旅順 大 屠殺
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg/220px-Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80.jpg/220px-%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80.jpg)
背景
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lieutenant-General_Yamaji_leading_the_attack_on_Port_Arthur.jpg/220px-Lieutenant-General_Yamaji_leading_the_attack_on_Port_Arthur.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Japanese_soldiers_mutilating_bodies_at_Port_Arthur_in_1894.jpg/220px-Japanese_soldiers_mutilating_bodies_at_Port_Arthur_in_1894.jpg)
事件
[编辑]1894
记录
[编辑]《
此
日 兵 的 证言
[编辑]日 军步兵 第 2联队第 2大 队第5中 队上等 兵 加部 东常七 《日 清 战役从军手 记》记录:“本 联队占 领黄金山 炮台之 后 ,闯入市街 在 各 家 各 户搜索 ,昏暗中 遇 见清人 就毫不 留 情 砍杀。小 队在街 区 搜索 前 进,忽 然 在 民家 暗 处发现一敌兵,我 大喝一声 ,此人一瞬 惊呆,刺 刀 就深深 捅进对方的 胸 膛,他 痛苦 地 紧紧握住 枪剑,我 用 力 拔出 刺 刀 ,那 紧握枪剑的 四指被刀刃割断,身体 向 一 侧倾斜 ,再 补一刺便魂飞魄散。”[21]
消息 来 源
[编辑]影 响
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial01.jpg/220px-L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial01.jpg)
2001
參 見
[编辑]參考 資料
[编辑]- ^ 袁村
平 . 觉醒的 国 殇:甲 午 战争120年 祭 . 2014-07-01:第 90頁 [2019-07-14]. ISBN 978-7-210-06382-7. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-03). - ^ Sir Thomas Erskine Holland. Studies in International Law. Clarendon Press. 1898
年 :第 116, 118頁 [2020-05-10]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-15). - ^ 《
清 日 战争》在 线阅读(19). 读书频道_齐鲁网. [2018-08-20]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-15). - ^ Trumbull White. The War in the East: Japan, China, and Corea. A Complete History of the War. P. W. Ziegler & Company. 1895
年 :第 599頁 [2020-06-20]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-03). - ^
在 龍 旗下 ,第 66-67頁 : "The Chinese took some prisoners, whom they slew mercilessly, and one of the first things I saw on the morning of the 19th was a pair of corpses suspended by the feet from the branches of a huge camphor tree near the parade-ground. They were hideously mutilated. They had been disembowelled; the eyes were gouged out, the throat cut, and the right hand severed. They were perfectly naked, and groups of children were pelting them with mud and stones....The bodies of the Japanese soldiers killed in encounters with the enemy as they closed on the place, were often found minus the head or right hand, sometimes both, besides being ferociously gashed and slashed. Corpses were still hanging on the trees when the fortress fell, and it is not surprising that their former comrades should have been maddened by the sight, though of course the officers are greatly to blame for permitting the fearful retaliation which ensued to be carried to such lengths." - ^
Under the Dragon Flag. North China Herald. May 16, 1898.
Under the Dragon Flag is very nicely printed, and bound in green cloth with the dragon flag on the cover ; but there are so many inaccuracies and impossibilities in the account, that the author is certainly not relating what he actually saw. His dates do not tally with the facts, which he may perhaps say is so much the worse for the facts ; and when he tells us, as he does on page 30, that from an elevated point on the rocky coast of "the Liaotung" he had, with the aid of powerful glasses, a good view of the battle of the Yalu, he presumes too much on our credulity...
- ^ Under the Dragon Flag. Japan Weekly Mail. March 5, 1898:
第 228, 233頁 [2021-05-03]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-15). - ^ Under the Dragon Flag. Japan Weekly Mail. March 19, 1898:
第 284, 293頁 [2021-05-03]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-15).轉載 《士 蔑報》 - ^ 戚其
章 . 《旅順 大 屠殺 真相 再考 》. 《東嶽 論叢 》. No.第 1期 . 2001年 [2020-12-11]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-15). - ^ Villiers, Frederic. The Truth About Port Arthur. The North American Review. Vol. 160 no. 460 (University of Northern Iowa). 1895
年 3月 :第 330頁 [2020-06-20]. JSTOR 25103490. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-15) (英 语). - ^
LIEUT. O'BRIEN RECALLED; The Army Officer Who Went to Japan to Observe the War. THE REAL TRUTH ABOUT PORT ARTHUR Lieut. O'Brien Saw Evidences of Cruelty on the Part of Both Japanese and Chinese Soldiers. [
前 往日 本 觀察 戰爭 的 陸軍 軍 官 奧 布 萊恩中尉 回 憶。關 於旅順 港 的 真相 。奧 布 萊恩看 到 了 中日 雙方 士 兵 殘酷 的 證據 ].
