多 巴 胺
![本页使用了标题或全文手工转换](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png)
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其他 |
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受体 | D1、D2、D3、D4、D5、TAAR1[3] |
间接: | |
苯丙氨酸、酪氨 | |
药物 | MAO、COMT[3] |
识别 | |
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CAS | 51-61-6 62-31-7(盐酸盐) |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.101 |
C8H11NO2 | |
153.18 g·mol−1 | |
3D | |
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結構
[编辑]生物 化学
[编辑]合成
[编辑]主要 :L-苯丙氨酸 → L-酪氨酸 → L-多 巴 →多 巴 胺[20][21]次 要 :L-苯丙氨酸 → L-酪氨酸 → 酪胺 →多 巴 胺[20][21][22]次 要 :L-苯丙氨酸 → 间酪氨酸 → 间酪胺 →多 巴 胺[22][24][25]
代 谢
[编辑]![]() |
虽然
功 能
[编辑]突觸傳導
[编辑]受体 | 种类 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
类D1受体 | D1 | DRD1 | Gs偶联 | |
D5 | DRD5 | |||
类D2受体 | D2 | DRD2 | Gi偶联 | |
D3 | DRD3 | |||
D4 | DRD4 | |||
TAAR | TAAR1 | TAAR1 | Gs偶联 Gq偶联 |
储存、释放、再 摄取
[编辑]中枢 神 经系统
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dopamine_pathways_zh-hans.svg/220px-Dopamine_pathways_zh-hans.svg.png)
脑中
基底 核
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Basal_ganglia_circuits_zh-hans.svg/300px-Basal_ganglia_circuits_zh-hans.svg.png)
脑内
此外,
犒赏
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Overview_of_reward_structures_in_the_human_brain.jpg/220px-Overview_of_reward_structures_in_the_human_brain.jpg)
犒赏
动物
愉悦
[编辑]虽然
2019
中枢 神 经系统以外
[编辑]此外,
免疫 系 统
[编辑]肾脏
[编辑]肾脏
胰脏
[编辑]胰脏
医 疗用途
[编辑]疾病 与 药理学
[编辑]大 脑老化
[编辑]许多
多 发性硬化 症
[编辑]帕金森 病
[编辑]帕
L-
药物成 瘾
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DAT1_regulation_zh-hans.svg/220px-DAT1_regulation_zh-hans.svg.png)
兴奋剂会
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Crystal_Meth_Rock.jpg/220px-Crystal_Meth_Rock.jpg)
许多
思 覺 失 調和 抗 精神病 药物
[编辑]1950
注意 力不足 多 动症
[编辑]疼痛
[编辑]恶心
[编辑]恶心
其它生物 中 的 多 巴 胺
[编辑]微生物
[编辑]动物
[编辑]节肢动物
植物
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bananas_white_background_DS.jpg/220px-Bananas_white_background_DS.jpg)
许多
黑色 素的 前 体
[编辑]歷史 與 發展
[编辑]聚多巴 胺
[编辑]于2007
参考 文献
[编辑]- ^ Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N. CSD Entry TIRZAX: 5-(2-Ammonioethyl)-2-hydroxyphenolate, Dopamine. Cambridge Structural Database: Access Structures (Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre). 2013. doi:10.5517/cc10m9nl
.
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Thus, fear-evoking stimuli are capable of differentially altering phasic dopamine transmission across NAcc subregions. The authors propose that the observed enhancement in NAcc shell dopamine likely reflects general motivational salience, perhaps due to relief from a CS-induced fear state when the US (foot shock) is not delivered. This reasoning is supported by a report from Budygin and colleagues112 showing that, in anesthetized rats, the termination of tail pinch results in augmented dopamine release in the shell.
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The highest level of brain CYP2D activity was found in the substantia nigra ... The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the contribution of the alternative CYP2D-mediated dopamine synthesis to the concentration of this neurotransmitter although the classic biosynthetic route to dopamine from tyrosine is active. ... Tyramine levels are especially high in the basal ganglia and limbic system, which are thought to be related to individual behavior and emotion (Yu et al., 2003c). ... Rat CYP2D isoforms (2D2/2D4/2D18) are less efficient than human CYP2D6 for the generation of dopamine from p-tyramine. The Km values of the CYP2D isoforms are as follows: CYP2D6 (87–121
μ m) ≈ CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D18 > CYP2D4 (256μ m) for m-tyramine and CYP2D4 (433μ m) > CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D6 > CYP2D18 (688μ m) for p-tyramine - ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Seeman P. Chapter 1: Historical overview: Introduction to the dopamine receptors. Neve K (编). The Dopamine Receptors. Springer. 2009: 1–22. ISBN 978-1-60327-333-6.
