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{{Taxobox |
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{{Expand language|en|time=2019-09-20T03:47:02+00:00}} |
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| image = Hadrosauroids.jpg |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| image_caption = 數種鳥腳類恐龍的頭部,分別是:[[豪勇龍]](左上)、[[木他龍]](左)、[[冠龍]](左下)、[[賴氏龍|大冠賴氏龍]](右上)、[[賴氏龍|賴氏賴氏龍]] |
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| image = Display_at_the_Sam_Noble_Oklahoma_Museum_of_Natural_History,_Norman,_Oklahoma_(5977785055).jpg |
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| image_caption = [[腱龙]]骨骼,位于{{link-en|俄克拉荷马州自然历史博物馆|Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History}} |
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| name = 禽龍類 |
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| name = 禽龍類 |
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|fossil_range= 中[[侏儸紀]]到晚[[白堊紀]],{{fossil_range|163|66|}} |
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|fossil_range= 中[[侏儸紀]]到晚[[白堊紀]],{{fossil_range|163|66}} |
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| taxon = Iguanodontia |
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| regnum = [[動物界]] Animalia |
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| authority = {{link-en|Dollo|Louis Dollo}},1888 |
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| phylum = [[脊索動物門]] Chordata |
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| classis = [[蜥形綱]] Sauropsida |
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| superordo = [[恐龍總目]] Dinosauria |
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| ordo = †[[鸟臀目]] Ornithischia |
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| subordo = †[[鳥腳亚目]] Ornithopoda |
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| unranked_familia = †'''禽龍類 Iguanodontia''' |
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| unranked_familia_authority = {{link-en|Dollo|Louis Dollo}},1888 |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[演化支]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[演化支]] |
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| subdivision = |
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*†[[优尾龙属]] ''Eucercosaurus'' |
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* †'''薄板类 Elasmaria'''<ref name=CPN07>{{cite journal |last=Calvo |first=J.O. |author2=Porfiri, J.D. |author3= Novas, F.E. |year=2007 |title=Discovery of a new ornithopod dinosaur from the Portezuelo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. |journal=Arquivos do Museu Nacional |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=471–483 }}</ref> |
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** †[[阿纳拜斯龙属]] ''Anabisetia'' |
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*†{{link-en|福氏龙属|Fostoria dhimbangunmal}} ''Fostoria'' |
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*†''[[Syngonosaurus]]'' |
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** †[[加斯帕里尼龙属]] ''Gasparinasaura'' |
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** †[[巨谜龙属]] ''Macrogryphosaurus'' |
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*†[[腱龙属]] ''Tenontosaurus'' |
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*†''' 橡树龙 形类 Dryomorpha''' |
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** †{{link-en|埃尔莫罗龙属|Morrosaurus}} ''Morrosaurus'' |
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** †[[南方棱齿龙属]] ''Notohypsilophodon'' |
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**†[[欧文齿龙属]] ''Owenodon'' |
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** †[[小头龙属]] ''Talenkauen'' |
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**†[[橡树龙科]] Dryosauridae |
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**†[[ 直姆指龙类]] Ankylopollexia |
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** †{{link-en|特立尼达龙属|Trinisaura}} ''Trinisaura'' |
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* †''' 橡树龙 形类 Dryomorpha''' |
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** †[[橡树龙科|橡树龙超科]] Dryosauroidea |
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** †[[ 直拇指龙类]] Ankylopollexia |
