Appendix:Hokkien Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Hokkien, compared with definitions in English.
Swadesh list of 207 words in English and Amoy Hokkien, including Pe̍h-ōe-jī and IPA transcription. The Amoy (Xiamen) dialect is referred to as E-mûiⁿ-oe Taiwanese in Taiwan, and Hokkien in rest of the world. The spellings and pronunciations in this list are based on Xiamen speech. All words in Xiamen speech will either match Quanzhou or Zhangzhou spelling and pronunciation. For purposes of clarity, non-Xiamen spellings and pronuciations are not included on this page.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Hokkien 閩南 edit (207) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ɡua⁵³ | |
| 2 | you (2sg) | li⁵³ | |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | i⁵⁵ | |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 阮 (gún) (exclusive), 咱 (lán) (inclusive) | ɡun⁵³, lan⁵³ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 恁 (lín) | lɪn⁵³ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 𪜶 (in) | in⁵⁵ |
| 7 | this | 這／这 (che), | tse⁵⁵, tɕɪt⁵⁵ e³⁵ |
| 8 | that | he⁵⁵, hɪt⁵⁵ e³⁵ | |
| 9 | here | tɕia⁵⁵ | |
| 10 | there | hia⁵⁵ | |
| 11 | who | 啥人 (siáⁿ-lâng), 倽 (siáng) (contraction) | ɕiã⁵⁵ laŋ³⁵, ɕiaŋ⁵³ |
| 12 | what | 啥物 (siáⁿ-mih), | ɕiã⁵⁵ miʔ¹¹, ɕɪm²¹ miʔ⁵⁵, , to⁵⁵ tɕɪt¹¹ e³⁵ |
| 13 | where | 佗位, 叨位 (tó-ūi) | to⁵⁵ ui³³ |
| 14 | when | ɕɪm²¹ miʔ⁵⁵ ɕi³² tsun³³, taŋ³³ ɕi³⁵ | |
| 15 | how | dzu²¹ ho³⁵, an⁵⁵ tsuã⁵³, tsuã⁵⁵ liũ³³ | |
| 16 | not | put¹¹, m³³, , be³³, , , mai⁵³, bo³⁵ | |
| 17 | all | tsuan²¹ pɔ³³, , kui⁵⁵, sɔ⁵⁵ u³³, lɔŋ⁵³, lɔŋ⁵⁵ tsɔŋ⁵³ | |
| 18 | many | tsue³³ | |
| 19 | some | tɕɪt¹¹ kua⁵³, kui⁵⁵ na²¹ e³⁵ | |
| 20 | few | tɕio⁵³ | |
| 21 | other | 其他 (kî-thaⁿ), | ki²¹ tʰã⁵⁵, pat¹¹ e³⁵ |
| 22 | one | ɪt¹¹, tɕɪt⁵⁵ | |
| 23 | two | nŋ³³, ʑi³³ | |
| 24 | three | sã⁵⁵ | |
| 25 | four | ɕi²¹ | |
| 26 | five | ɡɔ³³ | |
| 27 | big | tua³³ | |
| 28 | long | tŋ³⁵ | |
| 29 | wide | 闊／阔 (khoah) | kʰuaʔ¹¹ |
| 30 | thick | kau³³ | |
| 31 | heavy | taŋ³³ | |
| 32 | small | sue²¹ | |
| 33 | short | te⁵³ | |
| 34 | narrow | 隘 (o̍eh) | ueʔ⁵⁵ |
| 35 | thin | poʔ⁵⁵ | |
| 36 | woman | lu⁵⁵ ʑɪn³⁵, tsa³³ bɔ⁵³ | |
| 37 | man (adult male) | lam²¹ ʑɪn³⁵, tsa³³ po⁵⁵ | |
| 38 | man (human being) | lang³⁵ | |
