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[[File:Chineselanguage.svg|right|frameless|upright]] |
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'''漢語'''者,[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠,山河數列,海內習用,方音殊異。以中國人多,以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾,合以十億計,普世之五一。 |
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'''漢語'''者,[[漢族|漢人]]之言也。蓋[[華夏]]地方廣遠,山河數列,海內習用,方音殊異。以中國人多,以漢語為[[母語]]者亦眾,合以十億計,普世之五一。 |
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*[[冀魯官話]],聞之冀,魯。宗[[濟南話]]。 |
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*[[冀魯官話]],聞之冀,魯。宗[[濟南話]]。 |
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*[[蘭銀官話]],聞之隴上,寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。 |
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*[[蘭銀官話]],聞之隴上,寧夏。宗[[蘭州話]]。 |
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*[[膠遼官話]],聞之齊東,遼南,東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙台話]]。 |
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*[[膠遼官話]],聞之齊東,遼南,東北之一部。學界多宗[[煙臺話]]。 |
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以下諸言皆從屬不明: |
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以下諸言皆從屬不明: |
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* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》] |
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* [http://www.kangxizidian.com/kangxi/ 《康熙大字典》] |
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* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》] |
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* [http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/allbook/bishuen/c8.htm?open 《常用國字標準字體筆順手冊》] |
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* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] |
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* [http://zgyy.faedia.com 《國文論壇》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210215/http://zgyy.faedia.com/ |date=2007-09-27 }} |
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* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》] |
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* [http://www.zdic.net 《在線漢語字典》] |
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* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 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* [http://www.zhongwen.com/Zhongwen.com 《網上中英字典》]<!-- |
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--> |
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*[http://www.newconcept.com/School/text_books.html 海外中文教材]--> |
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* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》]<!-- |
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* [http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ 《輕鬆習中文》] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712024338/http://learn_chinese.ckungfu.com/ |date=2007-07-12 }}<!-- |
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*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化,中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--> |
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*[http://www.chinawestexchange.com/ China West Exchange]: 本网点是为了让西方人认识中国文化,中国人认识西方语言和文化而作的--> |
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<!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言] |
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<!--*[http://malandrin.org 马来西亚官话方言] |
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*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程] |
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*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/zh.htm 网上上免费的普通话教程] |
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*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网](中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--> |
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*[http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网](中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)--> |
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* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語,你好!》遠程教育網] |
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* [http://www.hello-han.com/index.php 《漢語,你好!》遠程教育網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409174241/http://www.hello-han.com/index.php |date=2021-04-09 }} |
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<!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature] |
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<!--[http://www-ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw/~chinlit/ National Taiwan University Department of Chinese Literature] |
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*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --> |
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*[http://www.yeminlitercuman.com/cin Turkish-Chinese Translators in China] --> |
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* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表] |
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* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1270 漢語方言列表] |
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*[http://yedict.com/ 字海網、葉典網] |
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{{堪讀之文}} |
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{{堪讀之文}} |
漢語者,漢人之言也。蓋華夏地方廣遠,山河數列,海內習用,方音殊異。以中國人多,以漢語為母語者亦眾,合以十億計,普世之五一。
音韻[纂]
漢語一字一音,一音可分為聲、韻、調。漢字多不表音,故初用「讀若某」。後佛教東傳,得梵文而知反切,乃用以標音。近世,創注音符號及漢語拼音,以明音韻。
語法[纂]
漢語為孤立語、或曰分析語,此謂詞彙無格、態、性、數之變。唯示以語序之先後及虛字之用而達意。
語序為:主謂賓,偏次先於正次。於數數,必附量詞於數後。各方言語法略異,故白話文之行可亂文字。乃以國語語法為白話文語法。
古者語法,同乎文言。
文字[纂]
三代以降,漢字初成。秦以書同文,必用小篆,其後偶有數變,用之不更至民季,共和國立,納昔錢玄同所倡簡字法,加以矯正,遂成今制,曰簡化字,今中國大陸、新加坡、馬來西亞行之。香港、澳門、臺灣仍因舊制,書傳統漢字。
近代西學東傳,亦有以拉丁字母記音者,法式歧異。至共和國立,創拼音,授之於小學。初,國人頗思廢漢字,後以同音多,拉丁文字無象形之用,遂止。
沿革[纂]
三代之時,天下有國千萬,言語不通。周既王,始有雅言。諸子著作,皆以雅言。及周道微,天下紛亂,言語異聲,文字異形。尤是楚語至不同也。秦始皇帝混一車書,獨用秦篆,各地方言日合。然至於許慎之世,說文解字之所錄,亦有同義而音異之字,多有「某地曰某為某」之訓。蓋天下文字雖一,而言語未統也。此上古音也。古語於語法異於今音,可見諸尚書。
魏晉之世,北族南面,雖魏孝文帝力主洛音,而古音已變,詩始不得押韻。中原漢胡雜合,而成唐音,為中古之音。於南國,衣冠之南渡,亦有吳音混於正音者。此世樂府有吳曲、西州曲之分,蓋亦異音之故也。
宋季,中原復為胡君,語音大變。四聲缺入,派為三聲。唯江南淪陷不足百年,語音未大變也。明初都應天,永樂間北遷,百官隨同,江左之音復入燕地。以後四百年皆都北京,遂以為國語矣。
及中華人民共和國立,以國語為普通話,舉世皆以其漢語之正音。實其正音以國語稍改而成,國民政府遷臺,用其國語至今未廢。然分立五十年,習用亦異也。大異者,舉凡兒化韻之用,外來詞之源,王畿方言之不同,亦成其異也。
於地方,雖有國語,實方言殊音甚多,惟學校、典禮多用正音。
今世,以漢語為官話者,有中國、新加坡、聯合國。隨中國國力日蓄,萬國習之者眾,以利來華遊學仕商。
方言[纂]
蓋漢語歧甚,遠者異域不相通,近者十里音不同。然文惟一,為世所稀見。
以語言學分,言不通即非一語。且語法各異,故有漢語為一語族之論。漢語諸言,概分如下:
官話復分數種,以下次第:
以下諸言皆從屬不明:
書典[纂]
他典[纂]
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敘事完備,有條不紊,遂列正典。
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