Appendix:Portuguese Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Portuguese, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]No. | English | Portuguese português |
IPA European Portuguese |
IPA Brazilian Portuguese |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | eu | eu | eu |
2 | you (singular) | tu, você | tu, vɔˈse | tu, voˈse |
3 | he | ele | ˈelɨ | ˈeli |
4 | we | nós | nɔʃ | nɔ(j)s |
5 | you (plural) | vós, vocês | vɔʃ, vɔˈseʃ | vɔ(j)s, vɔˈse(j)s |
6 | they | eles, elas | ˈelɨʃ, ˈɛlɐʃ | ˈelis, ˈɛlɐʃ |
7 | this | isto, este, esta | ˈiʃtu, ˈeʃtɨ, ˈɛʃtɐ | ˈistu, ˈest͡ʃi, ˈɛsta |
8 | that | aquilo, aquele | ɐˈkilu, ɐˈkel(ɨ) | aˈkilu, aˈkeli |
9 | here | aqui | ɐˈki | aˈki |
10 | there | aí, lá, ali | ɐˈi, la, ɐˈli | aˈi, la, ɐˈli |
11 | who | quem | kɐ̃j̃, kẽj̃ | kẽ̃j̃ |
12 | what | que, o que | kɨ, u kɨ | ki, u ki |
13 | where | onde | ˈõdɨ | ˈõd͡ʒi |
14 | when | quando | ˈkwɐ̃du | ˈkwɐ̃du |
15 | how | como | ˈkomu | ˈkomu |
16 | not | não | nɐ̃w̃ | nɐ̃w̃ |
17 | all | todo, tudo | ˈtoðu, ˈtuðu | ˈtodu, ˈtudu |
18 | many | muito | ˈmũj̃tu | ˈmũj̃tu |
19 | some | alguns, algum | aɫˈɣũʃ, aɫˈɡũ | auˈɡũs, awˈɡũ |
20 | few | pouco | ˈpo(w)ku | ˈpo(w)ku |
21 | other | outro | ˈo(w)tɾu | ˈo(w)tɾu |
22 | one | um | ũ | ũ |
23 | two | dois | doiʃ | dois |
24 | three | três | tɾeʃ | tɾes |
25 | four | quatro | ˈkwatɾu | ˈkwatɾu |
26 | five | cinco | ˈsĩku | ˈsĩku |
27 | big | grande | ˈɡɾɐ̃dɨ | ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi |
28 | long | longo, comprido | ˈlõɡu, kõˈpɾiðu | ˈlõɡu, kõˈpɾidu |
29 | wide | largo, amplo | ˈlaɾɣu, ˈɐ̃plu | ˈlaʁɡu, ˈɐ̃plu |
30 | thick | espesso, grosso | ɨʃˈpesu, ˈɡɾosu | isˈpesu, ˈɡɾosu |
31 | heavy | pesado | pɨˈzaðu | peˈzadu |
32 | small | pequeno | pɨˈkenu | piˈkenu |
33 | short | curto | ˈkuɾtu | ˈkuʁtu |
34 | narrow | estreito | ɨʃˈtɾɐjtu, ɨʃˈtɾejtu | isˈtɾejtu |
35 | thin | fino, magro, delgado | ˈfinu, ˈmaɣɾu, dɛɫˈɣaðu | ˈfinu, ˈmaɡɾu, dewˈɡadu |
36 | woman | mulher | muˈʎɛɾ | muˈʎɛɾ |
37 | man (male) | homem | ˈɔmɐ̃j̃, ɔmẽj̃ | ˈomẽj̃ |
38 | man (human) | homem | ˈɔmɐ̃j̃, ɔmẽj̃ | ˈomẽj̃ |
39 | child | criança | kɾiˈɐ̃sɐ | kɾiˈɐ̃sɐ |
40 | wife | mulher, esposa | muˈʎɛɾ, ɨʃˈpozɐ | muˈʎɛɾ, isˈpoza |
41 | husband | marido, esposo | mɐˈɾiðu, ɨʃˈpozu | maˈɾidu, isˈpozu |
