Appendix:Sichuan Mandarin Swadesh list
(Redirected from Appendix:Sichuanese Swadesh list)
This is a Swadesh list of words in Sichuanese, compared with that of English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]This list uses Sichuanese Pinyin and IPA
| № | English | Mandarin edit (207) | IPA (key) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ŋo⁵³ | |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 你 (nyi3) | ȵi⁵³ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | tʰa⁵⁵ | |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ŋo⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 你們／你们 (nyi3 men2-1) | ȵi⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | tʰa⁵⁵ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 7 | this | 這個／这个 (ze4 go4) | tsɛ²¹³ ko²¹³ |
| 8 | that | na²¹³ ko²¹³ | |
| 9 | here | 這點 | tsᴇ²¹³ tiɚ⁵³ |
| 10 | there | na²¹³ tiɚ⁵³ | |
| 11 | who | suei²¹ ko²¹³ | |
| 12 | what | 啥子 (sa4 zi3) | sa²¹³ tsz⁵³ |
| 13 | where | na⁵³ kən⁵⁵ tɕʰiɛn²¹, na⁵³ xɚ²¹ | |
| 14 | when | 哪陣／哪阵 (na3 zen4) | na⁵³ tsən²¹³ |
| 15 | how | 啷個／啷个 (nang3 go4) | naŋ⁵³ ko²¹³ |
| 16 | not | pu²¹ | |
| 17 | all | tɕʰyan²¹ pu²¹³ | |
| 18 | many | to⁵⁵ | |
| 19 | some | 些 (xi1) | ɕi⁵⁵ |
| 20 | few | sau²¹³ | |
| 21 | other | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 22 | one | i²¹ | |
| 23 | two | ɚ²¹³, niaŋ⁵³ | |
| 24 | three | san⁵⁵ | |
| 25 | four | sɿ²¹³ | |
| 26 | five | vu⁵³ | |
| 27 | big | ta²¹³ | |
| 28 | long | tsʰaŋ²¹ | |
| 29 | wide | kʰuan⁵⁵ | |
| 30 | thick | xəu²¹³ | |
| 31 | heavy | tsoŋ²¹³ | |
| 32 | small | ɕiau⁵³ | |
| 33 | short | tuan⁵³ | |
| 34 | narrow | 窄 (ze2) | tsɛ²¹ |
| 35 | thin | po²¹ | |
| 36 | woman | ȵy⁵³ ni⁵⁵, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹ tɕia⁵⁵ | |
| 37 | man (adult male) | nan²¹ ni⁵⁵, nan²¹ zən²¹, nan²¹ zən²¹ tɕia⁵⁵ | |
| 38 | man (human being) | zən²¹ | |
| 39 | child | ɕiau⁵³ ua²¹ ɚ²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 40 | wife | ȵy⁵³ ni⁵⁵, ȵy⁵³ zən²¹, pʰo²¹ ȵiaŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 41 | husband | nan²¹ ni⁵⁵, nan²¹ zən²¹ | |
| 42 | mother | 媽媽／妈妈 (ma1 ma1), 媽／妈 (ma1) | ma⁵⁵ ma⁵⁵, ma⁵⁵ |
| 43 | father | 爸爸 (ba2 ba2-1), | pa²¹ pa²¹⁻⁵⁵, nau⁵³ xɚ²¹ |
| 44 | animal | toŋ²¹³ vu²¹ | |
| 45 | fish | y²¹, pai⁵³ uei⁵³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹ | |
| 46 | bird | tɕʰyo²¹ tɕʰyo²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 47 | dog | kəu⁵³ | |
| 48 | louse | sei²⁴ tsɿ²⁴ | |
| 49 | snake | sɛ²¹ | |
| 50 | worm | tsʰoŋ²¹ | |
| 51 | tree | su²¹³ tsɿ⁵³ | |
| 52 | forest | su²¹³ nin²¹ tsɿ⁵³ | |
| 53 | stick | su²¹³ tsɿ⁵⁵ tsɿ⁵⁵ | |
| 54 | fruit | suei⁵³ ko⁵³ | |
| 55 | seed | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 56 | leaf | su²¹³ tsɿ⁵³ iɛ²¹ iɛ²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 57 | root | kən⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵ | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | su²¹³ pʰi²¹ | |
