太守たいしゅ，行ぎょう扶義將軍しょうぐん，割わり婁、由よし拳けん、無む錫すず、毗陵為ため奉たてまつ邑，置おけ長ちょう吏。征討せいとう夷えびす越えつ，佐さ定てい東南とうなん，禽截黃き巾はば餘類よるい陳ひね敗はい、萬まん秉等。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  72. ^ Roberts, Moss (1991). Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22503-1.
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