| 39 | child | 囝仔, 囡仔 (gín-á) (informal), | ɡɪn⁵⁵ a⁵³, ʑi²¹ tɔŋ³⁵ |
| 40 | wife | bɔ⁵³ | |
| 41 | husband | aŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 42 | mother | bu⁵⁵ tɕʰɪn⁵⁵, lau²¹ bu⁵³, ma³³ ma⁰, a³³ bu⁵³ | |
| 43 | father | hu²¹ tɕʰɪn⁵⁵, lau²¹ pe³³, pa³³ pa⁰, a³³ pa⁵⁵ | |
| 44 | animal | tɔŋ²¹ but⁵⁵ | |
| 45 | fish | hi³⁵ | |
| 46 | bird | tɕiau⁵³, tɕiau⁵⁵ a³ | |
| 47 | dog | kau⁵³, kau⁵⁵ a⁵³ | |
| 48 | louse | sat¹¹, sat⁵⁵ bu⁵³ | |
| 49 | snake | tsua³⁵ | |
| 50 | worm | tʰaŋ³⁵, tɔ²¹ un⁵³/kun⁵³ | |
| 51 | tree | tɕʰiu³³, tɕʰiu²¹ a⁵³ | |
| 52 | forest | ɕɪm³³ ɪm³⁵, tɕʰiu²¹ na³⁵ | |
| 53 | stick | tɕʰiu²¹ ki⁵⁵, ki³³ a⁵³ | |
| 54 | fruit | tsui⁵⁵ ko⁵³, kue⁵⁵ tɕi⁵³ | |
| 55 | seed | tɕiŋ⁵⁵ tɕi⁵³ | |
| 56 | leaf | hioʔ⁵⁵, hioʔ²¹ a⁵³ | |
| 57 | root | kun⁵⁵ | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | tɕʰiu²¹ pʰe³⁵ | |
| 59 | flower | hue⁵⁵ | |
| 60 | grass | tsʰau⁵³ | |
| 61 | rope | soʔ¹¹, soʔ⁵³ a⁵³ | |
| 62 | skin | pʰe³⁵, pʰe²¹ hu⁵⁵ | |
| 63 | meat | baʔ¹¹ | |
| 64 | blood | huiʔ¹¹, hɪɛt⁵⁵ ɪk⁵⁵ | |
| 65 | bone | kut¹¹, kut⁵⁵ tʰau³⁵ | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | tɕi³³ hɔŋ³⁵, ʑi²¹ nŋ³⁵ | |
| 67 | egg | nŋ³³, kue³³ nŋ³³ | |
| 68 | horn | kak¹¹ | |
| 69 | tail | be⁵³, be⁵⁵ liu⁵⁵ | |
| 70 | feather | tɕiau⁵⁵ mŋ³⁵ | |
| 71 | hair | tʰau²¹ mŋ³⁵ | |
| 72 | head | tʰau³⁵, tʰau²¹ kʰak¹¹ | |
| 73 | ear | hĩ³³, hĩ²¹ a⁵³, hĩ²¹ kʰaŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 74 | eye | bak¹¹ tɕiu⁵⁵ | |
| 75 | nose | pʰĩ³³, pʰĩ²¹ a⁵³ | |
| 76 | mouth | tsʰui²¹ | |
| 77 | tooth | tsʰui⁵³ kʰi⁵³ | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | tɕiʔ⁵⁵, tsʰui⁵³ tɕiʔ⁵⁵ | |
| 79 | fingernail | tɕiŋ⁵⁵ kaʔ¹¹ | |
| 80 | foot | 腳／ | kʰa⁵⁵ |
| 81 | leg | tʰui⁵³ | |
| 82 | knee | 腳頭窩／ | kʰa³³ tʰau²¹ u⁵⁵ |
| 83 | hand | tɕʰiu⁵³ | |
| 84 | wing | ɪk⁵⁵, , ɕɪt⁵⁵, , ɕɪt¹¹ a⁵³, , ɕɪt¹¹ kɔ⁵³ | |
| 85 | belly | pak⁵⁵ tɔ⁵³ | |
| 86 | guts | pak⁵⁵ tɔ⁵³ | |
| 87 | neck | 頷頸／颔颈 (ām-kún) | am²¹ kun⁵³ |
| 88 | back | kʰa³³ tɕiaʔ⁵³ pʰiã⁵⁵ | |
| 89 | breast | hiɔŋ⁵⁵, hiɔŋ³³ pɔ³³, hiŋ³³ kʰam⁵³, liŋ³³ pɔŋ³⁵ | |
| 90 | heart | ɕɪm³³ tsɔŋ³³ | |
| 91 | liver | kuã⁵⁵, kuã³³ tsɔŋ³³ | |
| 92 | to drink | 啉 (lim) | lɪm⁵⁵ |
| 93 | to eat | tɕiaʔ⁵⁵ | |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 (kā) | ka³³ |
