英 格 蘭 人
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Significant English diaspora in | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 48.8 Million.[2] (2024)am.: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 9.8 million.[3] 2022)ca.: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 9.8 Million.[4] (2023)au.: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 1.5 Million.[5].: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 1Million.[6] (2023)ir.: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 1.1 million.[7] (2019)za.: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 100,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
以族
身分 認 同 [编辑]
英 格 蘭 (England)和 整 個 英國 -聯合 王國 (United Kingdom)的 認 同 問題 [编辑]
1990
英國 人 (English)和 不 列 顛人(British)的 認 同 問題 [编辑]
1965
上 一 代人 推出《牛津 英 格 蘭 史 》時 ,“英 格 蘭 ”還 是 一個包羅萬象的詞,威 爾 士 在 大 多數 時候 可 以模糊 的 加入 英 格 蘭 ,而大不 列 顛、聯合 王國 、甚至大 英 帝國 都 沒 有 像 英 格 蘭 那 麼模糊 。外國 人 視 它為一 個 大帝 國 的 名字 ,並 且覺得 這很高雅 ,但 英 格 蘭 人 對 此卻毫無認知 ,例 如Bonar Law是 一 個 出身 於加 拿大的 蘇 格 蘭 人 ,他 在 當選 聯合 王國 的 首相 時 ,為 了 凸 顯 地位 高貴 而故意 稱 自己 為 “英 格 蘭 的 首相 ”,這在當時 可 以原諒 ,不 過 現在 卻是個 嚴肅 的 種族 歧視問題 。現在 ,關 於聯合 王國 “構成 國 ”的 用語 都 變 非常 嚴格 ,貿然在 “地理 意義 ”之 外 使用 “英 格 蘭 ”一 詞 的 話 ,會 引發其它構成 國 的 抗議 ,尤 其是蘇 格 蘭 人的 抗議 [29]。
2010
歷史 和 遺傳 起源 [编辑]
新 石器 時代 的 農民 [编辑]
這些
盎格魯撒克 遜 人 、維京人 和 諾 曼人[编辑]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/200px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg)
2016
另
2020
英國 人 本身 的 歷史 [编辑]
盎格魯-撒克遜 定 居 點 [编辑]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/2008-05-17-SuttonHoo.jpg/200px-2008-05-17-SuttonHoo.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Britain_peoples_circa_600_zh-hans.svg/200px-Britain_peoples_circa_600_zh-hans.svg.png)
盎格魯-撒克
盎格魯-撒克
這種
維京人 和 丹 麥 王朝 [编辑]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg/200px-Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg)
注釋 [编辑]
- ^ The 2011 England and Wales census (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) reports that in England and Wales 32.4 million people associated themselves with an English identity alone and 37.6 million identified themselves with an English identity either on its own or combined with other identities, being 57.7% and 67.1% respectively of the population of England and Wales. - ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. American FactFinder - Results. Factfinder2.census.gov. [21 August 2017]. (
原始 内容 存 档于18 January 2015). - ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 2017-02-08 [December 14, 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-08). - ^ United Kingdom-born Community Information Summary: 2016 Census (PDF). homeaffairs.gov.au. 2018 [14 December 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2019-12-14). - ^ (Ethnic origin) The 2006 New Zealand census 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 19 February 2008. reports 44,202 people (based on pre-assigned ethnic categories) stating they belong to the English ethnic group. The 1996 census used a different question 互联网档案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 19 February 2008. to both the 1991 and the 2001 censuses, which had "a tendency for respondents to answer the 1996 question on the basis of ancestry (or descent) rather than 'ethnicity' (or cultural affiliation)" and reported 281,895 people with English origins; See also the figures for 'New Zealand European - ^ United Kingdom-born Community Information Summary: 2016 Census (PDF). homeaffairs.gov.ir. 2018 [14 December 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2019-12-14). - ^ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012: 26. ISBN 9780621413885. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于13 May 2015). The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409 and the total population was 51,770,560. - ^
英 格 兰人[M/OL]//陈至立 .辞 海 . 7版 .上海 :上海 辞 书出版 社 ,2020[2024]. - ^ English. Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. [8 July 2011]. (
原始 内容 存 档于20 April 2012). - ^ Cole, Jeffrey. Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2011 [6 July 2021]. ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6. (
原始 内容 存 档于15 August 2021) –通 过Google Books (英 语). - ^ Leslie, Stephen; Winney, Bruce; Hellenthal, Garrett; Davison, Dan; Boumertit, Abdelhamid; Day, Tammy; Hutnik, Katarzyna; Royrvik, Ellen C.; Cunliffe, Barry; Lawson, Daniel J.; Falush, Daniel; Freeman, Colin; Pirinen, Matti; Myers, Simon; Robinson, Mark; Donnelly, Peter; Bodmer, Walter. The fine scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature. 19 March 2015, 519 (7543): 309–314. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..309.. PMC 4632200
. PMID 25788095. doi:10.1038/nature14230.