42 | mother | mãe | mɐ̃j̃ | mɐ̃j̃ |
43 | father | pai | pai | pai |
44 | animal | animal | ɐniˈmaɫ | aniˈmaw |
45 | fish | peixe | ˈpɐjʃɨ, ˈpejʃɨ | ˈpe(j)ʃi |
46 | bird | ave, pássaro | ˈavɨ, ˈpasɐɾu | ˈavi, ˈpasaɾu |
47 | dog | cão, cachorro | kɐ̃w̃, kɐʃoʁu | kɐ̃w̃, kɐʃoʁu |
48 | louse | piolho | piˈoʎu | piˈoʎu |
49 | snake | serpente, cobra | sɨɾˈpẽtɨ, ˈkɔ |
seʁˈpẽt͡ʃi, ˈkɔbɾɐ |
50 | worm | verme, bicho | ˈvɛɾmɨ, ˈbiʃu | ˈvɛʁmi, ˈbiʃu |
51 | tree | árvore | ˈaɾvuɾɨ | ˈaʁvoɾi |
52 | forest | floresta, bosque | fluˈɾɛʃtɐ, ˈbɔʃkɨ | floˈɾɛstɐ, ˈbɔski |
53 | stick | bastão, pau | bɐʃˈtɐ̃w̃, paw | basˈtɐ̃w̃, paʊ |
54 | fruit | fruta, fruto | ˈfɾutɐ, ˈfɾutu | ˈfɾutɐ, ˈfɾutu |
55 | seed | semente | sɨˈmẽtɨ | seˈmẽtʃi |
56 | leaf | folha | ˈfoʎɐ | ˈfoʎɐ |
57 | root | raiz | ʁɐˈiʃ | xa'is |
58 | bark (of a tree) | casca | ˈkaʃkɐ | ˈkaskɐ |
59 | flower | flor | floɾ | flox |
60 | grass | erva, grama, relva | ˈɛɾvɐ, ˈɡɾɐ̃mɐ, ˈʁɛɫvɐ | ˈɛʁvɐ, ˈɡɾɐ̃mɐ, ˈʁɛwvɐ |
61 | rope | corda | ˈkɔɾðɐ | ˈkɔʁdɐ |
62 | skin | pele | ˈpɛlɨ | ˈpɛli |
63 | meat | carne | ˈkaɾnɨ | ˈkaʁni |
64 | blood | sangue | ˈsɐ̃ɡɨ | ˈsɐ̃ɡi |
65 | bone | osso | ˈosu | ˈosu |
66 | fat (noun) | gordura | ɡuɾˈðuɾɐ | ɡoʁˈduɾɐ |
67 | egg | ovo | ˈovu | ˈovu |
68 | horn | chifre, corno | ˈʃifɾɨ, ˈkoɾnu | ˈʃifɾi, ˈkoʁnu |
69 | tail | cauda, rabo | ˈkawðɐ, ˈʁa |
ˈkawdɐ, ˈxabu |
70 | feather | pena, pluma | ˈpenɐ, ˈplumɐ | ˈpenɐ, ˈplumɐ |
71 | hair | cabelo, pelo | kɐˈ |
kaˈbelu, ˈpelu |
72 | head | cabeça | kɐˈ |
kaˈbesɐ |
73 | ear | orelha | oˈɾɐjʎɐ, oˈɾejʎɐ | oˈɾeʎɐ |
74 | eye | olho | ˈoʎu | ˈoʎu |
75 | nose | nariz | nɐˈɾiʃ | naˈɾis |
76 | mouth | boca | ˈbokɐ | ˈbokɐ |
77 | tooth | dente | ˈdẽtɨ | ˈdẽtʃi |
78 | tongue | língua | ˈlĩɡwɐ | ˈlĩɡwɐ |
79 | fingernail | unha | ˈuɲɐ | ˈuɲɐ |
80 | foot | pé | pɛ | pɛ |
81 | leg | perna | ˈpɛɾnɐ | ˈpɛʁnɐ |
82 | knee | joelho | ʒuˈɐʎu, ʒuˈeʎu | ʒuˈeʎu |
83 | hand | mão | mɐ̃w̃ | mɐ̃w̃ |
84 | wing | asa | ˈazɐ | ˈazɐ |
85 | belly | ventre, barriga | ˈvẽtɾɨ, bɐˈʁiɣɐ | ˈvẽtɾi, baˈxiɡɐ |
86 | guts | entranhas, intestino, tripas | ẽˈtɾɐɲɐʃ, ĩtɨʃˈtinu, ˈtɾipɐʃ | ẽˈtɾɐ̃ɲɐs, ĩtesˈt͡ʃinu, ˈtɾipɐs |
87 | neck | pescoço | pɨʃˈkosu | pesˈkosu |
88 | back | costas, dorso | ˈkɔʃtɐʃ, ˈdoɾsu | ˈkɔstɐs, ˈdoɾsu |
89 | breast | peito, seios | ˈpɐjtu, ˈpejtu, ˈsɐjuʃ, ˈsejuʃ | ˈpejtu, ˈsejus |
