肝きも

肝きも U+809D, 肝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-809D ← 肜 [U+809C] CJK Unified Ideographs 肞 → [U+809E]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

肝きも (Kangxi radical 130, 肉にく+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月つき一いち十じゅう (BMJ), four-corner 7124₀, composition ⿰月つき干ひ(GJKV) or ⿰⺼干ひ(HT))

Derived characters

• 𨧠

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 974, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29273
• Dae Jaweon: page 1425, character 31
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2044, character 3
• Unihan data for U+809D

Chinese

trad.		肝きも
simp. #		肝きも

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (干ひ) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
訐	*krads, *krads, *ked, *kad
肝きも	*kaːn
竿ざお	*kaːn
干ひ	*kaːn
奸	*kaːn
玕	*kaːn
汗あせ	*kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀	*kaːn
忓	*kaːn, *ɡaːns
鳱	*kaːn
邗	*kaːn, *ɡaːn
秆	*kaːnʔ
矸	*kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠	*kaːnʔ
皯	*kaːnʔ
衦	*kaːnʔ
簳	*kaːnʔ
擀	*kaːnʔ
旰	*kaːns
盰	*kaːns
幹みき	*kaːns
杆	*kaːns
骭	*kaːns, *ɡraːns
桿	*kaːnʔ
趕	*kaːnʔ
稈	*kaːnʔ
刊かん	*kʰaːn
靬	*kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan
衎	*kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns
犴	*ŋaːn, *ŋaːns
豻	*ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇	*ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸きし	*ŋɡaːns
鼾いびき	*qʰaːn, *ɢaːns
罕	*qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns
焊	*qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns
蔊	*qʰaːnʔ
虷	*ɡaːn
旱ひでり	*ɡaːnʔ
皔	*ɡaːnʔ
釬	*ɡaːns
扞	*ɡaːns
閈	*ɡaːns
馯	*ɡaːns, *kʰraːn
捍	*ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ
悍	*ɡaːns
銲	*ɡaːns
垾	*ɡaːns
駻	*ɡaːns
睅	*ɡʷranʔ
娨	*ɡraːns
飦	*kan
赶	*ɡan, *ɡʷad
軒のき	*qʰan
蓒	*qʰan
酐	*qʰaːŋʔ
澣	*ɡʷaːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい／形声けいせい, OC *kaːn) : semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 干ひ (OC *kaːn) – a body part.

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“bitter; salty; bile; liver”), in which case it would be related to 苦く (OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs, “bitter”); also compare Proto-Bodo-Garo *bi-ka (“liver”), whence Bodo (India) [script needed] (bi-ka, “liver”), Garo bika (“liver”).

Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“lower back; kidney”), whence Tibetan མཁལ་མ (mkhal ma, “kidney”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (“kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): gān (gan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gan¹

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gon¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): gon¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): gon¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kôn

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gon¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): gan¹
• Northern Min (KCR): húing
• Eastern Min (BUC): găng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): koaⁿ / kan

  (Teochew, Peng'im): guan¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹koe
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gān
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gan
    • Wade–Giles: kan¹
    • Yale: gān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
    • Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: gan¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gan
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gon¹
    • Yale: gōn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gon¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gon¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːn⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: gon¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kᵘɔn³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: gon¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɵn⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn
    • Hakka Romanization System: gon´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gon¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gon¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kɔn⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: gan¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kæ̃¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: húing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuiŋ⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koaⁿ / kan
    • Tâi-lô: kuann / kan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaf, kafn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kuã⁴⁴/, /kan⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kuã³³/, /kan³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã⁴⁴/, /kan⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kuã⁴⁴/, /kan⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã⁴⁴/, /kan⁴⁴/

Note:

• koaⁿ - vernacular;
• kan - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: guan¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuaⁿ
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kũã³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹koe
    • MiniDict: koe^平ひらた
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹koe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kø⁵³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gan¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: kan

Rime
Character	肝きも
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	見み (28)
Final (韻いん)	寒さむ (61)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	I
Fanqie	古ふる寒さむ切きり
Baxter	kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kan/
Li Rong	/kɑn/
Wang Li	/kɑn/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gon1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.kˤa[r]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	肝きも
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gān
Middle Chinese	‹ kan ›
Old Chinese	/*s.kˁa[r]/
English	liver
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	肝きも
Reading #	1/1
No.	3568
Phonetic component	干ひ
Rime group	元もと
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	干ひ
Old Chinese	/*kaːn/

Definitions

肝きも

1. liver (Classifier: 葉は／叶かのう; 個こ／个)

   我わが不ふ吃ども肚也不ふ吃ども肝きも。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]

   Wǒ bù chī dǔ yě bù chī gān. [Pinyin]

   I don't eat tripe or liver.

   身體しんたい的てき大だい部分ぶぶん膽きも固かた醇あつし是これ在ざい肝きも和わ腸ちょう內由ゆかり消化しょうか的てき食物しょくもつ製せい成なり的てき。 [MSC, trad.]
   身体しんたい的てき大だい部分ぶぶん胆きも固かた醇あつし是これ在ざい肝きも和わ肠内うち由ゆかり消化しょうか的てき食物しょくもつ制せい成なり的てき。 [MSC, simp.]