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}} |
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'''禽龍類'''(Iguanodontia)是群[[草食性]][[恐龍]],生存於中[[侏儸紀]]到晚[[白堊紀]],著名屬包括:[[彎龍]]、[[卡洛夫龍]]、[[禽龍]]、[[豪勇龍]]、以及[[鴨嘴龍科]]...等。禽龍類是第一批發現的恐龍之一。牠們是最著名的恐龍之一,在白堊紀晚期成為多樣性、分佈廣泛的恐龍<ref name=iguanacolossus>{{cite journal | last1 = McDonald | first1 = A.T. | last2 = Kirkland | first2 = J.I. | last3 = DeBlieux | first3 = D.D. | last4 = Madsen | first4 = S.K. | last5 = Cavin | first5 = J. | last6 = Milner | first6 = A.R.C. | last7 = Panzarin | first7 = L. | year = 2010 | title = New Basal Iguanodontians from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5| issue = 11| page = e14075 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0014075 | pmid = 21124919 | pmc=2989904 | editor1-last = Farke | editor1-first = Andrew Allen}}</ref>。不同於早期的鳥腳類恐龍,禽龍類的上頜末端沒有牙齒。原始的禽龍類(例如[[橡樹龍]])體型小而輕型,可用高速奔跑來逃離掠食動物<ref>{{cite book|author=David Lambert, Darren Naish, Elizabeth Wyse|year=2002|title=Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life|publisher= Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd}}</ref>。禽龍類是相當大的恐龍,有些(例如[[山東龍]]身長可達15公尺,重可達10噸以上)體型上接近最大的[[獸腳類]][[恐龍]]。 |
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'''禽龍類'''(Iguanodontia)是一群[[草食性]][[恐龍]],生存於中[[侏儸紀]]到晚[[白堊紀]],著名屬包括:[[彎龍]]、[[卡洛夫龍]]、[[禽龍]]、[[豪勇龍]]、以及[[鴨嘴龍科]]等。禽龍類是最著名的恐龍之一,也是第一批被人類發現的恐龍化石之一。牠們在白堊紀晚期開始輻射演化,成為多樣性高、分佈廣泛的恐龍<ref name=iguanacolossus>{{cite journal | last1 = McDonald | first1 = A.T. | last2 = Kirkland | first2 = J.I. | last3 = DeBlieux | first3 = D.D. | last4 = Madsen | first4 = S.K. | last5 = Cavin | first5 = J. | last6 = Milner | first6 = A.R.C. | last7 = Panzarin | first7 = L. | year = 2010 | title = New Basal Iguanodontians from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5| issue = 11| page = e14075 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0014075 | pmid = 21124919 | pmc=2989904 | editor1-last = Farke | editor1-first = Andrew Allen}}</ref>,不同於早期的鳥腳類恐龍,禽龍類的上頜末端沒有牙齒。原始的禽龍類(例如[[橡樹龍]])體型小而輕型,可用高速奔跑來逃離掠食動物<ref>{{cite book|author=David Lambert, Darren Naish, Elizabeth Wyse|year=2002|title=Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life|publisher= Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd}}</ref>。禽龍類在白堊紀末期成長為相當大的植食恐龍,例如[[山東龍]]身長可達15公尺、重可達18噸以上,體型上能等於或超過最大的肉食[[獸腳類]][[恐龍]]。 |
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==分類學== |
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==分類學== |
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在早期傳統分類法裡,禽龍類經常被列為鳥腳亞目的一個下目,但[[麥克·班頓]](Micheal Benton)在2004年將鳥腳亞目改列為[[鳥腳下目]],而並未將禽龍類列為下目。傳統上,禽龍類被分為[[禽龍超科]]與[[禽龍科]]。但近年[[種系發生學]]研究顯示,傳統範圍的禽龍類是往[[鴨嘴龍科]]演化支的[[並系群]]階段。類似禽龍超科的名詞仍然初現在科學文獻裡,但許多傳統範圍的禽龍類現在被劃分為[[鴨嘴龍超科]]裡。 |
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在早期傳統分類法裡,禽龍類經常被列為鳥腳亞目的一個下目,但[[麥克·班頓]](Micheal Benton)在2004年將鳥腳亞目改列為[[鳥腳下目]],而並未將禽龍類列為下目。傳統上,禽龍類被分為[[禽龍超科]]與[[禽龍科]]。但近年[[種系發生學]]研究顯示,傳統範圍的禽龍類是往[[鴨嘴龍科]]演化支的[[並系群]]階段。類似禽龍超科的名詞仍然出現在科學文獻裡,但許多傳統範圍的禽龍類現在被劃分為[[鴨嘴龍超科]]裡。 |
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在2005年,[[保羅·塞里諾]](Paul Sereno)首次作出禽龍類的定義。目前禽龍類的範圍是:包含[[副櫛龍|沃克氏副櫛龍]],但不包含[[稜齒龍]]、[[奇異龍]]在內的最大[[演化支]]<ref name=sereno2005>Sereno, P.C. (2005). "Stem Archosauria Version 1.0." ''TaxonSearch''. Available: [http://www.taxonsearch.org/Archive/stem-archosauria-1.0.php http://www.taxonsearch.org/Archive/stem-archosauria-1.0.php] via the Internet. Accessed 24 November 2010.</ref>。 |
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在2005年,{{tsl|en|Paul Sereno|保羅·塞里諾}}首次作出禽龍類的定義。目前禽龍類的範圍是:包含[[副櫛龍|沃克氏副櫛龍]],但不包含[[稜齒龍]]、[[奇異龍]]在內的最大[[演化支]]<ref name=sereno2005>Sereno, P.C. (2005). "Stem Archosauria Version 1.0." ''TaxonSearch''. Available: [http://www.taxonsearch.org/Archive/stem-archosauria-1.0.php http://www.taxonsearch.org/Archive/stem-archosauria-1.0.php] {{Wayback|url=http://www.taxonsearch.org/Archive/stem-archosauria-1.0.php |date=20090115093329 }} via the Internet. Accessed 24 November 2010.</ref>。 |