| 95 | to suck | 吸 (khip) (affix), (empty) (chi̍p) (sip), 吸 (suh) (suck) | kʰɪp¹¹, tɕɪp⁵⁵, suʔ¹¹ |
| 96 | to spit | 呸 (phùi) (generic), 呸瀾／呸澜 (phùi-nōa) (lit. “spit saliva”, informal), 呸嘴瀾／呸嘴澜 (phùi-chhùi-nōa) (lit. “spit saliva”, informal), 呸痰 (phùi-thâm) (lit. “spit phlegm”, informal) | pʰui²¹, pʰui⁵³ nua³³, pʰui⁵³ tsʰui⁵³ nua³³, pʰui⁵³ tʰam³⁵ |
| 97 | to vomit | 嘔／呕 (áu) (informal), 吐 (thò͘) (informal), | au⁵³, tʰɔ²¹, au⁵⁵ tʰɔ²¹ |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 (chhe), 歕／𬅫 (pûn) | tsʰe⁵⁵, pun³⁵ |
| 99 | to breathe | hɔ³³ kʰɪp¹¹, tsʰuan⁵⁵ kʰui²¹ | |
| 100 | to laugh | tɕʰio²¹ | |
| 101 | to see | kʰuã²¹ | |
| 102 | to hear | 聽／听 (thiaⁿ) | tʰiã⁵⁵ |
| 103 | to know | tsai⁵⁵, tsai³³ iã⁵³, pat¹¹ | |
| 104 | to think | ɕiũ³³ | |
| 105 | to smell | pʰĩ³³ | |
| 106 | to fear | kiã³³ | |
| 107 | to sleep | 睏／ | kʰun²¹ |
| 108 | to live | uaʔ⁵⁵ | |
| 109 | to die | ɕi⁵³ | |
| 110 | to kill | 刣 (thâi) | tʰai³⁵ |
| 111 | to fight | 冤家 (oan-ke) (argue), | uan³³ ke⁵⁵, ɕio³³ pʰaʔ¹¹, ɕio³³ tʰa³⁵ |
| 112 | to hunt | pʰaʔ⁵³ laʔ⁵⁵ | |
| 113 | to hit | pʰaʔ¹¹ | |
| 114 | to cut | kuaʔ¹¹, tɕʰiɛt¹¹, ka⁵⁵ | |
| 115 | to split | pʰua⁵³ kʰui⁵⁵, li̍ʔ²¹ kui⁵⁵, hun³³ kʰui⁵⁵ | |
| 116 | to stab | tɕʰi²¹, tsan³⁵, tuʔ⁵⁵ | |
| 117 | to scratch | 扒 (pê) | pe³⁵ |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 (ó͘, óe, iah), 窌 (liú), | ɔ⁵³, ue⁵³, iaʔ¹¹, liu⁵³, kut⁵⁵ |
| 119 | to swim | 泅水 (siû-chúi) | ɕiu²¹ tsui⁵³ |
| 120 | to fly | pe⁵⁵ | |
| 121 | to walk | kiã³⁵, kiã²¹ lɔ³³, pɔ²¹ hiŋ³⁵, pɔ²¹ kiã³⁵, pɔ²¹ lɪɛn⁵³ | |
| 122 | to come | lai³⁵ | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | to⁵³ | |
| 124 | to sit | tse³³ | |
| 125 | to stand | 站 (chām) (affix), 徛, | tsam³³, , kʰia³³ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 斡 (oat) (change direction) | uat¹¹ |
| 127 | to fall | 落落 (lak-lo̍h) | lak⁵⁵ lɔʔ⁵⁵ |
| 128 | to give | hɔ³³ | |
| 129 | to hold | tʰeʔ⁵⁵ | |
| 130 | to squeeze | 𢯰 (lu̍t) | lut⁵⁵ |
| 131 | to rub | 㨎 (loán) | luan⁵³ |
| 132 | to wash | sue⁵³ | |
| 133 | to wipe | tɕʰɪt¹¹ | |
| 134 | to pull | 扭 (khiú, giú) | kʰiu⁵³, ɡiu⁵³ |
| 135 | to push | 拺 (sak) | sak¹¹ |
| 136 | to throw | 撣／掸 (tàn) | tan⁵³ |
| 137 | to tie | pak⁵⁵ | |
| 138 | to sew | paŋ³⁵, tʰĩ³³ | |
| 139 | to count | ɕiau²¹ | |
