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Tacheng

Coordinates: 46°45′06″N 82°59′13″E / 46.7517°N 82.9869°E / 46.7517; 82.9869
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(Redirected from Chuguchak)
Tacheng
  • 塔とう城市じょうし (Chinese)
  • شاۋەشەك قالاسى (Kazakh)
  • چۆچەك شەھىرى (Uyghur)
Tarbagatay, Chuguchak, Qoqek
County-level city
"Ruins in Chuguchak" by Vasily Vereshchagin (1869)
"Ruins in Chuguchak" by Vasily Vereshchagin (1869)
Location of Tacheng City (pink) in Tacheng Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang
Location of Tacheng City (pink) in Tacheng Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang
Tacheng is located in Dzungaria
Tacheng
Tacheng
Location of the city centre in Xinjiang
Tacheng is located in Xinjiang
Tacheng
Tacheng
Tacheng (Xinjiang)
Tacheng is located in China
Tacheng
Tacheng
Tacheng (China)
Coordinates (Tacheng municipal government): 46°45′06″N 82°59′13″E / 46.7517°N 82.9869°E / 46.7517; 82.9869
CountryChina
Autonomous regionXinjiang
PrefectureTacheng
Municipal seatHeping Subdistrict
Area
 • Total3,991.9 km2 (1,541.3 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total158,098
 • Density40/km2 (100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard[a])
Postal code
834700
Websitewww.xjtcsh.gov.cn
Tacheng
Chinese name
Chinese塔とう城じょう
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTǎchéng
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese缺かけ切きり克かつ
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinQuēqièkè
Second alternative Chinese name
Chinese楚すわえ呼よび楚すわえ
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinChǔhūchǔ
Third alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese塔とう尔巴哈台
Traditional Chinese塔とう爾なんじ巴ともえ哈台
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTǎ'ěrbāhātái
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicТарвагатай
Mongolian scriptᠲᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ
Uyghur name
Uyghurچۆچەك‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiChöchek
Yengi YeziⱪQɵqək
SASM/GNCQoqek
Siril YëziqiЧөчәк
Kazakh name
Kazakhشاۋەشەك قالاسى
Шәуешек қаласы
Şäueşek qalasy
Daur name
DaurТарбгьти
Tarbgti

Tacheng[2] (Chinese: 塔とう城じょう), also known as Tarbagatay, Chuguchak[3] or Qoqek,[4] is a county-level city and the administrative seat of Tacheng Prefecture, in northern Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang. The Chinese name "Tacheng" is an abbreviation of "Tarbagatay City", a reference to the Tarbagatay Mountains. Tacheng is located in the Dzungarian Basin, some 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Chinese border with Kazakhstan. For a long time it has been a major center for trade with Central Asia because it is an agricultural hub. Its industries include food processing, textiles, and utilities.

History

[edit]

In the mid-19th century, Chuguchak was considered the most important commercial center of Western China after Ghulja (Yining), being an important center of trade between China and Russia, in particular in tea. The city, surrounded by an earth wall, was the residence of two Qing ambans and had a garrison of some 1,000 Chinese soldiers and 1,500 Manchu and Mongol soldiers.[3]

Chuguchak suffered harshly in 1865 during the fighting between the Qing forces and the Dungan and Hui rebels.

Tacheng is the site of an internment camp for Turkic Muslims such as the Uyghurs and Kazakhs; it is one of many such camps in Xinjiang. The Chinese government maintains that they are "vocational education centers" for citizens to learn trade skills and the Chinese language, and that the camp was shut down in 2019. However, satellite imagery shows that the camp expanded five-fold later that year.[5][6]

Border crossing

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The Baktu border crossing (simplified Chinese: 巴ともえ克かつ图口くち岸がん; traditional Chinese: 巴ともえ克かつ圖ず口くち岸がん; pinyin: Bākètú Kǒu'àn) into Kazakhstan is located 17 km (11 mi) from Tacheng. The checkpoint on the Kazakh side of the border is also known as Bakhty and is located 60 km (37 mi) from Makanchi in East Kazakhstan Province. In April 1962, during the Yi–Ta incident, over 60,000 Chinese citizens, including around 48,000 Tacheng residents, crossed the Xinjiang–Kazakh SSR border, leading to massive economic loss in Tacheng; the border crossing closed in August of that year.[7] The crossing re-opened on 20 October 1990, and was deemed a "first-class port of entry" (一いち类口岸がん) on 14 March 1994. On 1 July 1995, the crossing opened to use by third nations.[7]

