Emperor Sujin
Emperor Sujin | |||||
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Emperor of Japan | |||||
Reign | 97 BC – 30 BC (traditional)[1] | ||||
Predecessor | Kaika | ||||
Successor | Suinin | ||||
Born | Mimaki ( 148 BC[2] | ||||
Died | 30 BC (aged 118) | ||||
Burial | Yamanobe no michi no Magari no oka no e no misasagi ( | ||||
Spouse | Mimaki-hime (and two other consorts) | ||||
Issue among others... | Emperor Suinin | ||||
| |||||
House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
Father | Emperor Kaika | ||||
Mother | Ikagashikome[a] | ||||
Religion | Shinto |
Emperor Sujin (
This Emperor's reign is conventionally assigned the years of 97 BC – 30 BC.[8][9] During his alleged lifetime, he fathered twelve children with a chief wife (empress) and two consorts. Sujin chose his future heir based on dreams two of his sons had; in this case, his younger son became Emperor Suinin upon Sujin's death in 30 BC. Like other emperors of this period, the location of Sujin's grave if it exists is unknown. He is traditionally venerated at the Andonyama kofun in Tenri, Nara.
Legendary narrative
The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a kofun (tumulus) for Sujin is currently maintained. There remains no conclusive evidence though that supports this historical figure actually reigning. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (
Enshrining Ōmononushi (Miwa Myōjin)
The Kiki records that pestilence struck during the 5th year of Sujin's rule, killing half the Japanese population. The following year peasants abandoned their fields and rebellion became rampant.[3][10] To help relieve the suffering of his people, the Emperor turned his attention towards the gods. At the time, both the sun goddess Amaterasu and the god Yamato-no-Okunitama (
Sujin's aunt Yamatototohimomoso-hime (
Four Cardinal Quarters (Shidō shogun)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rutas_shido_shogun.svg/180px-Rutas_shido_shogun.svg.png)
In his 10th year of rule, Sujin instituted four of his Generals to the Four Cardinal Quarters in what would be known as the Shidō shogun. These areas (west, north/northwest, northeast, and east) were all centered around the capital in Yamato Province. Sujin instructed his generals (shogun) to quell those who would not submit to their rule.[3][10][13] One of the four shoguns who had been sent to the northern region was named Ōhiko (
Emperor Sujin gathered his generals in a meeting upon hearing the news, but the couple had already mustered troops to the west who were ready to attack the capital. The Emperor responded by sending an army under the command of general Isaseri-hiko no Mikoto to fight a battle that ended with a decisive Imperial victory. Ata-bime was killed in combat, and her husband fled back north.[3][10] Sujin then sent general Hiko-kuni-fuku (彦国葺命) north to Yamashiro Province to punish the rebel prince. There was ultimately an exchange of bowshots that resulted in Take-hani-yasu-hiko's death by an arrow through the chest.[3][10] Eventually the Emperor would appoint 137 governors for the provinces under his Imperial rule as the empire expanded.[14] In his 12th year of rule, the Emperor decreed that a census be taken of the populace "with grades of seniority, and the order of forced labour". The tax system meanwhile was set up so taxes imposed were in the form of mandatory labor. These taxes were known as yuhazu no mitsugi (弭調, "bow-end tax") for men and tanasue no mitsugi (
Choosing an heir and Divine treasures
During the 48th year of Sujin's reign (50 BC), he summoned two of his sons saying that he loved them equally and could not make up his mind which to make his heir. He then asked his sons to describe the dreams they had recently, so he could divine their lot by interpreting them. The elder son's name was Toyoki (
In the 60th year of Sujin's reign (38 BC), Sujin told his ministers that he wanted to look at divine treasures brought from the heavens by Takehinateru (
Later reign and death