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許多近年被命名的禽龍類恐龍,或是化石過於零碎的物種,並沒有列入近年[[種系發生學]]的研究範圍,包含:[[重骨龍]]、[[薄氏龍]]、[[比霍爾龍]]、[[德拉帕倫特龍]]、[[道羅齒龍]]、[[龍爪龍]]、[[庫克菲爾德龍]]<ref name=kukfeldia>{{cite journal | last1 = McDonald | first1 = A.T. | last2 = Barrett | first2 = P.M. | last3 = Chapman | first3 = S.D. | year = 2010 | title = A new basal iguanodont (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of England | url = | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2569 | issue = | pages = 1–43 }}</ref>、[[高刺龍]]、[[巨謎龍]]、[[歐文齒龍]]、[[前扁臀龍]]<ref name="iguanodonts2010carpenter">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, K. and Ishida, Y. |year=2010 |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/estratig/JIG/vol_content/vol_36_2/36_2_145_164_Carpenter.pdf |title=Early and "Middle" Cretaceous Iguanodonts in Time and Space |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.3}}</ref>、[[鞍臀龍]]<ref name="iguanodonts2010carpenter"/>、以及[[敘五龍]]。 |
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許多近年被命名的禽龍類恐龍,或是化石過於零碎的物種,並沒有列入近年[[種系發生學]]的研究範圍,包含:[[重骨龍]]、[[薄氏龍]]、[[比霍爾龍]]、[[德拉帕倫特龍]]、[[道羅齒龍]]、[[龍爪龍]]、[[庫克菲爾德龍]]<ref name=kukfeldia>{{cite journal | last1 = McDonald | first1 = A.T. | last2 = Barrett | first2 = P.M. | last3 = Chapman | first3 = S.D. | year = 2010 | title = A new basal iguanodont (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of England | url = | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2569 | issue = | pages = 1–43 }}</ref>、[[高刺龍]]、[[巨謎龍]]、[[歐文齒龍]]、[[前扁臀龍]]<ref name="iguanodonts2010carpenter">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, K. and Ishida, Y. |year=2010 |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/estratig/JIG/vol_content/vol_36_2/36_2_145_164_Carpenter.pdf |title=Early and "Middle" Cretaceous Iguanodonts in Time and Space |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.3}}</ref>、[[鞍臀龍]]<ref name="iguanodonts2010carpenter"/>、以及[[敘五龍]]。 |
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===种系发生学=== |
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<br/>以下[[演化樹]]來自於Madzia等人於2017年的研究<ref name=madzia2017>{{cite journal|last1=Madzia|first1=Daniel|last2=Boyd|first2=Clint A.|last3=Mazuch|first3=Martin|title=A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=16|issue=11|date=2017|pages=967–979|doi=10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258 }}</ref> |
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{{clade| style=font-size: 90%;line-height: 90% |
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以下[[演化樹]]來自於2010年、2011年的禽龍類、彎龍研究<ref name=iguanacolossus/><ref name="McDonald">{{Cite journal|author=Andrew T. McDonald |year=2011 |title=The taxonomy of species assigned to ''Camptosaurus'' (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/z02783p068f.pdf |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2783 |issue= |pages=52–68 |doi= }}</ref>: |
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|label1=[[鳥腳亞目]] |
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{{clade| style=font-size: 100%;line-height: 80% |
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|label1='''禽龍類''' |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{tsl|en|Gideonmantellia|吉迪恩曼特爾龍屬}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[腱龍]] |
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|1=[[薄板類]] |
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|label2=橡樹龍類 |
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|2={{clade |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[橡樹龍科]] |
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|1=''[[布氏龙属]]'' |
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|label2=直拇指龍類 |
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|label2='''禽龍類''' |
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|2={{clade |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[彎龍]] |
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|label1={{tsl|en|Rhabdodontomorpha|凹齒龍類}} |
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|label2=硬棘龍類 |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[庫姆納龍]] |
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|1=[[腱龍屬]] |
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|2=[[猶他齒龍]] |
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|label2=橡樹龍類 |
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|3={{clade |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[橡樹龍科]] |
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|1=[[馬龍 (恐龍)|馬龍]]