   Shēntǐ de dàbùfēn dǎngùchún shì zài gān hé cháng nèi yóu xiāohuà de shíwù zhì chéng de. [Pinyin]

   Most of the body's cholesterol is made in the liver and intestine from digested food.

2. (figurative) mind; thoughts
3. (video games, neologism) to grind; to repeat a task day and night, which may exhaust the liver, in order to achieve a specific goal

   這遊戲ゆうぎ很吸引きゅういん人ひと，但ただし我わが實在じつざい肝きも不ふ動どう了りょう。它太ふとし肝きも了りょう。 [MSC, trad.]
   这游ゆう戏很吸引きゅういん人ひと，但ただし我わが实在肝きも不ふ动了りょう。它太ふとし肝きも了りょう。 [MSC, simp.]

   Zhè yóuxì hěn xīyǐn rén, dàn wǒ shízài gān bù dòng le. Tā tài gān le. [Pinyin]

   This game is attractive, but I really can't grind anymore. It's too grindy.

4. (video games, neologism) grindy

Compounds

• 丙へい肝きも (bǐnggān)
• 互託肝膽かんたん／互托肝胆かんたん
• 全ぜん無心むしん肝きも／全ぜん无心肝きも
• 剌心剌肝
• 剖心坼肝
• 剖心析肝
• 剖肝泣血
• 剖肝瀝膽／剖肝沥胆
• 動どう肝きも火ひ／动肝火ひ
• 壞心肝きも／坏心肝きも
• 大だい動どう肝きも火ひ／大だい动肝火ひ (dàdònggānhuǒ)
• 夾肝／夹肝
• 心こころ疼肝斷だん／心こころ疼肝断だん
• 心肝しんかん (xīngān)
• 心肝しんかん寶貝ほうがい／心肝しんかん宝たから贝 (xīngān bǎobèi)
• 心肝しんかん肉にく
• 忠ちゅう肝きも義ぎ膽きも／忠ちゅう肝きも义胆 (zhōnggānyìdǎn)
• 感かん人じん肺肝はいかん (gǎnrénfèigān)
• 披瀝ひれき肝膽かんたん／披沥肝胆かんたん
• 披肝掛かけ膽きも／披肝挂胆
• 披肝瀝膽／披肝沥胆 (pīgānlìdǎn)
• 披露ひろう肝膽かんたん／披露ひろう肝胆かんたん
• 揪心扒肝
• 摧心剖肝
• 摘心てきしん去さ肝きも
• 摧胸破やぶ肝きも
• 有ゆう肝膽かんたん／有ゆう肝胆かんたん
• 沙すな肝きも兒じ／沙すな肝きも儿 (shāgānr)
• 瀝膽墮肝／沥胆堕肝
• 瀝膽披肝／沥胆披肝
• 炒い肝きも兒じ／炒い肝かん儿 (chǎogānr)
• 玻璃はり心肝しんかん
• 肝かん功こう能のう (gāngōngnéng)
• 肝かん吸蟲／肝かん吸虫
• 肝きも小しょう葉は／肝きも小しょう叶かのう (gānxiǎoyè)
• 肝かん帝みかど
• 肝かん橫よこ膽きも乍／肝かん横よこ胆きも乍
• 肝かん氣き／肝かん气
• 肝きも火ひ
• 肝きも火ひ上じょう炎えん
• 肝きも火ひ旺
• 肝きも火ひ盛もり
• 肝炎かんえん (gānyán)
• 肝かん癌がん (gān'ái)
• 肝かん硬化こうか症しょう
• 肝きも總そう管かん／肝かん总管 (gānzǒngguǎn)
• 肝かん胰壺腹はら／肝かん胰壶腹はら (gānyíhúfù)
• 肝かん脾
• 肝かん腦のう塗ぬり地ち／肝かん脑涂地ち (gānnǎotúdì)
• 肝きも腫しゅ大だい／肝かん肿大
• 肝かん腸ちょう寸斷すんだん／肝かん肠寸断すんだん (gānchángcùnduàn)
• 肝かん腸ちょう崩くずし裂きれ／肝かん肠崩裂きれ
• 肝膽かんたん／肝胆かんたん (gāndǎn)
• 肝膽かんたん塗ぬり地ち／肝胆かんたん涂地
• 肝膽かんたん楚すわえ越こし／肝胆かんたん楚すわえ越こし
• 肝膽かんたん照あきら人じん／肝胆かんたん照あきら人じん
• 肝膽かんたん相しょう照あきら／肝胆かんたん相しょう照あきら (gāndǎnxiāngzhào)
• 肝膽かんたん胡えびす越こし／肝胆かんたん胡えびす越こし
• 肝臟かんぞう／肝かん脏 (gānzàng)
• 肝きも虛むなし／肝きも虚むなし
• 肝かん蛭ひる (gānzhì)
• 肝かん醣／肝きも糖とう (gāntáng)
• 肝きも風ふう／肝かん风
• 肝かん鬱うつ／肝きも郁いく
• 肝かん鬲
• 肺肝はいかん (fèigān)
• 胗肝兒じ／胗肝儿
• 蝨しらみ脛ずね蟣肝／虱しらみ胫虮肝きも
• 蟲むし臂ひじ鼠ねずみ肝きも／虫むし臂ひじ鼠ねずみ肝きも
• 豬肝／猪いの肝きも (zhūgān)
• 赤あか膽きも忠ちゅう肝きも／赤あか胆きも忠ちゅう肝きも
• 輸肝剖膽／输肝剖胆
• 輸肝瀝膽／输肝沥胆
• 隳肝瀝膽／隳肝沥胆
• 雕肝琢みがく腎じん／雕肝琢みがく肾
• 雕肝琢みがく膂
• 雕肝鏤ちりばめ腎じん／雕肝镂肾
• 露ろ膽きも披肝／露ろ胆きも披肝
• 驢うさぎうま肝きも肺はい／驴肝肺はい
• 魚さかな肝油かんゆ／鱼肝油ゆ (yúgānyóu)
• 鰵魚肝油かんゆ／鳘鱼肝油かんゆ
• 鳳おおとり髓ずい龍りゅう肝きも／凤髓龙肝
• 麟肝鳳おおとり髓ずい／麟肝凤髓
• 鼠ねずみ肝きも蟲ちゅう臂ひじ／鼠ねずみ肝きも虫ちゅう臂ひじ
• 龍りゅう肝かん豹ひょう胎／龙肝豹ひょう胎
• 龍りゅう肝きも鳳おおとり髓ずい／龙肝凤髓 (lónggānfèngsuǐ)