Towards the end of his reign in (36 BC), both the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki records indicate that Sujin started to encourage the building of artificial ponds and canals. During this time, Yosami pond (
Historical figure
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Andonyama_001.jpg/180px-Andonyama_001.jpg)
While Emperor Sujin is the first emperor whom historians state might have actually existed, he is not confirmed as an actual historical figure. Like his predecessors, his reign is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[17] Sujin's possible lifespan has been suggested to be as early as the 1st century AD, to as late as the fourth century AD, this is well past his conventionally assigned reign of 97 BC – 30 BC. Like Emperor Kōshō, Emperor Kōrei, and Emperor Kaika, historian Louis Frédéric notes an idea in his book Japan Encyclopedia that Sujin could have lived in the 1st century (AD). This remains disputed though, especially among researchers who have been critical of his book.[18][19] If Sujin did in fact exist, then he may have been the founder of the imperial dynasty.[20] Historian Richard Ponsonby-Fane suggests that Sujin may have been the first emperor to perform a census and establish and regularize a system of taxation.[9]
In either case (fictional or not), the name Sujin-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[21] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Sujin, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[8] Sujin's longevity was also written down by later compilers, who may have unrealistically extended his age to fill in time gaps.[22] While the actual site of Sujin's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at the Andonyama kofun in Tenri, Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as the kofun (tumulus), and its formal name is ''Yamanobe no michi no Magari no oka no e no misasagi.[4][9] Sujin's kofun is one of six that are present in the area; the mounds are thought to have built sometime between 250 and 350 AD.[23]
Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[g] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[26] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[h] between 737 and 806 AD.[8] The lineal ancestor of the current reigning emperor can be traced back to Emperor Kōkaku, who lived a thousand years later.
Consorts and children
Empress: Mimaki-hime (
- Third Son: Prince Ikumeirihikoisachi (
活 目 入 彦五十 狭 茅 尊 ), later Emperor Suinin - Prince Hikoisachi (彦五
十 狭 茅 命 ) - Princess Kunikata-hime (
国 方 姫 命 ) - Princess Chichitsukuyamato-hime (
千千 衝倭姫 命 ) - Prince Yamatohiko (
倭 彦命, d.57 BC) - Princess Ika-hime (
伊賀 比 売 命 )
Consort: Tootsuayumemaguwashi-hime (
- Prince Toyokiirihiko (
豊城 入 彦命)[i] ancestor of Keno Clan (毛 野 君 ) - Princess Toyosukiiri-hime (
豊 鍬入 姫 命 ), first Saiō
Consort: Owari-no-ōama-hime (
- Prince Ōiriki (
大入 杵 命 ), ancestor of Noto no kuni no Miyatsuko (能登 国造 ) - Prince Yasakairihiko (
八坂 入 彦命) - Princess Nunakiirihime (渟名
城 入 媛 命 ) - Princess Toochiniirihime (
十 市 瓊入媛 命 )
Family tree
See also
Notes
- ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[3]
- ^ Ikagashikome (Ika-shiko-me) became Emperor Kaika's empress, but before that she had been a concubine to the previous Emperor (Kōgen). It is recorded that she bore a child with Kōgen, which makes this problematic as in order to be Sujin's mother she would have had to give birth again separated by a 50-year gap.[8] Given her recorded age at the time, this scenario seems highly unlikely.
- ^ Historian Tsutomu Ujiya states that the location could have been in the vicinity of Kanaya (
金屋 ), Sakurai, Nara[3] - ^ Mount Amanokaguya is located in Kashihara, Nara.
- ^ Takenunakawawake (
武 渟川別 ) (General of the East), and Kibitsuhiko (吉備津 彦命) (General of the West) - ^ Yosami pond could have also been slightly south in the Ikeuchi area of Sakai, Osaka.[16]
- ^ The 29th Emperor[24][25]
- ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
- ^ The kami of Suijin's son, Toyoki-iri-hiko no mikoto, is venerated at Futarayama jinja in Utsunomiya, Shimotsuke Province.
- ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[57]
References
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- ^ a b c Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
- ^ a b "
崇 神 天皇 (10)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 16, 2019. - ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ Yoshida, Reiji (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
- ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
- ^ a b c d e Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 31–32 & 418.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
- ^ "Encyclopedia of Shinto
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His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko ... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and of the Dukes of Kamo.
- ^ Chamberlain, Basil. [SECT. LXVI.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART IV.—WAR WITH KING TAKE-HANI-YASU).] (The Kojiki). Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919. p. 220.
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- ^ Chamberlain, Basil. [SECT. LXVII.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART V.—PEACE RESTORED AND TRIBUTE LEVIED).] (The Kojiki). Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919. p. 224.
His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko ... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and of the Dukes of Kamo.
- ^ a b Takeda, Yukichi (1977). Shintei Kojiki. Kadokawa. pp. 94–99. ISBN 4-04-400101-4.
- ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 910. ISBN 9780674017535.
- ^ Miller, R. A. (2003). "Journal of Asian History". Journal of Asian History. 37 (2): 212–214. JSTOR 41933346.
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- ^ Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008-10-15). The Emperors of Modern Japan. BRILL. p. 15. ISBN 978-90-474-4225-7.
- ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Britannica.Com. p. 21.
Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
- ^ Brinkley, Francis (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–273, see page 253, lines 7 and 8.
The reign of the 10th emperor, Sūjin, lasted from 98 to 30 B.C. During his era the land was troubled by pestilence and the people broke out in rebellion; calamities.......
- ^ Brown, Delmer M. (1993). History of Japan, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-521-22352-0.
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- ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897.
According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
- ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
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- ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (
先代 舊 事 本紀 巻 第 四 ), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史 大系 第 7巻 ). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244. - ^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
- ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi 『
日本 の神 々神社 と聖地 7山陰 』(新装 復刊 ) 2000年 白水 社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9 - ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ a b 『
神話 の中 のヒメたち もうひとつの古事記 』p94-97「初代 皇后 は「神 の御子 」」 - ^ a b
日本人 名 大 辞典 +Plus, デジタル版 . "日子 八 井 命 とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01. - ^ a b ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
- ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
- ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
- ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ 『
図説 歴代 天 皇紀 』p42-43「綏靖天皇 」 - ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
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日本 古典 文学 大 辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421. - ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
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日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-17. - ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
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- ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
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日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-18. - ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ a b Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
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日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-18. - ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b "Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan .
日本 歴史 ". . A History . . of Japan .日本 歴史 . Retrieved 2023-11-28. - ^ a b Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
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國學院大學 デジタルミュージアム". web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29. - ^ Brown Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
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文也 (2019-05-26). "仲 姫 命 とはどんな人 ?".歴史 好 きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19. - ^
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan .
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Further reading
(Nihongi / Nihon Shoki) →See under Nihon Shoki for fuller bibliography.
- Aston, William George (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. Vol. 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner (for the Japan Society of London). ISBN 9780524053478. OCLC 448337491., alt-link English translation
- JHTI (2002). "Nihon Shoki". Japanese Historical Text Initiative (JHTI). UC Berkeley. Retrieved 2019-08-23., searchtext resource to retrieve kanbun text vs. English tr. (Aston) in blocs.
- Ujiya, Tsutomu (
宇治谷 孟 ) (1988). Nihon shoki (日本書紀 ). Vol.上 . Kodansha. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5., modern Japanese translation. - Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1919). The Kojiki. Kadokawa. OCLC 1882339. sacred texts
- Takeda, Yukichi (
武田 祐吉 ) (1977). Shintei Kojiki (新 訂 古事記 ). Kadokawa. ISBN 4-04-400101-4., annotated Japanese.
(Secondary sources)
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
External links
- Imperial Household Agency (2004). "
崇 神 天皇 (10)山 邉道勾岡上 陵 (やまのべのみちのまがりのおかのえのみささぎ)".天皇陵 . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
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