咖啡因
读音 | /kæˈfiːn, ˈkæfiːn/ |
---|---|
其他 | Guaranine Methyltheobromine 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine Theine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| |
给药 | |
ATC碼 | |
| |
99%[5] | |
25–36%[6] | |
药物 | |
~1 | |
3–4 | |
识别 | |
| |
CAS | 58-08-2 |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
PDB | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.329 |
C8H10N4O2 | |
194.19 g/mol | |
3D | |
1.23 g/cm3 | |
熔点 | 235 |
| |
|
咖啡
咖啡
历史
编辑咖啡
就像咖啡浆果
1819
现在,
来 源
编辑
产品 | 计量单位 | |
---|---|---|
咖啡 |
1 |
200 |
Excedrin |
1 |
65 |
咖啡, |
240 mL (8 US fl oz) | 135* |
咖啡, |
240 mL (8 US fl oz) | 5* |
咖啡, |
57 mL (2 US fl oz) | 100* |
1 |
31 | |
1 |
10 | |
红牛 | 250 mL (8.453 US fl oz) | 80 |
Bawls |
296 mL (10 US fl oz) | 67 |
软饮 |
355 mL (12 US fl oz) | 34 |
240 mL (8 US fl oz) | 15 | |
240 mL (8 US fl oz) | 50 | |
* |
咖啡
咖啡
药理学
编辑
代 谢
编辑
咖啡
咖啡
咖啡
副 黄 嘌呤(1,7-二甲基黄嘌呤,84%)-能 够加速 脂 解 ,导致血 浆中 的 甘 油 及自由 脂肪酸 的 含量增加 。可 可 碱(12%)-能 够扩张血管 ,增加 尿 量 。可 可 碱也是 可 可 豆 中主 要 的 生物 碱,也存在 于巧 克 力 中 。茶 碱(4%)-舒缓支 气管平滑 肌 ,被 用作 治 疗哮 喘。治 疗所用 的 剂量远远大 于由咖啡因 代 谢所产生的 剂量。
这些
生理 影 响
编辑
咖啡
咖啡
过量使用
编辑
咖啡因 过度兴奋
编辑
摄取极大剂量
咖啡因 焦 虑症及睡眠 失 调
编辑
长期过量摄取咖啡
咖啡
对某些个
代 谢、毒性 與 對 健康 的 影響
编辑
长期摄入咖啡
对人类而
管制
编辑
美国
编辑
参考 文献
编辑
引用
编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 375. ISBN 9780071481274.
Long-term caffeine use can lead to mild physical dependence. A withdrawal syndrome characterized by drowsiness, irritability, and headache typically lasts no longest than a day. True compulsive use of caffeine has not been documented.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Karch SB. Karch's pathology of drug abuse 4th. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2009: 229–230. ISBN 9780849378812.
The suggestion has also been made that a caffeine dependence syndrome exists ... In one controlled study, dependence was diagnosed in 16 of 99 individuals who were evaluated. The median daily caffeine consumption of this group was only 357 mg per day (Strain et al., 1994).
Since this observation was first published, caffeine addiction has been added as an official diagnosis in ICDM 9. This decision is disputed by many and is not supported by any convincing body of experimental evidence. ... All of these observations strongly suggest that caffeine does not act on the dopaminergic structures related to addiction, nor does it improve performance by alleviating any symptoms of withdrawal. - ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 American Psychiatric Association. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders (PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing: 1–2. 2013 [2015-07-10]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2015-08-15).Substance use disorder in DSM-5 combines the DSM-IV categories of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe. ... Additionally, the diagnosis of dependence caused much confusion. Most people link dependence with “addiction” when in fact dependence can be a normal body response to a substance. ... DSM-5 will not include caffeine use disorder, although research shows that as little as two to three cups of coffee can trigger a withdrawal effect marked by tiredness or sleepiness. There is sufficient evidence to support this as a condition, however it is not yet clear to what extent it is a clinically significant disorder.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007: 222–223. ISBN 9781420047424.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Poleszak, Ewa; Szopa, Aleksandra; Wyska, Elżbieta; Kukuła-Koch, Wirginia; Serefko, Anna; Wośko, Sylwia; Bogatko, Karolina; Wróbel, Andrzej; Wlaź, Piotr. Caffeine augments the antidepressant-like activity of mianserin and agomelatine in forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice. Pharmacological Reports. July 2015 [12 September 2015-09-12]. ISSN 1734-1140. doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2015.06.138. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-02-08). - ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Caffeine. DrugBank. University of Alberta. 2013-09-16 [2014-08-08]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-05-04). - ^ Caffeine. Pubchem Compound. NCBI. [16 October 2014-10-16].