| 140 | to say | kɔŋ⁵³ | |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 (chhiùⁿ) | tɕʰiũ²¹ |
| 142 | to play | 耍 (sńg), 跮踱, 𨑨迌 (chhit-thô) (intransitive) | sŋ⁵³, , tɕʰɪt⁵⁵ tʰo³⁵ |
| 143 | to float | 浮 (phû) | pʰu³⁵ |
| 144 | to flow | lau³⁵ | |
| 145 | to freeze | kɪɛt⁵⁵ piŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 146 | to swell | pʰɔŋ⁵³ tua³³ | |
| 147 | sun | tʰai⁵³ iɔŋ³⁵, ʑɪt¹¹ tʰau³⁵ | |
| 148 | moon | ɡeʔ²¹ niu³⁵ | |
| 149 | star | tɕʰĩ⁵⁵ | |
| 150 | water | tsui⁵³ | |
| 151 | rain | hɔ³³ | |
| 152 | river | ho³⁵ | |
| 153 | lake | ɔ³⁵ | |
| 154 | sea | hai⁵³ | |
| 155 | salt | iɛm³⁵ | |
| 156 | stone | tɕio⁵⁵, tɕioʔ²¹ tʰau³⁵ | |
| 157 | sand | sua⁵⁵ | |
| 158 | dust | tʰɔ²¹ hun⁵³ | |
| 159 | earth | te²¹ kiu³⁵ | |
| 160 | cloud | hun³⁵ | |
| 161 | fog | bu³³ | |
| 162 | sky | tʰĩ⁵⁵ | |
| 163 | wind | hɔŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 164 | snow | seʔ¹¹ | |
| 165 | ice | 冰 (peng) | piŋ⁵⁵ |
| 166 | smoke | hun⁵⁵ | |
| 167 | fire | he⁵³ | |
| 168 | ash | he⁵⁵, he⁵⁵ hu⁵⁵ | |
| 169 | to burn | 焚 (hiâⁿ) | hiã³⁵ |
| 170 | road | lɔ³³ | |
| 171 | mountain | suã⁵⁵ | |
| 172 | red | aŋ³⁵ | |
| 173 | green | lɪk⁵⁵, tɕʰĩ⁵⁵ | |
| 174 | yellow | ŋ³⁵ | |
| 175 | white | pe⁵⁵ | |
| 176 | black | ɔ⁵⁵ | |
| 177 | night | am⁵³ ɕi³⁵ | |
| 178 | day | ʑɪt¹¹ ɕi³⁵ | |
| 179 | year | ni³⁵ | |
| 180 | warm | ɕio³³ lo³³ | |
| 181 | cold | kuã³⁵ | |
| 182 | full | buan⁵³, mua⁵³, , tĩ³³ | |
| 183 | new | ɕɪn⁵⁵ | |
| 184 | old | lau³³, ku³³ | |
| 185 | good | ho⁵³ | |
| 186 | bad | 歹 (pháiⁿ) | pʰaĩ⁵³ |
| 187 | rotten | 餲／𮩝 (àu), | au²¹, tsʰau⁵³ nua³³ |
| 188 | dirty | 垃圾 (lah-sap) | laʔ⁵³ sap¹¹ |
| 189 | straight | tɪt⁵⁵ | |
| 190 | round | ĩ³⁵ | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | lai³³ | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | tun³³ | |
| 193 | smooth | kŋ³³ kut⁵⁵ | |
| 194 | wet | ɕɪp¹¹, tam³⁵ | |
| 195 | dry | ta⁵⁵ | |
| 196 | correct | tioʔ⁵⁵, tɕiŋ⁵³ kʰak¹¹ | |
| 197 | near | kun³³ | |
| 198 | far | hŋ³³ | |
| 199 | right | tɕiã²¹ | |
| 200 | left | to²¹ | |
| 201 | at | 佇, 於／于 (tī) | ti³³ |
| 202 | in | 佇…… | ti³³… lai³³ |
| 203 | with | 佮 (kap) | kap¹¹ |
| 204 | and | 佮 (kap) | kap¹¹ |
| 205 | if | na²¹ ɕi³³ | |
| 206 | because | ɪn³³ ui³³ | |
| 207 | name | miã³⁵ |