90 | heart | coração | kuɾɐˈsɐ̃w̃ | koɾaˈsɐ̃w̃ |
91 | liver | fígado | ˈfiɣɐðu | ˈfiɡɐdu |
92 | to drink | beber | bɨˈ |
beˈbe(ʁ) |
93 | to eat | comer | kuˈmeɾ | koˈme(ʁ) |
94 | to bite | morder | muɾˈdeɾ | moʁˈde(ʁ) |
95 | to suck | sugar, chupar | suˈɡaɾ, ʃuˈpaɾ | suˈɡa(ʁ), ʃuˈpa(ʁ) |
96 | to spit | cuspir | kuʃˈpiɾ | kusˈpi(ʁ) |
97 | to vomit | vomitar | vumiˈtaɾ | vomiˈta(ʁ) |
98 | to blow | soprar | suˈpɾaɾ | soˈpɾa(ʁ) |
99 | to breathe | respirar | ʁɨʃpiˈɾaɾ | ʁespiˈɾa(ʁ) |
100 | to laugh | rir | ʁiɾ | ʁi(ʁ) |
101 | to see | ver | veɾ | ve(ʁ) |
102 | to hear | ouvir | o(w)ˈviɾ | o(w)ˈvi(ʁ) |
103 | to know | saber, conhecer | sɐˈbeɾ, kuɲɨˈseɾ | saˈbe(ʁ), koɲeˈse(ʁ) |
104 | to think | pensar | pẽˈsaɾ | pẽˈsa(ʁ) |
105 | to smell | cheirar | ʃɐjˈɾaɾ, ʃejˈɾaɾ | ʃe(j)ˈɾa(ʁ) |
106 | to fear | temer | tɨˈmeɾ | teˈme(ʁ) |
107 | to sleep | dormir | duɾˈmiɾ | doʁˈmi(ʁ) |
108 | to live | viver | viˈveɾ | viˈve(ʁ) |
109 | to die | morrer | muˈʁeɾ | moˈʁe(ʁ) |
110 | to kill | matar | mɐˈtaɾ | maˈta(ʁ) |
111 | to fight | lutar | luˈtaɾ | luˈta(ʁ) |
112 | to hunt | caçar | kɐˈsaɾ | kaˈsa(ʁ) |
113 | to hit | bater | bɐˈteɾ | baˈte(ʁ) |
114 | to cut | cortar | kuɾˈtaɾ | koʁˈta(ʁ) |
115 | to split | rachar, fender | ʁɐˈʃaɾ, ˈfɛnðeɾ | ʁɐˈʃa(ʁ), ˈfɛnde(ʁ) |
116 | to stab | esfaquear, apunhalar | iʃfɐˈkjaɾ, ɐpuɲɐˈlaɾ | esfaˈkja(ʁ), apuɲɐˈla(ʁ) |
117 | to scratch | raspar, arranhar, coçar | ʁɐʃˈpaɾ, ɐʁɐˈɲaɾ, kuˈsaɾ | ʁɐʃˈpa(ʁ), aʁaˈɲa(ʁ), koˈsa(ʁ) |
118 | to dig | cavar | kɐˈvaɾ | kaˈva(ʁ) |
119 | to swim | nadar | nɐˈðaɾ | naˈda(ʁ) |
120 | to fly | voar | vuˈaɾ | voˈa(ʁ) |
121 | to walk | andar, caminhar | ɐ̃ˈdaɾ, kɐmiˈɲaɾ | ãˈda(ʁ), kamiˈɲa(ʁ) |
122 | to come | vir | viɾ | vi(ʁ) |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | deitar-se, estar deitado | dɐjˈtaɾse, dejˈtaɾse, ɨʃˈtaɾ dejˈtadu | dejˈta(ʁ)se, esˈta(ʁ) dejˈtadu |
124 | to sit | sentar-se, estar sentado | sẽˈtaɾse, ɨʃˈtaɾ sẽˈtadu | sẽˈtaʁse, esˈta(ʁ) sẽˈtadu |
125 | to stand | pôr-se de pé, estar em pé | poɾse dɨ pɛ, ɨʃˈtaɾ ɐ̃j pɛ | poʁse d͡ʒi pɛ, esˈta(ʁ) ẽj̃ pɛ |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | virar, girar | viˈɾaɾ, ʒiˈɾaɾ | viˈɾa(ʁ), ʒiˈɾa(ʁ) |
127 | to fall | cair | kɐˈiɾ | kaˈi(ʁ) |
128 | to give | dar | daɾ | da(ʁ) |
129 | to hold | segurar, ter | sɨɡuˈɾaɾ, teɾ | seɡuˈɾa(ʁ), te(ʁ) |