- ^ Schiffels, Stephan; Haak, Wolfgang; Paajanen, Pirita; Llamas, Bastien; Popescu, Elizabeth; Loe, Louise; Clarke, Rachel; Lyons, Alice; Mortimer, Richard; Sayer, Duncan; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Cooper, Alan; Durbin, Richard. Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nature Communications. 19 January 2016, 7: 10408. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710408S. PMC 4735688
. PMID 26783965. doi:10.1038/ncomms10408.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7, 10326 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10326 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 21 February 2022. - ^ Michael E. Weale, Deborah A. Weiss, Rolf F. Jager, Neil Bradman, Mark G. Thomas, Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 19, Issue 7, July 2002, Pages 1008–1021, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 21 February 2022. - ^ Ward-Perkins, Bryan. Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?.. The English Historical Review. 2000, 115 (462): 513–33. doi:10.1093/ehr/115.462.513
.
- ^ Hills, C. (2003) Origins of the English Duckworth, London. ISBN 0-7156-3191-8, p. 67
- ^ Kershaw, Jane; Røyrvik, Ellen C. The 'People of the British Isles' project and Viking settlement in England. Antiquity. December 2016, 90 (354): 1670–1680 [2022-11-19]. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 52266574. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.193. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-11-16) (英 语). - ^ Campbell. The Anglo-Saxon State. p. 10
- ^ Brix, Lise. New study reignites debate over Viking settlements in England. sciencenordic.com. 20 February 2017 [8 May 2022]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-11-16) (nb-no). - ^ Act of Union 1707. parliament.uk. [26 August 2010]. (
原始 内容 存 档于21 September 2010). - ^ Frith, Maxine. Ethnic minorities feel strong sense of identity with Britain, report reveals. The Independent. 8 January 2004. (
原始 内容 存 档于6 September 2011). - ^ Hussain, Asifa; Millar, William Lockley. Multicultural Nationalism. Oxford University Press. 2006: 149–150. ISBN 978-0-19-928071-1. (
原始 内容 存 档于18 May 2016) –通 过Google Books. - ^ English nationalism 'threat to UK'. BBC. 9 January 2000. (
原始 内容 存 档于14 August 2021). - ^ The English question Handle with care. The Economist. 1 November 2007. (
原始 内容 存 档于28 September 2008). - ^ Campbell, Dennis. Asian recruits boost England fan army. The Guardian. 18 June 2006. (
原始 内容 存 档于21 December 2016). - ^ "78 per cent of Bangladeshis said they were British, while only 5 per cent said they were English, Scottish or Welsh", and the largest percentage of non-whites to identify as English were the people who described their ethnicity as "Mixed" (37%).'Identity', National Statistics, 21 February 2006
- ^ "National Identity and Community in England" (2006) Institute of Governance Briefing No.7. [1] 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 15 May 2011. - ^ Kumar 2003,
第 1–2頁 . - ^ Taylor, A. J. P. (1965, English History, 1914–1945 Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. v
- ^ Davies, Norman. The Isles: A History. Macmillan Publishing. 1999. ISBN 978-0333692837.[页码请求]
- ^ Parris, Matthew. With a shrug of the shoulders, England is becoming a nation once again. The Spectator. 18 December 2010.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Novembre, John; Johnson, Toby; Bryc, Katarzyna; Kutalik, Zoltán; Boyko, Adam R.; Auton, Adam; Indap, Amit; King, Karen S.; Bergmann, Sven; Nelson, Matthew R.; Stephens, Matthew; Bustamante, Carlos D. Genes mirror geography within Europe. Nature. 2008, 456 (7218): 98–101. Bibcode:2008Natur.456...98N. PMC 2735096
. PMID 18758442. doi:10.1038/nature07331.
- ^ Dutch Beakers: Like no other Beakers. 19 January 2019 [21 February 2022]. (
原始 内容 存 档于12 May 2021). - ^ Rincon, Paul. Ancient Britons 'replaced' by newcomers. BBC News. 21 February 2018 [2 February 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于4 March 2019). - ^ Athanasiadis, G.; Cheng, J. Y.; Vilhjalmsson, B. J.; Jorgensen, F. G.; Als, T. D.; Le Hellard, S.; Espeseth, T.; Sullivan, P. F.; Hultman, C. M.; Kjaergaard, P. C.; Schierup, M. H.; Mailund, T. Nationwide Genomic Study in Denmark Reveals Remarkable Population Homogeneity. Genetics. 2016, 204 (2): 711–722. PMC 5068857
. PMID 27535931. doi:10.1534/genetics.116.189241.