  • Kazakh-Chinese border near Tacheng
    Kazakh-Chinese border near Tacheng

Demographics

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The proportion of nationalities in Tacheng City
Nationality Percentage
Han People
 
 60.9%
Kazakhs
 
 16.9%
Hui People
 
 8.5%
Uyghurs
 
 3.1%
Daur people
 
 3.1%
Russian
 
 1.4%
Kyrgyz
 
 1.1%
Mongols
 
 1.0%
Xibe people
 
 0.9%
Tatars
 
 0.1%
Manchus
 
 0.1%
Uzbeks
 
 0.1%
Others
 
 2.7%
Source of the population statistics : [8]


Administrative divisions

[edit]

Tacheng is divided into 3 subdistricts, 2 towns, 3 townships, and 1 ethnic township,

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Kazakh (Arabic script) Kazakh (Cyrillic script) Administrative division code
Subdistricts
Heping Subdistrict 和平わへい街道かいどう Hépíng Jiēdào تېنچىلىق كوچا باشقارمىسى tënchiliq kocha bashqarmisi بەيبىت ءمالى باسقارماسى Бейбіт мәлі басқармасы 654201001
Dubik Subdistrict 杜もり别克街道かいどう Dùbiékè Jiēdào دۇبىك كوچا باشقارمىسى dubik kocha bashqarmisi دۋبەك ءمالى باسقارماسى Дубек мәлі басқармасы 654201002
Xincheng Subdistrict 新城しんじょう街道かいどう Xīnchéng Jiēdào يېڭى شەھەر كوچا باشقارمىسى yëngi sheher kocha bashqarmisi جاڭا قالا ءمالى باسقارماسى Жаңа қала мәлі басқармасы 654201003
Towns
Ergong Town 二に工こう镇 Èrgōng Zhèn ئەرگۇڭ بازىرى Ergung baziri ارگۇڭ قالاشىعى Әргүң қалашығы 654201100
Chasha Town 恰夏镇 Qiàxià Zhèn چاشا بازىرى chasha baziri شاشا قالاشىعى Шаша қалашығы 654201101
Bozdakh Town 博ひろし孜つとむ达克镇 Bózīdákè Zhèn بوزداق بازىرى bozdaq baziri بوزداق قالاشىعى Боздақ қалашығы 654201102
Townships
Karakabak Township 喀拉哈巴克かつ乡 Kālāhǎbākè Xiāng قاراقاباق يېزىسى qaraqabaq yëzisi قاراقاباق اۋىلى Қарақабақ ауылы 654201200
Abdira Township 阿おもね不ふ都と拉ひしげ乡 Ābùdūlā Xiāng ئابدىرا يېزىسى Abdira yëzisi ابدىرا اۋىلى Абдыра ауылы 654201203
Ëmil Township 也门勒乡 Yěménlè Xiāng ئېمىل يېزىسى Ëmil yëzisi ەمىل اۋىلى Еміл ауылы 654201204
Ethnic Township
Axili Daur Ethnic Township 阿おもね西にし尔达斡尔民族みんぞく乡 Āxī'ěr Dáwò'ěr Mínzúxiāng ئاشىلى داغۇر يېزىسى Ashili daghur yëzisi اشىلى داعۇر ۇلتتىق اۋىلى Ашылы Дағұр Ұлттық ауылы 654201202
  • Others
    • Bozdaq Farm (博ひろし孜つとむ达克农场, بوزداق دېھقانچىلىق مەيدانى, بوزداق اۋىل شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
    • Tacheng Prefectural Pasture (塔とう城じょう地区ちく种牛场, تارباغاتاي ۋىلايەتلىك چارۋىچىلىق مەيدانى, تارباعاتاي ايماقتىق مال شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
    • Woyijiayilao Pasture (窝依加か依よ劳牧场, ئويجايلاۋ چارۋىچىلىق مەيدانى, ۋيجايلاۋ مال شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
    • XPCC 164th Regiment (兵へい团一六ろく四よん团, 164-تۇەن مەيدانى, 164-تۋان الاڭىنداعى)

Climate

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Tacheng has a typical Xinjiang cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) that is almost moist enough to be a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), as being on the west side of the Altay Mountains the region receives more winter snowfall than most of Xinjiang.