130 | to squeeze | apertar, comprimir | ɐpɨɾˈtaɾ, kumpɾiˈmiɾ | apeʁˈta(ʁ), kompɾiˈmi(ʁ) |
131 | to rub | esfregar | ɨʃfɾɨˈɡaɾ | esfɾeˈɡa(ʁ) |
132 | to wash | lavar | lɐˈvaɾ | laˈva(ʁ) |
133 | to wipe | enxugar | ẽʃuˈɡaɾ | ẽʃuˈɡa(ʁ) |
134 | to pull | puxar | puˈʃaɾ | puˈʃa(ʁ) |
135 | to push | empurrar | ẽpuˈʁaɾ | ẽpuˈʁa(ʁ) |
136 | to throw | atirar, lançar | ɐtiˈɾaɾ, lɐ̃ˈsaɾ | atiˈɾa(ʁ), lãˈsa(ʁ) |
137 | to tie | atar, amarrar | ɐˈtaɾ, amaˈraɾ | aˈta(ʁ), amaˈɾa(ʁ) |
138 | to sew | coser, costurar | kuˈzeɾ, kostuˈɾaɾ | koˈze(ʁ), kostuˈɾa(ʁ) |
139 | to count | contar | kõˈtaɾ | kõˈta(ʁ) |
140 | to say | dizer | diˈzeɾ | d͡ʒiˈze(ʁ) |
141 | to sing | cantar | kɐ̃ˈtaɾ | kãˈta(ʁ) |
142 | to play | brincar, jogar | bɾĩˈkaɾ, ʒuˈɡaɾ | bɾĩˈka(ʁ), ʒoˈɡa(ʁ) |
143 | to float | flutuar, boiar | flutuˈaɾ, bojˈaɾ | flutuˈa(ʁ), bojˈa(ʁ) |
144 | to flow | fluir | fluˈiɾ | fluˈi(ʁ) |
145 | to freeze | gelar, congelar | ʒɨˈlaɾ, kuɲʒɨˈlaɾ | ʒeˈla(ʁ), kõʒeˈla(ʁ) |
146 | to swell | inchar, intumescer | ĩˈʃaɾ, ĩtumeˈseɾ | ĩˈʃa(ʁ), ĩtumeˈse(ʁ) |
147 | sun | sol | sɔl | sɔw |
148 | moon | lua | ˈluɐ | ˈluɐ |
149 | star | estrela | ɨʃˈtɾelɐ | esˈtɾelɐ |
150 | water | água | ˈaɡwɐ | ˈaɡwɐ |
151 | rain | chuva | ˈʃuvɐ | ˈʃuvɐ |
152 | river | rio | ˈʁiu | ˈʁiu |
153 | lake | lago | ˈlaɡu | ˈlaɡu |
154 | sea | mar | maɾ | maʁ |
155 | salt | sal | sal | saw |
156 | stone | pedra | ˈpɛdɾɐ | ˈpɛdɾɐ |
157 | sand | areia | ɐˈɾɐjɐ | aˈɾejɐ |
158 | dust | poeira, pó | puˈɐjɾɐ, puˈejɾɐ, pɔ | oˈe(j)ɾɐ, pɔ |
159 | earth | terra, solo | ˈtɛʁɐ, ˈsɔlu | ˈtɛʁɐ, ˈsɔlu |
160 | cloud | nuvem | ˈnuvɐ̃j | ˈnuvẽj̃ |
161 | fog | nevoeiro, névoa, neblina | nɨvuˈɐjɾu, nɨvuˈɐjɾu, ˈnɛvwɐ, nɨˈ |
nevuˈe(j)ɾu, ˈnɛvwɐ, neˈblina |
162 | sky | céu | sɛw | sɛw |
163 | wind | vento | ˈvẽtu | ˈvẽtu |
164 | snow | neve | ˈnɛvɨ | ˈnɛvi |
165 | ice | gelo | ˈʒelu | ˈʒelu |
166 | smoke | fumo, fumaça | ˈfumu, fuˈmasa | ˈfumu, fuˈmasa |
167 | fire | fogo | ˈfoɡu | ˈfoɡu |
168 | ash | cinzas | ˈsĩzɐʃ | ˈsĩzɐs |
169 | to burn | arder, queimar | ɐɾˈdeɾ, kɐjˈmaɾ, kejˈmaɾ | aʁˈde(ʁ), ke(j)ˈma(ʁ) |
170 | road | estrada, rua | ɨʃˈtɾadɐ, ˈʁuɐ | esˈtɾadɐ, ˈʁuɐ |
171 | mountain | montanha | mõˈtɐɲɐ | mõˈtɐ̃ɲɐ |
172 | red | vermelho | vɨɾˈmɐjʎu, vɨɾˈmeʎu | veʁˈmeʎu |
173 | green | verde | ˈveɾdɨ | ˈveʁd͡ʒi |