紐 約 時報 . 1895年 7月 8日 [2020年 6月 20日 ]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021年 2月 23日 ) (英 语). - ^
陳 悦 .西方 人 眼 里 的 甲 午 战争.光明 日 报. 2014年 9月 26日 [2022年 6月 14日 ]. (原始 内容 存 档于2022年 6月 14日 ). - ^
錢 鋼 . 《大 清 海軍 與 李 鴻章 》.香港 :中華 書 局 . 2004:第 188–190頁 [2021-12-23]. ISBN 978-962-8820-43-6. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-18). - ^
董 志 正 . 《旅 大 史話 》. 辽宁人民 出版 社 . 1984:第 109頁 [2021-12-23]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-19). - ^
在 龍 旗下 ,第 77頁 : "There was a rush and hurry of fugitives all around me, and now for the first time I saw the Japanese soldiers in pursuit, pressing on the fleeing throng, and using rifle and bayonet furiously on all and sundry, stabbing and hacking fiendishly at those who fell." - ^
在 龍 旗下 ,第 83-84頁 : "The butchery was proceeding without the least sign of abatement; shots, shouts, shrieks, and groans resounded on every side; the streets presented a fearful spectacle; the ground was saturated with blood, and everywhere strewn with horribly mutilated corpses; some of the narrower avenues were positively choked with carnage. The dead were mostly the townspeople;" - ^
在 龍 旗下 ,第 79-80頁 : "I have said that the land by which I had come out on the lake inclined steeply upwards, and the water was about fifteen feet below me when I arrived in sight of it. It was surrounded by crowds of Japanese soldiers, who had driven large numbers of the fugitives into the water, and were firing on them from every side, and driving back with the bayonet those who attempted to struggle out. The dead floated on the water, which was reddened with blood. The soldiers, yelling and laughing with vengeful glee, seemed to gloat over the agonies of their victims. It was fearful to see those gory forms struggling in the agitated water, those who still lived endeavouring to extricate themselves from the mass of corpses, falling fast, but often rising again with their last energies, streaming with water and blood, and uttering piteous cries and appeals for mercy, which were mocked by the fiends around them. Many women were amongst them; one I noticed carrying a little child, which, struggling forward, she held up to the soldiers as if in appeal. As she reached the bank, one of the wretches struck her through with his bayonet, and with a second stroke as she fell transfixed the child, which might have been two years old, and held its little body aloft. The woman rose and made a wild effort to regain the child, but evidently exhausted and dying, fell back again into the water. Her body—and in fact it was done with every body that came within reach—was hacked in pieces." - ^ 18.0 18.1 EXTRA. 2 O'CLOCK. - PORT ARTHUR MASSACRE. Two Thousand Men, Women and Children Butchered in the Streets. CARNIVAL OF SLAUGHTER. Japanese Soldiers Laughed at the Misery of Helpless Children and Women. GEN. OYAMA'S INDIFFERENCE. The Town Sacked from End to End and the Storekeepers Shot and Sabred.. New York World. 1894-12-20:
第 1,3頁 [2020-06-20]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-03). - ^ 《
日本 外交 文 书》第 27卷 ,第 941号 - ^ 《
日本 外交 文 书》第 27卷 ,第 943、945号 - ^ 21.0 21.1 Stewart Lone. Japan's First Modern War: Army and Society in the Conflict with China, 1894-5. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 1994-08-30:
第 155–156頁 [2019-07-13]. ISBN 978-0-230-38975-5. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-03). - ^
在 龍 旗下 ,第 41页 - ^ Henry Davenport Northrop. The Flowery Kingdom and the Land of the Mikado Or China, Japan and Corea: Containing Their Complete History Down to the Present Time; Manners, Customs and Peculiarities of the People; Superstitions; Idol Worship; Industries; Natural Scenery, Etc., Etc., Together with a Graphic Account of the War Between China and Japan, Its Causes, Land and Naval Battles, Etc., Etc. Elliott Publishing Company. 1894
年 :第 582頁 [2019-07-14]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-03). - ^ W. Joseph Campbell. Getting It Wrong: Debunking the Greatest Myths in American Journalism. University of California Press. 18 October 2016:
第 22–23頁 [2020-06-21]. ISBN 978-0-520-29129-4. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-03). - ^ The Port Arthur Outrages. New-York Tribune (New York). December 20, 1894:
第 6頁 [2020-06-21]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-03) –通 过Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. - ^ Daniel Kane. Each of Us in His Own Way: Factors Behind Conflicting Accounts of the Massacre at Port Arthur:
第 23頁 . 10 Jun 2019 [2020-06-21]. doi:10.1080/00947679.2005.12062669. (原始 内容 存 档于2020-07-09). - ^ Bruce A. Elleman. Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989. Taylor & Francis. 2001-02-22:
第 108頁 [2019-07-13]. ISBN 978-0-203-97691-3. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-03).
参考 文献
[编辑]- James Allan. Under the Dragon Flag: My Experiences in the Chino-Japanese War. London: W. Heinemann. 1898
年 [2019-07-12]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-15) (英 语). 該書中 譯本 為 詹姆斯·艾 伦. 《在 龍 旗下 ——中日 戰爭 目擊 記 》.由 费青/费孝通 翻 译.上海 人民 出版 社 . 2014年 [2019-07-12]. ISBN 978-7-208-12493-6. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-15).
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