Appendix:Gan Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Gan, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
No. English Gan
贛語 		IPA
pronunciation
1 I 我わが ŋo
2 you (singular) 汝なんじ n̩
3 he 渠みぞ t͡ɕiɛ
4 we 我わが俚 ŋo li
5 you (plural) 汝なんじ俚 n̩ li
6 they 渠みぞ俚 t͡ɕiɛ li
7 this 箇 ko
8 that 許もと he
9 here 箇首 ko ɕiu
10 there 許もと首くび he ɕiu
11 who 何なん個こ ho ko
12 what 什哩 ɕi li
13 where 何なん首しゅ ho ɕiu
14 when 幾いく時じ t͡ɕi sz̩
15 how 啷 lɔŋ
16 not 不ふ, 冇, 莫 put, mau, mok
17 all 齊ひとし, 攏共 t͡ɕʰi, luŋ kʰuŋ
18 many 蠻多 man to
19 some 隻せき把わ子こ t͡sak pa t͡sz̩
20 few 滴滴てきてき子こ tiak tiak t͡sz̩
21 other 別べつ嗰 pʰiɛt ko
22 one 一いち it
23 two 二に o
24 three 三さん san
25 four 四よん sz̩
26 five 五ご ŋ̍
27 big 大だい tʰai
28 long 莽 maŋ
29 wide 闊 kʰuot
30 thick 厚あつ hɛu
31 heavy 重おも t͡sʰuŋ
32 small 細ほそ ɕi
33 short 短たん ton
34 narrow 狹せま hat
35 thin 薄うすき pʰok
36 woman 女おんな客きゃく ɳi kʰak
37 man (male) 男おとこ客きゃく lan kʰak
38 man (human) 人ひと ɳin
39 child 細ほそ鬼おに ɕi kui
40 wife 老婆ろうば lau pʰo
41 husband 老公ろうこう lau kuŋ
42 mother 娘むすめ ɳiɔŋ
43 father 爺じい ia
44 animal 頭あたま牲 tʰɛu saŋ
45 fish 魚さかな ɳiɛ
46 bird 雀すずめ子こ t͡ɕʰiok t͡sz̩
47 dog 狗いぬ kiɛu
48 louse 蝨しらみ sɛt
49 snake 蛇へび sa
50 worm 蟲むし蟻あり子こ t͡sʰuŋ ɳi t͡sz̩
51 tree 樹き su
52 forest 林子りんこ lin t͡sz̩
53 stick 樹き杪子 su miɛu t͡sz̩
54 fruit 果はて子こ kuo t͡sz̩
55 seed 種子しゅし t͡suŋ t͡sz̩
56 leaf 葉子ようこ, 箬 iɛt t͡sz̩, iok
57 root 蔸 tɛu
58 bark (of a tree) 樹皮じゅひ su pʰi
59 flower 花はな fa
60 grass 草くさ t͡sʰau
61 rope 繩なわ子こ, 索さく sz̩n t͡sz̩, sok
62 skin 皮かわ pʰi
63 meat 肉にく ɳiuk
64 blood 血ち, 衁 ɕiot, uɔŋ
65 bone 骨ほね頭あたま kut tʰɛu
66 fat (noun) 肥こえ肉にく fi ɳiuk
67 egg 蛋 tʰan
68 horn 角かく kok
69 tail 尾お mi
70 feather 雀すずめ子こ毛げ t͡ɕʰiok t͡sz̩ mau
71 hair 頭髮とうはつ tʰɛu fat
72 head 腦のう殼から lau kʰok
73 ear 耳みみ刀がたな o tau
74 eye 眼め ŋan
75 nose 鼻はな公こう pʰit kuŋ
76 mouth 口くち kʰiɛu
77 tooth 牙きば ŋa
78 tongue 舌頭ぜっとう, 招財 sɛt tʰɛu, t͡sɛu t͡sʰai
79 fingernail 指ゆび甲子きのえね t͡ɕiɛt kat t͡sz̩
80 foot 腳股 t͡ɕiok ku
81 leg 腳髈骨こつ t͡ɕiok pʰaŋ kut
82 knee 髂膝 kʰiɛt sɛt
83 hand 手て ɕiu
84 wing 翼つばさ膀, 翅胛 iɛk pɔŋ, t͡sʰz̩ kat
85 belly 肚哩 tʰu li
86 guts 腸ちょう t͡sʰɔŋ
87 neck 頸 t͡ɕiaŋ
88 back 背せ脊 pi t͡ɕiak
89 breast 胸むね脯 ɕiuŋ pʰu
90 heart 心しん ɕin
91 liver 肝きも kon
92 to drink 喫 t͡ɕʰiak
93 to eat 喫 t͡ɕʰiak
94 to bite 齰 tɛ
95 to suck 㗱 t͡ɕit
96 to spit 呸 pʰui
97 to vomit 嘔 ŋiɛu
98 to blow 吹 t͡sʰui
99 to breathe 敨氣 tʰɛu t͡ɕʰi
100 to laugh 笑わらい ɕiɛu
101 to see 望もち mɔŋ
102 to hear 聽 tʰiaŋ
103 to know 曉あかつき得とく ɕiɛu tɛt
104 to think 想そう ɕiɔŋ