Boiling Point
178 deg C (sublimes)
Melting Point
238 DEG C (ANHYD) - ^ Caffeine. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. [2014-10-16]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-05-14).Experimental Melting Point:
234–236 °C Alfa Aesar
237 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data
238 °C LKT Labs [C0221]
237 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 14937
238 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 17008, 17229, 22105, 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895
235.25 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895
236 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895
235 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 6603
234–236 °C Alfa Aesar A10431, 39214
Experimental Boiling Point:
178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar
178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 39214 - ^ 9.0 9.1 Lovett, Richard. Coffee: The demon drink? (PDF). New Scientist. 2005-09-24, (2518). (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2006-06-16). - ^ Escohotado, Antonio; Ken Symington. A Brief History of Drugs: From the Stone Age to the Stoned Age. Park Street Press. May 1999. ISBN 978-0-89281-826-6.
- ^ Yu, Lu. The Classic of Tea: Origins & Rituals. Ecco Pr; Reissue edition. October 1995 [2007-03-28]. ISBN 978-0-88001-416-8. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-10). - ^
中国 茶 历史:茶 的 发现与利用 . 艺术中国 网. [2012-08-11]. (原始 内容 存 档于2013-04-28). - ^ 1911
年版 《大 英 百科全書 》Coffee條目 - ^ Benjamin, LT Jr; Rogers AM, Rosenbaum A. Coca-Cola, caffeine, and mental deficiency: Harry Hollingworth and the Chattanooga trial of 1911. J Hist Behav Sci. 1991 Jan, 27 (1): 42–55. PMID 2010614.
- ^ Jarvis, Gail. The Rise and Fall of Cocaine Cola. May 21, 2002 [2006-08-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2006年 10月 25日 ). - ^ Weinberg, BA; BK Bealer. The World of Caffeine. Routledge. January 2001. ISBN 978-0-415-92722-2.
- ^ Whats your poison: caffeine. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1997 [2006-08-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-07-26). - ^ Caffeine Content of Food and Drugs. Nutrition Action Health Newsletter. Center For Science in the Public Interest. December 1996 [2006-08-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2007-06-14). - ^ Erowid. Caffeine Content of Beverages, Foods, & Medications. The Vaults of Erowid. July 7, 2006 [2006-08-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2006-06-10). - ^ Nathanson, JA. Caffeine and related methylxanthines: possible naturally occurring pesticides. Science. 12 October 1984, 226 (4671): 184–7 [2007-03-28]. PMID 6207592. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-11-23). - ^ Erowid. Does Yerba Maté Contain Caffeine or Mateine?. The Vaults of Erowid. Dec 2003 [2006-08-16]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-07-29). - ^ PubChem: mateina. National Library of Medicine. [2006-08-16].. Generally translated as mateine in articles written in English
- ^ PubChem: guaranine. National Library of Medicine. [2006-08-16].
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Caffeine. International Coffee Organization. [2006-08-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-03-27). - ^ Caffeine in tea vs. steeping time. September 1996 [2006
年 8月 12日 ]. (原始 内容 存 档于2010年 8月 22日 ). - ^ Smit, HJ; Gaffan EA, Rogers PJ. Methylxanthines are the psycho-pharmacologically active constituents of chocolate. Psychopharmacology. 2004 Nov, 176 (3-4): 412–9.
