珊瑚さんご

Chinese

FWOTD – 16 October 2014

		phonetic
trad. (珊瑚さんご)		珊	瑚
simp. #(珊瑚さんご)		珊	瑚

Etymology

Borrowed from an Iranian language in Central Asia during the Han Dynasty, probably Khotanese sam̥gga- (“stone”). Compare Modern Persian سنگ (sang, “stone”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shānhú

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ ㄏㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): saan¹ wu⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sân-fù
• Eastern Min (BUC): săng-hù / dăng-hù
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): san-ô͘ / soan-ô͘ / soan-lô͘
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹se-wu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shānhú
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ ㄏㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shanhú
    • Wade–Giles: shan¹-hu²
    • Yale: shān-hú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanhwu
    • Palladius: шаньху (šanʹxu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵⁵ xu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: saan¹ wu⁴
    • Yale: sāan wùh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: saan¹ wu⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: san¹ wu⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saːn⁵⁵ wuː²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sân-fù
    • Hakka Romanization System: san^ˊ fu^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: san¹ fu²
    • Sinological IPA: /san²⁴ fu¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: săng-hù / dăng-hù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋu⁵³/, /taŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋu⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: san-ô͘
    • Tâi-lô: san-ôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: san'oo
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /san⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /san⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ɔ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /san³³ ɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan-ô͘
    • Tâi-lô: suan-ôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soan'oo
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan-lô͘
    • Tâi-lô: suan-lôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soanloo
    • IPA (Taipei): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹se-wu
    • MiniDict: se^平ひらた wu
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹se-hhu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ ɦu²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: san hu

Rime
Character	珊	瑚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	心しん (16)	匣くしげ (33)
Final (韻いん)	寒さむ (61)	模も (23)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open	Open
Division (等ひとし)	I	I
Fanqie	蘇そ干ひ切きり	戸と吳ご切きり
Baxter	san	hu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑn/	/ɦuo/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑn/	/ɦuo/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑn/	/ɣo/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/san/	/ɦɔ/
Li Rong	/sɑn/	/ɣo/
Wang Li	/sɑn/	/ɣu/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑn/	/ɣuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sān	hú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saan1	wu4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*slaːn  ɡaː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	珊	瑚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11064	4246
Phonetic component	删	古ふる
Rime group	元もと	魚さかな
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	𦙽	胡えびす
Old Chinese	/*slaːn/	/*ɡaː/

Noun

珊瑚さんご

1. coral

   • （罽賓國くに）出で封ふう牛うし、水牛すいぎゅう、象ぞう、大だい狗いぬ、沐猴もっこう、孔あな爵、珠たま璣、珊瑚さんご、虎とら魄たま、璧流離りゅうり。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     （罽宾国くに）出で封ふう牛うし、水牛すいぎゅう、象ぞう、大だい狗いぬ、沐猴もっこう、孔あな爵、珠たま玑、珊瑚さんご、虎とら魄たま、璧流离。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE

     (Jìbīn guó) chū fēngniú, shuǐniú, xiàng, dàgǒu, mùhóu, kǒngjué, zhūjī, shānhú, hǔpò, bìliúlí. [Pinyin]

     (The country of Jibin in the Western Regions) produces bison, buffalo, elephants, big dogs (kuchis?), macaques, peacocks, jewels, corals, ambers and cat's eyes.

