肯特州立大學槍擊案(英語:Kent State Shootings),又稱五·四屠殺或肯特州立大學屠殺[3][4][5],為1970年一場美國政府對反越戰示威的武裝鎮壓。當年4月30日,時任總統尼克遜於電視演講公佈即將入侵柬埔寨,違反其先前將淡出越戰的承諾並因此引爆民憤,再度於全國各地觸發新一波反戰示威潮[6][7];其時位於俄亥俄州肯特城的肯特州立大學學生亦有發起示威聲援。5月4日,國民警衛隊進入校園武力清場,更於13秒內向手無寸鐵的示威學生連續發射67發實彈,最終釀成4死9傷,其中一名傷者更被打成終身殘廢。[8]
枪击案引发了美国大学校园里的强烈抗议。全国范围内的大学生纷纷罢课,至少450所大学因暴力或非暴力形式的游行示威关闭校园。[9]纽约大学的学生悬挂出「他们不能杀死我们所有人」的横幡[34],传递了学生的反战情绪。5月8日,十一个人在新墨西哥大学的一次学生与新墨西哥国民警卫队的冲突中被刺杀[35]。也是在5月8日,在纽约市政大厅举行了一次反战抗议活动,这次活动一方面也是因纪念肯特州立大学枪击案死难者组织的。抗议者遭遇了皮特·J·布瑞南组织的支持尼克松的建筑工人集会,后来引发了“硬帽子暴动(Hard Hat Riot)”。
^ 3.03.1"These would be the first of many probes into what soon became known as the Kent State Massacre. Like the Boston Massacre almost exactly two hundred years before (March 5, 1770), which it resembled, it was called a massacre not for the number of its victims but for the wanton manner in which they were shot down." Philip Caputo (May 4, 2005). "The Kent State Shootings, 35 Years Later".NPR.Retrieved November 9, 2007.
^ 4.04.1 Rep. Tim Ryan (May 4, 2007). "Congressman Tim Ryan Gives Speech at 37th Commemoration of Kent State Massacre".Congressional website of Rep. Tim Ryan (D-Ohio).Retrieved November 9, 2007.
^ 5.05.1 John Lang (May 4, 2000). "The day the Vietnam War came home". Scripps Howard News service.Retrieved November 9, 2007.
^ 7.07.17.27.37.47.5Lewis, Jerry M.; Thomas R. Hensley (Summer 1998). "The May 4 Shootings At Kent State University: The Search For Historical Accuracy" (Reprint). Ohio Council for the Social Studies Review 34 (1): 9–21. ISSN 1050-2130. OCLC 21431375. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^ Darrell Laurent, "Kent State – A history lesson that he teaches and lives – Dean Kahler disabled during 1970 student demonstration at Kent State University", Accent on Living, Spring 2001.
^ 9.09.19.29.39.4 Director: Joe Angio (February 15, 2007). Nixon a Presidency Revealed (television).History Channel.
^ "Weekly Highlight 03/05/2010 Kent State Shootings Site, Portage County, Ohio".
^ 11.011.1President's Commission on Campus Unrest, p. 289.
^Joe Eszterhas, Michael D. Roberts(1970). Thirteen seconds: Confrontation at Kent State. New York: The Cornwall Press. pp. 7-- 25.
^ "Chronology of events". May 4 Task Force. May 4 Task Force. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
^ "Kent State 1970:Description of Events May 1 through May 4". Retrieved April 3, 2009.
^ The Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest, 1970. Special Report KENT STATE. "Information developed by an FBI investigation of the ROTC building fire indicates that, of those who participated actively, a significant portion were not Kent State students. There is also evidence to suggest that the burning was planned beforehand: railroad flares, a machete, and ice picks are not customarily carried to peaceful rallies."--Page 251
^ "ROTC building arson May 2, 1970: Witness statements taken August 6, 1970, p. 6". Kent State University Libraries and Media Services, Department of Special Collections and Archives. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^ "ROTC building arson May 2, 1970: Witness statements taken August 6, 1970, p. 4". Kent State University Libraries and Media Services, Department of Special Collections and Archives. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^ "ROTC building arson May 2, 1970: Witness statements taken August 6, 1970, p. 5". Kent State University Libraries and Media Services, Department of Special Collections and Archives. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^ Payne, J. Gregory (1997). "Chronology". May4.org. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^Sharkey, Mary Anne; Lamis, Alexander P. (1994). Ohio politics. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 81. ISBN0-87338-509-8. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
^ President's Commission on Campus Unrest, pp. 253–254
^Caputo, Philip (2005). 13 Seconds : A Look Back at the Kent State Shootings/with DVD. Chamberlain Bros. ISBN1-59609-080-4.
^ May 4 Task Force members. "KENT STATE, 1970: description of events May 1 through May 4". May4.org. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^ Davies, Peter. The Truth About Kent State: A Challenge to the American Conscience. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. P.23
^ 26.026.1 Davies, Peter. The Truth About Kent State: A Challenge to the American Conscience. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. P.26
^Eszterhas, Joe; Michael D. Roberts (1970). Thirteen seconds; confrontation at Kent State. New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 121. ISBN0-396-06272-5. OCLC 108956.
^ "Chronology, May 1–4, 1970". Kent State University. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^Bills, Scott (1988). Kent State/May 4: Echoes Through a Decade. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 16. ISBN0-87338-278-1.
^ 30.030.1 "Kent State Shootings: 1970 Year in Review". Upi.com. January 27, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ "The Kent State Shootings and the "Move the Gym" Controversy, 1977". Retrieved April 3, 2009.
^ "Kent State shootings remembered". CNN. May 5, 2000. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
^Scott L. Bills, Kent State/ May 4 Echoes Through A Decade, The Kent State University Press, 1982, ISBN0-87338-278-1。
^"1970 Timeline". New York University.Retrieved May 1, 2007.
^ 35.035.1"histcontext". Lehigh.edu. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^"Campus Unrest Linked to Drugs Palm Beach Post May 28, 1970". Google.Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ "Killings at Jackson State University!".The African American Registry. 2005. Archived from the original on December 1, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^The Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest(Subscription). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1970. ISBN0-405-01712-X. Retrieved April 30, 2011. This book is also known as The Scranton Commission Report.
^"1970 Year in Review". Upi.com. January 27, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ Pacifico, Michael; Kendra Lee Hicks Pacifico. "Chronological summary of events".Mike and Kendra's May 4, 1970, Web Site.Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^"Center for Applied Conflict Management". CACM Homepage. January 29, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^ Tim Phillips, "Attorney for Students who were Shot at Kent State Dies in New York", Activist Defense, March 8, 2013.
^ Neil, Martha, "Joseph Kelner, attorney who sued sitting Ohio governor over Kent State slayings, is dead at 98", ABA Journal, March 8, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^Stone, I.F. (December 3, 1970). "Fabricated Evidence in the Kent State Killings". The New York Review of Books 15(10). ISSN 0028-7504. OCLC 1760105.
^ Renner, James (May 3, 2006). "The Kent State Conspiracies: What Really Happened On May 4, 1970?". Cleveland Free Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007.Retrieved May 1, 2007.
^Canfora, Alan (March 16, 2006). "US Government Conspiracy at Kent State – May 4, 1970". Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^ Verifying documents are in the Special Collections archive at the Kent State University library.
^Corcoran, Michael (May 4, 2006). "Why Kent State is Important Today". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
^ Stang, Alan (1974). "Kent State:Proof to Save the Guardsmen" (Reprint). American Opinion. ISSN 0003-0236. OCLC 1480501.Retrieved May 1, 2007.