- ^ Haskell, CF; Kennedy D, Wesnes KA, Milne AL, Scholey AB. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose evaluation of the acute behavioural effects of guarana in humans. J Psychopharmacol. 13 March 2006, 0 (0): 0–0. PMID 16533867. ; [Epub ahead of print]
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Bolton, Ph.D., Sanford; Gary Null, M.S. Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse. Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 1981, 10 (3): 202–211 [2006
年 8月 12日 ]. (原始 内容 存 档于2007年 4月 3日 ). - ^ 楊承
樺 營養 師 (iamneo2013). [轉 ]咖啡因 之 生理 作用 與 攝取 @ “愛 吃 愛 動 ”運動 營養 師 楊承樺 :: 痞客邦 ::. “愛 吃 愛 動 ”運動 營養 師 楊承樺 . [2019-04-14]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-01-06) (中 文 (臺灣 )). - ^ Newton, R; Broughton LJ, Lind MJ, Morrison PJ, Rogers HJ, Bradbrook ID. Plasma and salivary pharmacokinetics of caffeine in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981, 21 (1): 45–52. PMID 7333346.
- ^ Meyer, FP; Canzler E, Giers H, Walther H. Time course of inhibition of caffeine elimination in response to the oral depot contraceptive agent Deposiston. Hormonal contraceptives and caffeine elimination. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1991, 113 (6): 297–302. PMID 2058339.
- ^ Ortweiler, W; Simon HU, Splinter FK, Peiker G, Siegert C, Traeger A. Determination of caffeine and metamizole elimination in pregnancy and after delivery as an in vivo method for characterization of various cytochrome p-450 dependent biotransformation reactions. Biomed Biochim Acta. 1985, 44 (7-8): 1189–99. PMID 4084271.
- ^ Bolton, Ph.D., Sanford; Gary Null, M.S. Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse. Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 1981, 10 (3): 202–211 [2006
年 8月 14日 ]. (原始 内容 存 档于2007年 4月 3日 ). - ^ Springhouse. Physician's Drug Handbook; 11th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. January 1, 2005. ISBN 978-1-58255-396-2.
- ^ Caffeine. The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base. [2006-08-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2006-09-27). - ^ Nehlig, A; Daval JL, Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: Mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1992 May-Aug, 17 (2): 139–70. PMID 1356551.
- ^ Ivy, JL; Costill DL, Fink WJ, Lower RW. Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med Sci Sports. 1979 Spring, 11 (1): 6–11. PMID 481158.
- ^ Graham, TE; Spriet, LL. Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1991 Dec, 71 (6): 2292–8. PMID 1778925.
- ^ Trice, I; Haymes, EM. Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise-induced changes during high-intensity, intermittent exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. Mar 1995, 5 (1): 37–44. PMID 7749424.
- ^ Headache Triggers: Caffeine. WebMD. June 2004 [2006-08-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-05-18). - ^ 复方对乙酰氨
基 酚片. www.baidu.com. [2024-01-15]. (原始 内容 存 档于2024-01-15). - ^ Schmidt, B; Roberts, RS, Davis, P, Doyle, LW, et al. Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. N Engl J Med. May 18, 2006, 354 (20): 2112–21.
- ^ Caffeine (Systemic). MedlinePlus. 2000-05-25 [2006-08-12]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2007-02-23). - ^ Grosso, Giuseppe; Micek, Agnieszka; Castellano, Sabrina; Pajak, Andzrej; Galvano, Fabio. Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (Wiley). 2015-11-23, 60 (1): 223–234. ISSN 1613-4125. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500620.
- ^ Caffeine-related disorders. Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. [2006-08-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-09-10). - ^ Altasterol Caffeine Pro+ and mental alertness. Articles base & Alta Care Laboratoires. [2008-09-24]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-05-14). - ^ Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Cedars-Sinai. [2006-08-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-01-14). - ^ Erowid Caffeine Vault: Effects. The Vaults of Erowid. Jul 8, 2006 [2006-08-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-01-01). - ^ In cases of much larger overdoses mania, depression, lapses in judgment, disorientation, loss of social inhibition, delusions, hallucinations, psychosis, rhabdomyolysis, and death may occur.