Climate data for Tacheng, elevation 535 m (1,755 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		24.7
(76.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.6
(99.7) 		40.3
(104.5) 		41.6
(106.9) 		37.7
(99.9) 		32.0
(89.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		11.8
(53.2) 		41.6
(106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.2
(86.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		14.9
(58.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −9.9
(14.2) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		0.9
(33.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		8.5
(47.3) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		8.0
(46.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −14.7
(5.5) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		2.4
(36.2)
Record low °C (°F) −33.5
(−28.3) 		−37.1
(−34.8) 		−30.6
(−23.1) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		2.6
(36.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−31.5
(−24.7) 		−34.7
(−30.5) 		−37.1
(−34.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.6
(0.85) 		17.3
(0.68) 		18.5
(0.73) 		28.8
(1.13) 		29.1
(1.15) 		25.2
(0.99) 		28.0
(1.10) 		20.5
(0.81) 		18.2
(0.72) 		23.1
(0.91) 		38.0
(1.50) 		28.8
(1.13) 		297.1
(11.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.7 8.2 8.2 7.8 8.2 8.5 9.0 7.1 5.2 6.9 10.1 11.0 99.9
Average snowy days 11.4 11.1 7.3 1.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 2.0 9.1 13.5 55.9
Average relative humidity (%) 70 68 63 51 48 49 51 47 47 57 69 71 58
Mean monthly sunshine hours 151.7 172.4 232.1 263.4 320.2 324.7 331.7 321.3 273.3 219.1 142.7 125.5 2,878.1
Percent possible sunshine 53 58 62 64 68 69 70 75 74 67 52 47 63
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[9][10]
Source 2: Weather China[11]

Transportation

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The Karamay–Tacheng Railway (opened on May 30, 2019) connects Tacheng with Baikouquan Station (百ひゃく口くち泉いずみ站) on the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in Karamay City. It takes 9 hours from Tacheng to Ürümqi.[12]

Tacheng is also served by the Tacheng Qianquan Airport with flights to Ürümqi and other cities in Xinjiang.

Notable people

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe UTC+6 (Xinjiang Time), 2 hours behind Beijing.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
  2. ^ The official spelling according to 中国ちゅうごく地名ちめい录. Beijing: SinoMaps Press (中国ちゅうごく地ち图出版しゅっぱん社しゃ). 1997. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
  3. ^ a b Lumley, John (1869), Report by Mr. Lumley, Her Majesty's Secretary of Embassy at St. Petersburgh, on the Tea Trade of Russia, dated May 4, 1867. [Extracted from "Commercial reports" presented to Parliament, July 1867.], p. 73
  4. ^ Kraus, Charles (June 2019). "Laying Blame for Flight and Fight: Sino-Soviet Relations and the 'Yi–Ta' Incident in Xinjiang, 1962". The China Quarterly. 238: 504. doi:10.1017/S0305741018001789. ISSN 0305-7410.
  5. ^ "Inside Xinjiang's Prison State". The New Yorker. 26 February 2021.
  6. ^ Buschek, Megha Rajagopalan, Alison Killing, Christo (27 August 2020). "China Secretly Built A Vast New Infrastructure To Imprison Muslims". BuzzFeed News.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b 百ひゃく年ねん口くち岸がん——巴ともえ克かつ图-塔とう城市じょうし政府せいふ门户网 (in Chinese (China)). Tacheng People's Government. 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  8. ^ 3-7 各地かくち、州しゅう、市し、县(市し)分ぶん民族みんぞく人口じんこう数すう [3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)]. tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 2020-06-10. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
  9. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  10. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  11. ^ 塔とう城じょう - 气象数すう据すえ -中国ちゅうごく天てん气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  12. ^ 穿ほじ越こし“魔ま鬼おに风区”的てき克かつ塔とう铁路通どおり车 新しん疆实现所有しょゆう地ち州しゅう首府しゅふ通どおり火ひ车. Xinhua. 2019-05-30. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019.

Sources

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  • Khālidī, Qurbanʻali, Allen J. Frank, and Mirkasym Abdulakhatovich Usmanov. An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh Steppe, 1770-1912. Brill's Inner Asian library, v. 12. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
  • Light, Nathan. "Qazaqs in the People's Republic of China: The Local Processes of History". Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Center on Global Change and World Peace, Occasional Paper No. 22, June 1994. ISBN 1-881157-24-5.
  • Light, Nathan. "Kazakhs of the Tarbaghatai: Ethno-History Through a Novel". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 17/2 (1993): 91–102.
  • Saguchi Toru. "Kazak Pastoralists on the Tarbaghatai Frontier under the Ch'ing." In: Proceedings of the International Conference on China Border Area Studies. Lin En-hsien [Lin Enxian], ed. Taipei: National Chengchi University, 1985, pp. 953–996.
  • Wiens, Herold J. "Change in the Ethnography and Land Use of the Ili Valley and Region, Chinese Turkestan". Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 59, No. 4. (Dec., 1969), pp. 753–775.
[edit]
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