^ 1.01.1Bin-Muqbil, Musaed (2006). Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Arabic Emphatics and Gutturals. University of Wisconsin–Madison
^Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press
^Arabic Language (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. "Classical Arabic, which has many archaic words, is the sacred language of Islam...". 2009-10-31.