105 to smell 嗅 ɕiuŋ
106 to fear 怫 fɔt
107 to sleep 睏 kʰun
108 to live 活かつ uot
109 to die 死し sz̩
110 to kill 殺ころせ sat
111 to fight 挭仗 kaŋ t͡sɔŋ
112 to hunt 打だ ta
113 to hit 搕 kʰok
114 to cut 鋸のこ kiɛ
115 to split 坼 t͡sʰak
116 to stab 厾 tuk
117 to scratch 搲 ua
118 to dig 𠞭 lɛu
119 to swim 頑水 uan sui
120 to fly 飛ひ fi
121 to walk 行くだり, 走はし haŋ, t͡sɛu
122 to come 來き lai
123 to lie (as in a bed) 睏 kʰun
124 to sit 坐すわ t͡sʰo
125 to stand 徛 t͡ɕʰi
126 to turn (intransitive) 兜かぶと tɛu
127 to fall 跌 tiɛt
128 to give 搦 lak
129 to hold 掯 kʰiɛn
130 to squeeze 捩もじ liɛt
131 to rub 捼 lo
132 to wash 洗あらい ɕi
133 to wipe 抹 mot
134 to pull 擆 tɛ
135 to push 㩳 suŋ
136 to throw 掟おきて tiaŋ
137 to tie 緹 tʰiak
138 to sew 縺もつれ liɛn
139 to count 數かず su
140 to say 話はなし ua
141 to sing 唱 t͡sʰɔŋ
142 to play 𩑃 n̠ʲiɛk
143 to float 泡あわ pʰau
144 to flow 流ながれ liu
145 to freeze 淩 lɛn
146 to swell 膨 ɕiuŋ
147 sun 日にち頭あたま ɳit tʰɛu
148 moon 月光げっこう ɳiot kuɔŋ
149 star 星子ほしこ ɕiaŋ t͡sz̩
150 water 水みず sui
151 rain 雨あめ i
152 river 河かわ ho
153 lake 湖みずうみ u
154 sea 海うみ hai
155 salt 鹽しお iɛn
156 stone 石いし sak
157 sand 沙すな sa
158 dust 灰はい fi
159 earth 地ち tʰi
160 cloud 雲くも in
161 fog 霧きり u
162 sky 天てん tʰiɛn
163 wind 風ふう fuŋ
164 snow 雪ゆき ɕiot
165 ice 冰 pin
166 smoke 煙けむり iɛn
167 fire 火ひ fo
168 ash 灰はい fi
169 to burn 燎 liɛu
170 road 路みち lu
171 mountain 山やま san
172 red 紅べに fuŋ
173 green 綠みどり liuk
174 yellow 黃き uɔŋ
175 white 白しろ pʰak
176 black 烏がらす u
177 night 夜よる裡うら ia li
178 day 日上ひかみ ɳit sɔŋ
179 year 年とし ɳiɛn
180 warm 熱ねつ和わ lɛt fo
181 cold 寒さむ, 冷ひや hon, laŋ
182 full 滿みつる mon
183 new 新しん ɕin
184 old 舊きゅう t͡ɕʰiu
185 good 靚 t͡ɕiɛn
186 bad 萬まん uan
187 rotten 餲爛 ŋok lan
188 dirty 厊厏 ŋa t͡sa
189 straight 筆ふで直じき pit t͡sʰz̩t
190 round 圞圓 lo yon
191 sharp (as a knife) 飛ひ快こころよ fi kʰuai
192 dull (as a knife) 寡淡 kuat tʰan
193 smooth 噠滑 tat uat
194 wet 辣濕 lat sz̩t
195 dry 燋乾 t͡ɕiɛu kon
196 correct 對たい頭あたま tui tʰɛu
197 near 團だん近ちか tʰon t͡ɕʰin
198 far 老ろう遠とお lau yon
199 right 右みぎ首くび iu ɕiu
200 left 左ひだり首くび t͡so ɕiu
201 at 到いた, 在ざい tau, t͡sʰɛ
202 in 裡うら首くび li ɕiu
203 with 同どう到いた tʰuŋ tau
204 and 跟 kiɛn
205 if 要よう係がかり iɛu ɕi
206 because 因よし為ため in ui
207 name 名な miaŋ
  • Pronunciation :

The pronunciation shown is the standard pronunciation in Nanchang. Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the shown pronunciation.

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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