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原始 内容 存 档于2020-08-03).Substrate: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2
Product: L-tyrosine + 3-hydroxyphenylalanine [(aka m-tyrosine)] + dihydropteridine + H2O
Organism: Homo sapiens
Reaction diagram (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ EC 4.1.1.28 – Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (Homo sapiens). BRENDA. Technische Universität Braunschweig. 2016-07 [2016-10-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-12-08).Substrate: m-tyrosine
Product: m-tyramine + CO2
Organism: Homo sapiens
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原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2018-09-16). - ^ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Grandy DK, Miller GM, Li JX. "TAARgeting Addiction" – The Alamo Bears Witness to Another Revolution: An Overview of the Plenary Symposium of the 2015 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry Conference. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2016-02, 159: 9–16. PMC 4724540
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TAAR1 is a high-affinity receptor for METH/AMPH and DA
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- ^ 65.0 65.1 Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A. Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019, 116 (9): 3793–98. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3793F. PMC 6397525
. PMID 30670642. doi:10.1073/pnas.1811878116
.
Listening to pleasurable music is often accompanied by measurable bodily reactions such as goose bumps or shivers down the spine, commonly called "chills" or "frissons." ... Overall, our results straightforwardly revealed that pharmacological interventions bidirectionally modulated the reward responses elicited by music. In particular, we found that risperidone impaired participants' ability to experience musical pleasure, whereas levodopa enhanced it. ... Here, in contrast, studying responses to abstract rewards in human subjects, we show that manipulation of dopaminergic transmission affects both the pleasure (i.e., amount of time reporting chills and emotional arousal measured by EDA) and the motivational components of musical reward (money willing to spend). These findings suggest that dopaminergic signaling is a sine qua non condition not only for motivational responses, as has been shown with primary and secondary rewards, but also for hedonic reactions to music. This result supports recent findings showing that dopamine also mediates the perceived pleasantness attained by other types of abstract rewards (37) and challenges previous findings in animal models on primary rewards, such as food (42, 43).
- ^ 66.0 66.1 Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ. Musical pleasure and musical emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019-02, 116 (9): 3364–66. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3364G. PMC 6397567
. PMID 30770455. doi:10.1073/pnas.1900369116
.
In a pharmacological study published in PNAS, Ferreri et al. (1) present evidence that enhancing or inhibiting dopamine signaling using levodopa or risperidone modulates the pleasure experienced while listening to music. ... In a final salvo to establish not only the correlational but also the causal implication of dopamine in musical pleasure, the authors have turned to directly manipulating dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, first by applying excitatory and inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation over their participants' left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region known to modulate striatal function (5), and finally, in the current study, by administrating pharmaceutical agents able to alter dopamine synaptic availability (1), both of which influenced perceived pleasure, physiological measures of arousal, and the monetary value assigned to music in the predicted direction. ... While the question of the musical expression of emotion has a long history of investigation, including in PNAS (6), and the 1990s psychophysiological strand of research had already established that musical pleasure could activate the autonomic nervous system (7), the authors' demonstration of the implication of the reward system in musical emotions was taken as inaugural proof that these were veridical emotions whose study has full legitimacy to inform the neurobiology of our everyday cognitive, social, and affective functions (8). Incidentally, this line of work, culminating in the article by Ferreri et al. (1), has plausibly done more to attract research funding for the field of music sciences than any other in this community.
The evidence of Ferreri et al. (1) provides the latest support for a compelling neurobiological model in which musical pleasure arises from the interaction of ancient reward/valuation systems (striatal–limbic–paralimbic) with more phylogenetically advanced perception/predictions systems (temporofrontal). - ^ Koepp MJ, Gunn RN, Lawrence AD, Cunningham VJ, Dagher A, Jones T, et al. Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature. 1998-05, 393 (6682): 266–268. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..266K. PMID 9607763. S2CID 205000565. doi:10.1038/30498.
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原始 内容 存 档于2014-03-07).
外部 連結
[编辑]- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Dopamine (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Dopamine: analyte monograph - The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- Biochemistry of Parkinson's Disease (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)(英文 )
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