| 59 | flower | xua⁵⁵ xuɚ⁵⁵ | |
| 60 | grass | tsʰau⁵³ | |
| 61 | rope | so²¹ so²¹ | |
| 62 | skin | pi²¹ pi²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 63 | meat | zəu²¹³ | |
| 64 | blood | ɕye²¹ | |
| 65 | bone | ku²¹ tʰəu²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 (dan4) | tan²¹³ |
| 68 | horn | tɕyo²¹ | |
| 69 | tail | uei⁵³ pɚ⁵⁵ | |
| 70 | feather | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 71 | hair | tʰəu²¹ fa²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 72 | head | nau⁵³ kʰo²¹ | |
| 73 | ear | ɚ⁵³ to⁵⁵ | |
| 74 | eye | iɛn⁵³ tɕin⁵⁵ | |
| 75 | nose | pi²¹ tsɿ⁵³ | |
| 76 | mouth | tsuei⁵³ pa⁵⁵ | |
| 77 | tooth | ia²¹ tsʰɿ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | sɛ²¹ tʰɚ²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 79 | fingernail | tsɿ⁵³ tɕiɚ²¹ | |
| 80 | foot | 腳／ | tɕyo²¹ |
| 81 | leg | tʰuei⁵³ | |
| 82 | knee | 磕膝 | kʰɛ²¹ ɕi²¹⁻⁵⁵ tʰɚ²¹, ɕi²¹ kai²¹³ |
| 83 | hand | səu⁵³ | |
| 84 | wing | 翅膀 | tsɿ²¹³ pɚ⁵³ |
| 85 | belly | 肚皮 (du4 pi2), 肚子 (du4 zi3-2) | tu²¹³ pʰi²¹, tu²¹³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹ |
| 86 | guts | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 87 | neck | 頸仔／颈仔 (jin3 zi3-2), 頸項／颈项 (jin3 hang4-2) | tɕin⁵³ tsɿ⁵³⁻²¹, tɕin⁵³ xaŋ²¹³⁻²¹ |
| 88 | back | pei²¹³ | |
| 89 | breast | ɕyoŋ⁵⁵ pʰu⁵³ | |
| 90 | heart | ɕin⁵⁵ | |
| 91 | liver | kan⁵⁵ | |
| 92 | to drink | xo⁵⁵ | |
| 93 | to eat | tsʰɿ²¹ | |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 (ngao3) | ŋau⁵³ |
| 95 | to suck | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 96 | to spit | 吐 (tu3) | tʰu⁵³ |
| 97 | to vomit | 吐 (tu3) | tʰu⁵³ |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 (cui1) | tsʰuei⁵⁵ |
| 99 | to breathe | fu⁵⁵ | |
| 100 | to laugh | ɕiau²¹³ | |
| 101 | to see | kʰan²¹³ | |
| 102 | to hear | 聽／听 (tin1) | tʰin⁵⁵ |
| 103 | to know | tsɿ⁵⁵ tau²¹³, ɕiau⁵³ tɛ²¹ | |
| 104 | to think | ɕiaŋ⁵³ | |
| 105 | to smell | 聞／闻 (wen2) | uən²¹ |
| 106 | to fear | 怕 (pa4) | pʰa²¹³ |
| 107 | to sleep | suei²¹³ kʰo²¹ suei²¹³ | |
| 108 | to live | xo²¹ | |
| 109 | to die | sɿ⁵³ | |
| 110 | to kill | sa²¹ | |
| 111 | to fight | 吵架 (cao3 jia4), | tsʰau⁵³ tɕia²¹³, ko²¹ ȵiɛ²¹ |
| 112 | to hunt | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 113 | to hit | ta⁵³ | |
| 114 | to cut | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 115 | to split | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 116 | to stab | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 117 | to scratch | 摳／抠 (kou1) | kʰəu⁵⁵ |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 (wa1) | ua⁵⁵ |
| 119 | to swim | iəu²¹ yn²¹³ | |
| 120 | to fly | fei⁵⁵ | |
| 121 | to walk | tsəu⁵³ | |
| 122 | to come | nai²¹ | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 躺 (tang3) | tʰaŋ⁵³ |
| 124 | to sit | tso²¹³ | |
| 125 | to stand | 站 (zan4) | tsan²¹³ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 拐 (guai3) | kuai⁵³ |
| 127 | to fall | 掉 (diao4) | tiau²¹³ |
