擬なずらえ

See also: 儗 and 拟

擬なずらえ

U+64EC, 擬

CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64EC

← 擫
[U+64EB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

擭 →
[U+64ED]

Translingual

Han character

擬なずらえ (Kangxi radical 64, 手て+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 手心てごころ大人おとな (QPKO), four-corner 5708₁, composition ⿰扌疑うたぐ)

Related characters

拟 (Simplified Chinese)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 460, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12870
Dae Jaweon: page 809, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1975, character 4
Unihan data for U+64EC

Chinese

trad.		擬なずらえ
simp.		拟
alternative forms		儗／拟

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑うたぐ) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	ŋɯːs, hŋɯːs, ŋɯʔ, ŋɯs
懝	ŋɯːs, ŋɯɡ
譺	ŋrɯːs, ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡ち	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑うたぐ	*ŋɯ
嶷	ŋɯ, ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬なずらえ	*ŋɯʔ
薿	ŋɯʔ, ŋɯɡ
凝しこり	ŋrɯŋ, ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい／形声けいせい, OC *ŋɯʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 疑うたぐ (OC *ŋɯ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nǐ (ni³)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji⁵ / ji⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngei⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngí

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngi³
Eastern Min (BUC): ngī
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gí

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngi²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gni

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nǐ
  - Wade–Giles: ni³
  - Yale: nǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nii
  - Palladius: ни (ni)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ji⁵ / ji⁴
  - Yale: yíh / yìh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵ / ji⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵ / yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³/, /jiː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡei²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngí
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngi`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gí
  - Tâi-lô: gí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gie
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ɡi⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡi⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngi²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^去さ
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/

Middle Chinese: ngiX

Rime
Character	擬なずらえ
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	疑うたぐ (31)
Final (韻いん)	之これ (19)
Tone (調しらべ)	Rising (X)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III
Fanqie	魚さかな紀きの切きり
Baxter	ngiX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ŋiə^X/
Wang Li	/ŋĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	擬なずらえ
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngi^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əʔ/ (< uvular)
English	estimate, calculate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	擬なずらえ
Reading #	1/1
No.	14897
Phonetic component	疑うたぐ
Rime group	之これ
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	擬なずらえ
Old Chinese	/*ŋɯʔ/

Definitions

擬なずらえ

to compare
to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic
to plan; to propose
to draft; to devise; to draw up
to presuppose; to hypothesise; to assert

Synonyms

(to compare):

例れい (lì) (literary, or in compounds)
對比たいひ／对比 (duìbǐ)
對照たいしょう／对照 (duìzhào)
比ひ並なみ／比ひ并 (bī-piâng) (Eastern Min)
比ひ對たい／比ひ对 (bǐduì)
比ひ擬なずらえ／比ひ拟 (bǐnǐ)
比ひ照あきら (bǐzhào)
比較ひかく／比ひ较
視み／视 (shì) (archaic)
進行しんこう比較ひかく／进行比ひ较 (jìnxíng bǐjiào)

(to imitate):

仿效 (fǎngxiào)
仿照 (fǎngzhào)
效こう仿 (xiàofǎng)
模かたぎ仿 (mófǎng)
模擬もぎ／模かたぎ拟 (mónǐ)
臨摹／临摹 (línmó) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
規矩きく／规矩 (guījǔ) (literary)

(to plan):

作さく計けい／作さく计 (zuòjì) (literary)
打算ださん (dǎsuàn)
拍はく算さん (phah-sǹg) (Hokkien, Teochew)
拍はく達たち／拍はく达 (Xiamen Hokkien)
按算 (Hokkien)
派は胚はい (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
準備じゅんび／准じゅん备 (zhǔnbèi)
營為えいい／营为 (Hokkien)
盤ばん算さん／盘算
策さく劃／策さく划 (cèhuà)
策動さくどう／策さく动 (cèdòng)
算さん (suàn)
算さん打だ (sáung-dā) (Eastern Min)
算さん計けい／算さん计 (suànjì)
籌劃／筹划 (chóuhuà)
考慮こうりょ／考こう虑 (kǎolǜ)
規ぶんまわし／规 (literary, or in compounds)
規ぶんまわし劃／规划 (guīhuà)
計けい劃／计划 (jìhuà)
計算けいさん／计算 (jìsuàn)
設しつらえ／设 (shè)
設しつらえ施ほどこせ／设施 (shèshī) (literary)
試ためし圖ず／试图 (shìtú)
謀はかりごと劃／谋划 (móuhuà)