- ^ Caffeine overdose. MedlinePlus. 2006-04-04 [2006-08-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-07-08). - ^ Kamijo, Y; Soma K, Asari Y, Ohwada T. Severe rhabdomyolysis following massive ingestion of oolong tea: caffeine intoxication with coexisting hyponatremia. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 1999 Dec, 41 (6): 381–3. PMID 10592946.
- ^ Erowid Caffeine Vault: Caffeine Dosage. The Vaults of Erowid. Jul 8, 2006 [2006-08-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-01-01). - ^ Kerrigan, S; Lindsey T. Fatal caffeine overdose: two case reports. Forensic Sci Int. 2005, 153 (1): 67–9 [2007-03-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-08-21). - ^ Holmgren, P; Norden-Pettersson L, Ahlner J. Caffeine fatalities—four case reports. Forensic Sci Int. 2004, 139 (1): 71–3 [2007-03-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-08-21). - ^ Walsh, I; Wasserman GS, Mestad P, Lanman RC. Near-fatal caffeine intoxication treated with peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Emerg Care. Dec 1987, 3 (4): 244–9. PMID 3324064.
- ^ Mrvos, RM; Reilly PE, Dean BS, Krenzelok EP. Massive caffeine ingestion resulting in death. Vet Hum Toxicol. Dec 1989, 31 (6): 571–2. PMID 2617841.
- ^ 《
精神 障碍 诊断与 统计手 册 第 5版 》,物 质相关及成 瘾障碍 ,咖啡因 相 关障碍 - ^ 58.0 58.1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition..
美国 精神病 学 协会. 1994. ISBN 978-0-89042-062-1. - ^ Shannon, MW; Haddad LM, Winchester JF. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 3rd ed.. 1998. ISBN 978-0-7216-6409-5.
- ^ James, JE; KP Stirling. Caffeine: A summary of some of the known and suspected deleterious effects of habitual use. British Journal of Addiction. Sep 1983, 78 (3): 251–8. PMID 6354232.
- ^ Noever, R., J. Cronise, and R. A. Relwani. 1995. Using spider-web patterns to determine toxicity. NASA Tech Briefs 19 (4):82. Published in New Scientist magazine, 27 April 1995.
- ^ Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, and Kiel DP. Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study (PDF). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. October 2006, 84 (4): 336–342 [2008-04-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-01-24). - ^ 范斌:“
山西 省 精神 药品咖啡因 滥用问题”,《山西 警官 高等 专科科 学校 学 报》,2008年 第 1期 ,第 67-70页。 - ^ 《
精神 药品管理 办法》.中国 网. 2002年 6月 12日 [2012年 8月 11日 ]. (原始 内容 存 档于2020年 4月 10日 ). - ^
最高 人民法院 关于审理毒 品 案件 定 罪 量刑 标准有 关问题的解 释 互联网档案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2008-05-15. - ^
食品 添加 物 使用 範圍 及限量 暨規格 標準 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) -食品 藥物 消費 者 知識 服務 網 - ^
食品 添加 物 使用 範圍 及限量 暨規格 標準 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) -全國 法規 資料 庫 - ^ David M. Mrazik. Reconsidering Caffeine: An Awake and Alert New Look at America’s Most Commonly Consumed Drug (PDF). [2012-08-11]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-01-06).
来 源
编辑
- 书籍
- Bersten I. Coffee, Sex & Health: A history of anti-coffee crusaders and sexual hysteria. Sydney: Helian Books. 1999. ISBN 978-0-9577581-0-0.
- Pendergrast M. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. London, England: Texere. 2001 [1999]. ISBN 1-58799-088-1.
外部 链接
编辑
- Caffeine: How Stuff Works (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - GMD MS Spectrum (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs, Caffeine-Part 1 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Part 2 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Caffeine: ChemSub Online (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Caffeine (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) - Caffeine International Chemical Safety Cards
- Mayo Clinic staff. Caffeine content for coffee, tea, soda and more. Mayo Clinic. 3 October 2009 [8 November 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-12-03).