| 128 | to give | kɛ⁵⁵ | |
| 129 | to hold | 拿 (na2) | na²¹ |
| 130 | to squeeze | 擠／挤 (ji1) | tɕi⁵⁵ |
| 131 | to rub | 挼 (rua2) | zua²¹ |
| 132 | to wash | ɕi⁵³ | |
| 133 | to wipe | tsʰa²¹, kʰai⁵⁵ | |
| 134 | to pull | 扯 (ce3) | tsʰɛ⁵³ |
| 135 | to push | 㩳／㧐 (song3) | soŋ⁵³ |
| 136 | to throw | 甩 (suai3) | suai⁵³ |
| 137 | to tie | 綁／绑 (bang1), 捆 (kun3), 拴 (suan1) | paŋ⁵⁵, kʰuən⁵³, suan⁵⁵ |
| 138 | to sew | foŋ²¹³ | |
| 139 | to count | su⁵³ | |
| 140 | to say | so²¹ | |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 (cang4) | tsʰaŋ²¹³ |
| 142 | to play | 耍 (sua3) | sua⁵³ |
| 143 | to float | 浮 (fu2) | fu²¹ |
| 144 | to flow | niəu²¹ | |
| 145 | to freeze | tɕiɛ²¹ pin⁵⁵ | |
| 146 | to swell | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 147 | sun | tʰai²¹³ iaŋ²¹ | |
| 148 | moon | ye²¹ niaŋ²¹³ | |
| 149 | star | ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiɚ²¹³, ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiɚ⁵⁵ | |
| 150 | water | suei⁵³ | |
| 151 | rain | y⁵³ | |
| 152 | river | xo²¹ | |
| 153 | lake | fu²¹ | |
| 154 | sea | xai⁵³ | |
| 155 | salt | iɛn²¹ pa⁵⁵ | |
| 156 | stone | sɿ²¹ tʰəu²¹⁻⁵⁵ | |
| 157 | sand | xo²¹ sa⁵⁵ | |
| 158 | dust | xuei⁵⁵ | |
| 159 | earth | tʰu⁵³ | |
| 160 | cloud | yn²¹ | |
| 161 | fog | vu²¹³ | |
| 162 | sky | tʰiɛn⁵⁵ | |
| 163 | wind | foŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 164 | snow | ɕye²¹ | |
| 165 | ice | 冰 (bin1) | pin⁵⁵ |
| 166 | smoke | iɛn⁵⁵ iɛn⁵⁵ | |
| 167 | fire | xo⁵³ | |
| 168 | ash | xuei⁵⁵ | |
| 169 | to burn | sau⁵⁵ | |
| 170 | road | nu²¹³ | |
| 171 | mountain | san⁵⁵ | |
| 172 | red | xoŋ²¹ | |
| 173 | green | nu²¹ | |
| 174 | yellow | xuaŋ²¹ | |
| 175 | white | pɛ²¹ | |
| 176 | black | he2 | |
| 177 | night | tsʰa²¹ xɛ²¹, uan⁵³ saŋ²¹³ | |
| 178 | day | pɛ²¹ tʰiɛn⁵⁵ | |
| 179 | year | ȵiɛn²¹ | |
| 180 | warm | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 181 | cold | nən⁵³ | |
| 182 | full | man⁵³ | |
| 183 | new | ɕin⁵⁵ | |
| 184 | old | nau⁵³, tɕiəu²¹³ | |
| 185 | good | xau⁵³ | |
| 186 | bad | 壞／坏 (huai4), 孬 (pie4) | xuai²¹³, pʰiɛ²¹³ |
| 187 | rotten | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 188 | dirty | 髒／脏 (zang1), | tsaŋ⁵⁵, o²¹ tsʰo⁵⁵ |
| 189 | straight | ni²¹ | |
| 190 | round | yan²¹ | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | tɕiɛn⁵⁵ | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | tən²¹³ | |
| 193 | smooth | [[#Mandarin|]] | |
| 194 | wet | sɿ²¹ | |
| 195 | dry | kan⁵⁵ | |
| 196 | correct | tuei²¹³ | |
| 197 | near | tɕin²¹³ | |
| 198 | far | yan⁵³ | |
| 199 | right | iəu²¹³ | |
| 200 | left | tso⁵³ | |
| 201 | at | tsai²¹³ | |
| 202 | in | tsai²¹³ | |
| 203 | with | xo²¹ | |
| 204 | and | xo²¹ | |
| 205 | if | tɕia⁵³ pi⁵³ | |
| 206 | because | in⁵⁵ uei²¹³ | |
| 207 | name | min²¹ |
Sources
[edit]- 霍時
雨 重慶 方言 志 王 文 虎 張 一 舟 周 家 筠四川 方言 詞 典
See also
[edit]- Appendix:Mandarin Swadesh lists
- Appendix:Standard Mandarin Swadesh list
- Appendix:Nanjingnese Swadesh list