Derived terms

• 八はち放ひ珊瑚さんご
• 六ろく射しゃ珊瑚さんご
• 多た放ひ珊瑚さんご
• 床板とこいた珊瑚さんご
• 扇おうぎ珊瑚さんご (shànshānhú)
• 打だ碎珊瑚さんご
• 拖鞋珊瑚さんご
• 擊げき珊瑚さんご碎／击珊瑚碎
• 擊碎げきさい珊瑚さんご／击碎珊瑚さんご
• 日射にっしゃ珊瑚さんご
• 木き珊瑚さんご
• 桃葉ももは珊瑚さんご／桃もも叶かのう珊瑚さんご
• 珊瑚さんご化石かせき
• 珊瑚さんご在ざい網もう／珊瑚さんご在ざい网 (shānhú zài wǎng)
• 珊瑚さんご婚こん
• 珊瑚さんご島とう／珊瑚さんご岛 (shānhúdǎo)
• 珊瑚さんご木き難なん／珊瑚さんご木き难
• 珊瑚樹さんごじゅ／珊瑚さんご树
• 珊瑚さんご海うみ (Shānhúhǎi)
• 珊瑚珠さんごじゅ
• 珊瑚礁さんごしょう (shānhújiāo)
• 珊瑚さんご網もう／珊瑚さんご网
• 珊瑚さんご翹／珊瑚さんご翘
• 珊瑚さんご花はな
• 珊瑚さんご菜さい
• 珊瑚さんご菌きん
• 珊瑚さんご藻も
• 珊瑚さんご蘭らん／珊瑚さんご兰 (shānhúlán)
• 珊瑚さんご蛇へび (shānhúshé)
• 珊瑚さんご蟲ちゅう／珊瑚さんご虫ちゅう (shānhúchóng)
• 珊瑚さんご鉤かぎ／珊瑚さんご钩
• 珊瑚さんご頂いただき／珊瑚さんご顶
• 皺しわ紋もん珊瑚さんご／皱纹珊瑚さんご
• 綠みどり珊瑚さんご／绿珊瑚さんご
• 草くさ珊瑚さんご (cǎoshānhú)
• 蜈蚣むかで珊瑚さんご
• 鏈珊瑚さんご／链珊瑚さんご
• 鐵てつ網もう珊瑚さんご／铁网珊瑚さんご

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (珊瑚さんご):

• → Japanese: 珊瑚さんご(さんご) (sango)
• → Okinawan: 珊瑚さんご(さんぐ) (sangu)
• → Korean: 산호(珊瑚さんご) (sanho)
• → Vietnamese: san hô (珊瑚さんご)

Japanese

珊瑚さんご (sango): a piece of coral.

Kanji in this term
珊	瑚
さん Jinmeiyō	ご Jinmeiyō
goon

Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 珊瑚さんご (MC san hu). First cited in Japanese in a text from 892.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) さんご [sáꜜǹgò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [sã̠ŋɡo̞]

Noun

珊(さん)瑚(ご) or 珊瑚さんご(サンゴ) • (sango) 

1. [from 892] coral
   • 2022 April 26, 安やす(あ)倍ばい(べ)晋すすむ(しん)三さん(ぞう) (Abe Shinzō)<t:Shinzō Abe>, Twitter‎^[1], archived from the original on 2022-10-28:

     相そう(あい)変へん(か)わらずの朝あさ(あさ)日ひ(ひ)新しん(しん)聞(ぶん)。珊(さん)瑚(ご)は大だい(たい)切きり(せつ)に。

     Aikawarazu no Asahi Shinbun. Sango wa taisetsu ni.

     The Asahi Shimbun has not changed a bit. Value a coral.

Usage notes

• As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as サンゴ.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 珊瑚さんご(さんご)アナナス (sango ananasu): the coralberry plant, Aechmea fulgens
• 珊瑚さんご海うみ(さんごかい) (Sango Kai): the Coral Sea
• 珊瑚さんご蟹かに(さんごがに) (sangogani): coral crab (family Xanthidae)
• 珊瑚さんご砂すな(さんごしゃ) (sangosha): coral sand
• 珊瑚珠さんごじゅ(さんごじゅ) (sangoju): coral beads
• 珊瑚樹さんごじゅ(さんごじゅ) (sangoju): a coral formation; Viburnum odoratissimum
• 珊瑚樹さんごじゅ茄子なすび(さんごじゅなす) (sangoju nasu): alternate for name トマト (tomato)
• 珊瑚礁さんごしょう(さんごしょう) (sangoshō): a coral reef
• 珊瑚さんご藻も(さんごも) (sangomo): a type of seaweed, coralline algae (Corallinales)
• 珊瑚さんご虫ちゅう(さんごちゅう) (sangochū): a coral polyp
• 珊瑚さんご島とう(さんごとう) (sangotō): a coral island
• 珊瑚さんご末まつ(さんごまつ) (sangomatsu): coral powder, used as a pigment
• 珊瑚さんご網もう(さんごあみ) (sango ami): a net used to gather coral

Korean

Hanja in this term
珊	瑚

Noun

珊瑚さんご • (sanho) (hangeul 산호)

1. hanja form^? of 산호 (“coral”)

Okinawan

Kanji in this term
珊	瑚
さん Jinmeiyō	ぐ Jinmeiyō

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 珊(さん)瑚(ご) (sango).

Noun

珊(さん)瑚(ぐ) (sangu) 

1. coral

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
珊	瑚

Noun

珊瑚さんご

1. chữ Hán form of san hô (“coral”).