 

Japanese

Kanji

肝きも

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kun: きも (kimo, 肝きも, Jōyō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
肝きも
きも Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
胆きも

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE with the spelling 岐毛. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kimo. Cognate with Okinawan 肝きも (chimu, “liver, heart”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) きも [kìmóꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [kʲimo̞]

Noun

肝きも(きも) • (kimo) 

1. the liver
   • 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki:

     心こころ腎じん肝きも脯 心こころ人情にんじょう也 腎じん音おん神かみ 訓さとし牟良斗と 肝きも音おん干ひ 訓くん岐毛

     Heart, kidney, liver, breast. Heart is a person's feelings. The readings of "kidney" in Chinese is zin, and in Japanese, it is called murato. The readings of "liver" in Japanese is kan, and in Japanese, it is called kimo.

2. innards
3. (figuratively) important part

References

• Takeuchi, Rizō (1962) Nara Ibun: Volume 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, →ISBN.

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
肝きも
かん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 肝きも (MC kan).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Affix

肝きも(かん) • (kan) 

1. liver
2. (figuratively) essential thing; important thing
3. (figuratively) courage; spirit

Noun

肝きも(かん) • (kan) 

1. liver
2. (obsolete, figuratively) heart; spirit

Derived terms

• 肝きも(かん)炎ほのお(えん) (kan'en)
• 肝心かんじん(かんじん) (kanjin)
• 肝臓かんぞう(かんぞう) (kanzō)
• 肝油かんゆ(かんゆ) (kan'yu)
• 肝要かんよう(かんよう) (kan'yō)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 肝きも (MC kan). Recorded as Middle Korean 간 (kan) (Yale: kan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙くんもう字じ會かい / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (in 肝かん氣き and 肝かん腸ちょう):
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [간]
• (liver):
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠(ː)n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [간(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

肝きも (eumhun 간 간 (gan gan))

1. Hanja form^? of 간 (“liver”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 간장 (肝臟かんぞう, ganjang)
• 간염 (肝炎かんえん, ganyeom)
• 간담 (肝膽かんたん, gandam)
• 간암 (肝かん癌がん, ganam)
• 간장 (肝かん腸ちょう, ganjang)
• 간요 (肝要かんよう, ganyo)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [1]

Okinawan

Kanji

肝きも

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• On (unclassified): かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kun: ちむ (chimu, 肝きも)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
肝きも
ちむ Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan, from Proto-Japonic *kimo.

Pronunciation

• (Shuri) IPA^(key): [tɕīmū] (tone class B)

Noun

肝きも(ちむ) (chimu) 

1. the liver
2. heart; spirit

   まくとぅ　しんじちぬ　わじむどぅん　くぃらば　むらばるが　くとぅん　いやな　うちゅみ

   makutu shinjichinu wajimudun kwiraba murabaruga kutun iyana uchumi

   If I really showed passion, she would still not bother me about talking about Murabaru.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 肝きも(ちむ)どんどん (chimudondon)
• 肝きも(ちむ)心しん(ぐくる) (chimugukuru)

References

• National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2001 [1963]) 沖縄おきなわ語ご辞典じてん (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京とうきょう): Zaimushō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省ざいむしょう印刷いんさつ局きょく), pages 154-155

Vietnamese

Han character

肝きも: Hán Nôm readings: can, gan

1. chữ Hán form of can (“liver”).
2. Nôm form of gan (“liver”).