174 | yellow | amarelo | ɐmɐˈɾɛlu | amɐˈɾɛlu |
175 | white | branco | ˈbɾɐ̃ku | ˈbɾɐ̃ku |
176 | black | preto, negro | ˈpɾetu, ˈneɡɾu | ˈpɾetu, ˈneɡɾu |
177 | night | noite | ˈnɔjtɨ | ˈnoit͡ʃi |
178 | day | dia | ˈdiɐ | ˈd͡ʒiɐ |
179 | year | ano | ˈɐnu | ˈɐnu |
180 | warm | quente, morno | kẽˈtɨ, ˈmoɾnu | kẽˈt͡ʃi, ˈmoʁnu |
181 | cold | frio | ˈfɾiu | ˈfɾiu |
182 | full | cheio | ˈʃɐju, ˈʃeju | ˈʃeju |
183 | new | novo | ˈnovu | ˈnovu |
184 | old | velho | ˈvɛʎu | ˈvɛʎu |
185 | good | bom | bõ | bõ |
186 | bad | mau | maw | maw |
187 | rotten | podre | ˈpodɾɨ | ˈpodɾi |
188 | dirty | sujo | ˈsuʒu | ˈsuʒu |
189 | straight | direto, reto | diˈɾetu, ˈʁɛtu | d͡ʒiˈɾɛtu, ˈʁɛtu |
190 | round | redondo | ʁɨˈdõdu | ʁeˈdõdu |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | afiado, aguçado | ɐfiˈadu, ɐɡuˈsadu | afiˈadu, aɡuˈsadu |
192 | dull (as a knife) | cego | ˈsɛɣu | ˈsɛɡu |
193 | smooth | liso, suave | ˈlizu, ˈswavɨ | ˈlizu, ˈswavi |
194 | wet | úmido, molhado | ˈumiðu, muˈʎaðu | ˈumidu, moˈʎadu |
195 | dry | seco | ˈseku | ˈseku |
196 | correct | correcto, correto | kuˈʁɛktu | koˈʁɛtu |
197 | near | perto, próximo | ˈpɛɾtu, ˈpɾɔsimu | ˈpɛʁtu, ˈpɾɔsimu |
198 | far | longe, distante | ˈlõʒɨ, diʃˈtɐ̃tɨ | ˈlõʒi, d͡ʒisˈtɐ̃t͡ʃi |
199 | right | direita | di'rɐjtɐ, di'rejtɐ | d͡ʒiˈɾe(j)tɐ |
200 | left | esquerda | ɨʃˈkeɾðɐ | isˈkeʁdɐ |
201 | at | a, em | ɐ, ɐ̃j̃, ẽj̃ | a, ẽj̃ |
202 | in | em | ɐ̃j̃, ẽj̃ | ẽj̃ |
203 | with | com | kõ | kõ |
204 | and | e | i | i |
205 | if | se | sɨ | si |
206 | because | porque | ˈpuɾkɨ | puɾˈke |
207 | name | nome | ˈnomɨ | ˈnomi |
- Orthography :
When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :
- verbs : infinitive
- other words : masculine or neutral, singular, nominative (subject)
For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.
- Pronunciation :
The showed pronunciation is the pronunciation generally used in Portugal (EP) and/or in Brazil (BP). Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the showed pronunciation.
Bibliography
[edit]- Dictionnaire de poche français-portugais / portugais-français, Hachette & Verbo, Paris 2005 - →ISBN
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- Portuguese dictionaries (Lexilogos)
- Appendix:Romance Swadesh lists
- Wikcionário (Portuguese Wiktionary)