(to draft):

(to presuppose):

估計／估计 (gūjì)
估量
假定かてい (jiǎdìng)
假想かそう (jiǎxiǎng)
假設かせつ／假かり设 (jiǎshè)
商量しょうりょう (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
嫌いや (xián) (literary, or in compounds)
忖度そんたく (cǔnduó) (literary)
思おもえ裁さい (sīcái) (literary)
想そう象ぞう (xiǎngxiàng)
懸かか／悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
懸想けそう／悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
懷疑かいぎ／怀疑 (huáiyí)
打だ估 (Southern Pinghua)
推想 (tuīxiǎng)
推測すいそく／推测 (tuīcè)
掠かすめ算さん (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
揣度 (formal)
母はは量りょう (mu³ liong) (Gan)
派は胚はい (Hokkien)
測はか／测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
測はか估／测估 (cègū)
測度そくど／测度 (cèduó)
測はか算さん／测算 (cèsuàn)
猜 (cāi)
猜度 (cāiduó)
猜想 (cāixiǎng)
猜摸 (cāimo)
猜料 (cāiliào)
猜測／猜测 (cāicè)
猜詳／猜详 (cāixiáng)
算さん (suàn)
算さん計けい／算さん计 (suànjì)
約やく摸／约摸 (yuēmo)
臭におい疑うたぐ (Hokkien)
臭におい青あお疑うたぐ (Hokkien)
虛きょ擬なずらえ／虚きょ拟 (xūnǐ)
要約ようやく／要よう约 (iau³ ieh⁴) (Jin)
設しつらえ／设 (shè)
設しつらえ想そう／设想 (shèxiǎng)
跋ばつ胚はい (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
辦胚／办胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
阿おもね合ごう (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
青あお疑うたぐ (Hokkien)
預あずか計けい／预计 (yùjì)

Compounds

References

“擬なずらえ”, in 漢語かんご多功たこう能のう字じ庫こ (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港ほんこん中ちゅう文ぶん大學だいがく (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

擬なずらえ

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

mimic, imitate
guess, suspect
pseudo-, mock-

Readings

Go-on: ご (go)
Kan-on: ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
Kun: まがい (magai, 擬なずらえ); もどく (modoku, 擬もどく); なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 擬なずらえる); はかる (hakaru, 擬なずらえる)

Compounds

擬なずらえ(ぎ)薬くすり(やく) (giyaku, “placebo”)
模も(も)擬なずらえ(ぎ) (mogi, “mock”)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 擬なずらえ (MC ngiX).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅴᆼ〯 (Yale: ngǔy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國とうごく正せい韻いん / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 의 (uy) (Yale: uy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新しん增ぞう類るい合あい / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɰi]
Phonetic hangul: [의]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

擬なずらえ

Wikisource

擬なずらえ (eumhun 비길 의 (bigil ui))

Hanja form^? of 의 (“to compare”).
Hanja form^? of 의 (“to imitate; to emulate”).

Compounds

모의 (模擬もぎ, moui, “imitation; simulation”)
의성 (擬聲ぎせい, uiseong, “imitation sound”)
의성어 (擬聲語ぎせいご, uiseong'eo, “onomatopoeia”)
의태어 (擬態語ぎたいご, uitaeeo, “ideophone”)
의인 (擬人ぎじん, uiin, “personification”)
의인화 (擬人ぎじん化か, uiinhwa, “anthropomorphization”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

擬なずらえ: Hán Nôm readings: nghĩ, nghỉ

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