- ^ Weale, Michael E.; Weiss, Deborah A.; Jager, Rolf F.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1 July 2002, 19 (7): 1008–1021 [7 June 2020]. PMID 12082121. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160
. (
原始 内容 存 档于2 June 2020) –通 过academic.oup.com. - ^ A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles (PDF). [7 June 2020]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于7 June 2020). - ^ Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story. London: Constable and Robinson. 2006. ISBN 978-1-84529-158-7.
- ^ Schiffels, S. et al. (2016) Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 17 December 2019., Nature Communications 7, Article number:10408 doi:10.1038/ncomms10408 - ^ Ross P. Byrne, Rui Martiniano, Lara M. Cassidy, Matthew Carrigan, Garrett Hellenthal, Orla Hardiman, Daniel G. Bradley, Russell McLaughlin: "Insular Celtic population structure and genomic footprints of migration" (2018)
- ^ Margaryan, A., Lawson, D.J., Sikora, M. et al. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 585, 390–396 (2020) See Supplementary Note 11 in particular
- ^ Gretzinger; Sayer; Justeau; et al. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature. 21 September 2022, 610 (7930): 112–119. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..112G. PMC 9534755
. PMID 36131019. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2.
- ^ The archaeology of black Britain 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 24 July 2013., Channel 4. Retrieved 21 December 2009. - ^ Eva Botkin-Kowacki, 'Where did the British come from? Ancient DNA holds clues. 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 15 October 2018.' (20/01/16), The Christian Science Monitor - ^ Wise, Gildas the. The Ruin of Britain. Tertullian.org: 4–252. 1899 [21 August 2017]. (
原始 内容 存 档于22 September 2017). - ^ celtpn 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 6 December 2007. However the names of some towns, cities, rivers etc. do have Brittonic or pre-Brittonic origins, becoming more frequent towards the west of Britain. - ^ "Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans" by Francis Pryor, p. 122. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-712693-X.
- ^ Ward-Perkins, Bryan. "Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?." The English Historical Review 115.462 (2000): page 523
- ^ Higham, Nicholas J. and Ryan, Martin J. "The Anglo-Saxon World" (Yale University Press, 2013)
- ^ Ward-Perkins, Bryan. "Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?." The English Historical Review 115.462 (2000): 513–533.
- ^ Ingham, Richard. Anglo-Saxons wanted genetic supremacy. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 July 2006 [7 June 2020]. (
原始 内容 存 档于15 December 2020). - ^ Todd, Malcolm. "Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth" 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 24 January 2016., in Cameron, Keith. "The nation: myth or reality?". Intellect Books, 1994. Retrieved 21 December 2009. - ^ Stefan Burmeister, Archaeology and Migration (2000): " ... immigration in the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon settlement does not seem aptly described in terms of the 'elite-dominance model.' To all appearances, the settlement was carried out by small, agriculture-oriented kinship groups. This process corresponds more closely to a classic settler model. The absence of early evidence of a socially demarcated elite underscores the supposition that such an elite did not play a substantial role. Rich burials such as are well known from Denmark have no counterparts in England until the 6th century. At best, the elite-dominance model might apply in the peripheral areas of the settlement territory, where an immigration predominantly comprised of men and the existence of hybrid cultural forms might support it."
- ^ Dark, Ken R. Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD (PDF). 2003 [21 February 2022]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于1 June 2021). - ^ Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178
- ^ Catherine Hills, "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption," in Migrations and Disruptions, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda, pp. 45-48
- ^ Coates, Richard. Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English. [7 June 2020]. (
原始 内容 存 档于8 March 2021). - ^ Härke, Heinrich. "Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis." Medieval Archaeology 55.1 (2011): 1–28.
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik. Relative Chronology (PDF). 2018 [7 June 2020]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于8 March 2021). - ^ Fox, Bethany. The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland. [21 February 2022]. (
原始 内容 存 档于28 November 2021). - ^ The Age of Athelstan by Paul Hill (2004), Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2566-8
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 4 July 2017. by Douglas Harper (2001), List of sources used 互联网档案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 8 October 2017.. Retrieved 10 July 2006. - ^ The Adventure of English, Melvyn Bragg, 2003. p. 22.
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