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|label2=[[直拇指龍類]] |
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|2=[[眾神花園龍]] }} |
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|2={{clade |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[雪松山龍]] |
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|1=[[彎龍屬]] |
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|2=[[達科塔齒龍]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|3=[[鬣蜥巨龍]] |
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|1=[[禽龍屬]] |
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|4=[[蘭州龍]] |
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|2=[[豪勇龍屬]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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|label5=[[鴨嘴龍形類]] |
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|5={{clade |
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|1=[[禽龍]] |
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|2=[[曼特爾龍]] |
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|3=[[豪勇龍]] |
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|4=[[鴨嘴龍超科]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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{{Gallery |
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|title=禽龙类 |
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以下演化樹來自於[[理查·巴特勒]](Richard J. Butler)的2011年研究<ref name=ButlerEtAl>{{Cite journal | author = Richard J. Butler, Jin Liyong, Chen Jun, Pascal Godefroit | year = 2011 | title = The postcranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the small ornithischian dinosaur ''Changchunsaurus parvus'' from the Quantou Formation (Cretaceous: Aptian–Cenomanian) of Jilin Province, north-eastern China | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 667–683 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01046.x }}</ref>: |
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|align=center |
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{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |
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|File:Tenontosaurus BW.jpg|[[腱龙]] |
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|label1='''禽龍類''' |
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|File:Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki skeleton.jpg|[[橡树龙]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|File:Camptosaurus dispar skeleton.jpg|[[弯龙]] |
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|1=[[小頭龍]] |
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|File:Muttaburrasaurus NT.jpg|[[木他龙]]([[凹齒龍科]]) |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[阿纳拜斯龍]] |
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|File:Iguanodon NT.jpg|[[禽龍]] |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[凹齒龍科]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=[[腱龍]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[腱龍|提氏腱龍]] ''T. tilletti'' |
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|2=[[腱龍|道氏腱龍]] ''T. dossi'' }} |
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|2=直姆指龍類 Ankylopollexia }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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==參考資料== |
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==參考資料== |
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==外部連結== |
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==外部連結== |
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*[http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Archosauria/Ornithischia/Ornithopoda.htm 大衛·威顯穆沛與Heinrich在1992年所建立的演化樹] |
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*[http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Archosauria/Ornithischia/Ornithopoda.htm 大衛·威顯穆沛與Heinrich在1992年所建立的演化樹] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Archosauria/Ornithischia/Ornithopoda.htm |date=20080102050704 }} |
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{{鳥腳亞目|O.}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q134190}} |
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[[Category:禽龍類| ]] |
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[[Category:禽龍類| ]] |